/* DATA DESCRIPTION:
Citation:	Andrews, James E (1970): Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from the 1968, R/V Mahi expeditions in the Pacific Ocean [dataset]. Hawaii Institute of Geophysics & Planetology, University of Hawaii, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.874787
Abstract:	This report represents the first in a projected series reporting core descriptions and their physical properties, to be made available through routine core handling procedures instituted at the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics in 1968 to keep pace with the capability to take long (120-foot) piston cores from the University of Hawaii's R/V MAHI. The data reported herein cover sediment cores collected during 1967, 1968, and 1969 in the region of the Solomon Islands and the Darvir. Rise, and along the central portion of the Murray Fracture Zone.
Related to:	Andrews, James E (1970): Sediment core descriptions - Solomon Islands, 1968-1969, and Murray Fracture Zone. Hawaii Institute of Geophysics Data Report, University of Hawaii; https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/curator/data/mahi/m68/08045002/08045002.pdf, HIG-70-25, 295 pp (pdf 31 MB), https://store.pangaea.de/Projects/NOAA-MMS/08045002.pdf
Source:	Grant, John Bruce; Moore, Carla J; Alameddin, George; Chen, Kuiying; Barton, Mark (1992): The NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, https://doi.org/10.7289/V52Z13FT
Further details:	Warnken, Robin R; Virden, William T; Moore, Carla J (1992): The NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Bibliography. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, https://doi.org/10.7289/V53X84KN
Project(s):	NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database (NOAA-MMS) (URI: https://wiki.pangaea.de/wiki/NOAA-MMS)
Coverage:	MEDIAN LATITUDE: -0.827500 * MEDIAN LONGITUDE: 177.960592 * SOUTH-BOUND LATITUDE: -9.097000 * WEST-BOUND LONGITUDE: 155.201670 * NORTH-BOUND LATITUDE: 22.078330 * EAST-BOUND LONGITUDE: -158.128000
	DATE/TIME START: 1968-10-16T00:00:00 * DATE/TIME END: 1969-01-07T00:00:00
	MINIMUM DEPTH, sediment/rock: 0.000 m * MAXIMUM DEPTH, sediment/rock: 20.865 m
Event(s):	ABHI68-PC001 * LATITUDE: 11.028000 * LONGITUDE: -158.128000 * DATE/TIME: 1968-10-16T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -5199.0 m * RECOVERY: 5.6 m * LOCATION: Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: AbyssalHills_68 * BASIS: Mahi (URI: hdl:10013/epic.48623.d016) * METHOD/DEVICE: Piston corer (PC)
	ABHI68-PC002 * LATITUDE: -3.803000 * LONGITUDE: -168.265000 * DATE/TIME: 1968-10-23T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -5569.0 m * RECOVERY: 9.67 m * LOCATION: Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: AbyssalHills_68 * BASIS: Mahi (URI: hdl:10013/epic.48623.d016) * METHOD/DEVICE: Piston corer (PC)
	ABHI68-PC003 * LATITUDE: -7.115000 * LONGITUDE: -179.828000 * DATE/TIME: 1968-10-27T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -5527.0 m * RECOVERY: 13.77 m * LOCATION: Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: AbyssalHills_68 * BASIS: Mahi (URI: hdl:10013/epic.48623.d016) * METHOD/DEVICE: Piston corer (PC)
	ABHI68-PC004 * LATITUDE: -9.097000 * LONGITUDE: 173.817000 * DATE/TIME: 1968-10-30T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -5287.0 m * RECOVERY: 4.13 m * LOCATION: Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: AbyssalHills_68 * BASIS: Mahi (URI: hdl:10013/epic.48623.d016) * METHOD/DEVICE: Piston corer (PC)
	ABHI68-PC024 * LATITUDE: -2.825000 * LONGITUDE: 178.103000 * DATE/TIME: 1968-12-18T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -5291.0 m * RECOVERY: 21.49 m * LOCATION: Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: AbyssalHills_68 * BASIS: Mahi (URI: hdl:10013/epic.48623.d016) * METHOD/DEVICE: Piston corer (PC)
	ABHI68-PC025 * LATITUDE: 0.583000 * LONGITUDE: -172.210000 * DATE/TIME: 1968-12-22T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -5674.0 m * RECOVERY: 10.02 m * LOCATION: Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: AbyssalHills_68 * BASIS: Mahi (URI: hdl:10013/epic.48623.d016) * METHOD/DEVICE: Piston corer (PC)
	ABHI68-PC029 * LATITUDE: 7.628000 * LONGITUDE: -164.837000 * DATE/TIME: 1968-12-31T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -4960.0 m * RECOVERY: 1.8 m * LOCATION: Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: AbyssalHills_68 * BASIS: Mahi (URI: hdl:10013/epic.48623.d016) * METHOD/DEVICE: Piston corer (PC)
	ABHI68-PC031 * LATITUDE: 5.417000 * LONGITUDE: -173.117000 * DATE/TIME: 1969-01-03T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -5793.0 m * RECOVERY: 10.76 m * LOCATION: Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: AbyssalHills_68 * BASIS: Mahi (URI: hdl:10013/epic.48623.d016) * METHOD/DEVICE: Piston corer (PC)
	ABHI68-PC033 * LATITUDE: 3.922000 * LONGITUDE: -179.540000 * DATE/TIME: 1969-01-05T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -5672.0 m * RECOVERY: 15.8 m * LOCATION: Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: AbyssalHills_68 * BASIS: Mahi (URI: hdl:10013/epic.48623.d016) * METHOD/DEVICE: Piston corer (PC)
	ABHI68-PC034 * LATITUDE: 4.802000 * LONGITUDE: 175.323000 * DATE/TIME: 1969-01-07T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -5122.0 m * RECOVERY: 5.74 m * LOCATION: Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: AbyssalHills_68 * BASIS: Mahi (URI: hdl:10013/epic.48623.d016) * METHOD/DEVICE: Piston corer (PC)
	ABHI68-RD1 * LATITUDE: -0.751670 * LONGITUDE: -158.917000 * ELEVATION: -5016.0 m * LOCATION: Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: AbyssalHills_68 * BASIS: Mahi (URI: hdl:10013/epic.48623.d016) * METHOD/DEVICE: Dredge, rock (DRG_R)
	ABHI68-RD2 * LATITUDE: -6.251670 * LONGITUDE: -176.708000 * ELEVATION: -5831.0 m * LOCATION: Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: AbyssalHills_68 * BASIS: Mahi (URI: hdl:10013/epic.48623.d016) * METHOD/DEVICE: Dredge, rock (DRG_R)
	ABHI68-RD6 * LATITUDE: -5.846670 * LONGITUDE: 155.850000 * ELEVATION: -2300.0 m * LOCATION: Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: AbyssalHills_68 * BASIS: Mahi (URI: hdl:10013/epic.48623.d016) * METHOD/DEVICE: Dredge, rock (DRG_R)
	ABHI68-RD8 * LATITUDE: -4.780000 * LONGITUDE: 156.831700 * ELEVATION: -960.0 m * LOCATION: Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: AbyssalHills_68 * BASIS: Mahi (URI: hdl:10013/epic.48623.d016) * METHOD/DEVICE: Dredge, rock (DRG_R)
	SOLI67-GC-009 * LATITUDE: 22.078330 * LONGITUDE: -159.140000 * ELEVATION: -2289.0 m * LOCATION: Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: Solomon_Islands_67 * BASIS: Mahi (URI: hdl:10013/epic.48623.d016) * METHOD/DEVICE: Gravity corer (GC)
	SOLI68-RD3 * LATITUDE: -0.721670 * LONGITUDE: -158.915000 * DATE/TIME: 1968-10-20T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -4940.0 m * LOCATION: Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: Solomon_Islands_68 * BASIS: Mahi (URI: hdl:10013/epic.48623.d016) * METHOD/DEVICE: Dredge, rock (DRG_R)
	SOLI68-RD6 * LATITUDE: -6.233330 * LONGITUDE: -176.716670 * DATE/TIME: 1968-10-26T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -5693.0 m * LOCATION: Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: Solomon_Islands_68 * BASIS: Mahi (URI: hdl:10013/epic.48623.d016) * METHOD/DEVICE: Dredge, rock (DRG_R)
	SOLI68-RD24 * LATITUDE: -6.300000 * LONGITUDE: 156.633330 * DATE/TIME: 1968-11-21T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -2774.0 m * LOCATION: Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: Solomon_Islands_68 * BASIS: Mahi (URI: hdl:10013/epic.48623.d016) * METHOD/DEVICE: Dredge, rock (DRG_R)
	SOLI68-RD26 * LATITUDE: -5.903330 * LONGITUDE: 155.745000 * DATE/TIME: 1968-11-22T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -685.0 m * LOCATION: Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: Solomon_Islands_68 * BASIS: Mahi (URI: hdl:10013/epic.48623.d016) * METHOD/DEVICE: Dredge, rock (DRG_R)
	SOLI68-RD27 * LATITUDE: -4.600000 * LONGITUDE: 156.900000 * DATE/TIME: 1968-11-23T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -676.0 m * LOCATION: Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: Solomon_Islands_68 * BASIS: Mahi (URI: hdl:10013/epic.48623.d016) * METHOD/DEVICE: Dredge, rock (DRG_R)
	SOLI68-RD32 * LATITUDE: -4.676670 * LONGITUDE: 155.201670 * DATE/TIME: 1968-12-10T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -1626.0 m * LOCATION: Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: Solomon_Islands_68 * BASIS: Mahi (URI: hdl:10013/epic.48623.d016) * METHOD/DEVICE: Dredge, rock (DRG_R)
	SOLI68-RD33 * LATITUDE: -4.758330 * LONGITUDE: 157.050000 * DATE/TIME: 1968-12-11T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -905.0 m * LOCATION: Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: Solomon_Islands_68 * BASIS: Mahi (URI: hdl:10013/epic.48623.d016) * METHOD/DEVICE: Dredge, rock (DRG_R)
Comment:	From 1983 until 1989 NOAA-NCEI compiled the NOAA-MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database from journal articles, technical reports and unpublished sources from other institutions. At the time it was the most extended data compilation on ferromanganese deposits world wide. Initially published in a proprietary format incompatible with present day standards it was jointly decided by AWI and NOAA to transcribe this legacy data into PANGAEA. This transfer is augmented by a careful checking of the original sources when available and the encoding of ancillary information (sample description, method of analysis...) not present in the NOAA-MMS database.
Parameter(s):	Event label (Event) * PI: Andrews, James E
	Latitude of event (Latitude) * PI: Andrews, James E
	Longitude of event (Longitude) * PI: Andrews, James E
	Elevation of event [m] (Elevation) * PI: Andrews, James E
	Method/Device of event (Method/Device) * PI: Andrews, James E
	Identification (ID) * PI: Andrews, James E
	DEPTH, sediment/rock [m] (Depth sed) * GEOCODE * PI: Andrews, James E
	Depth, top/min [m] (Depth top) * PI: Andrews, James E
	Depth, bottom/max [m] (Depth bot) * PI: Andrews, James E
	Position (Position) * PI: Andrews, James E * METHOD/DEVICE: Visual description
	Deposit type (Deposit type) * PI: Andrews, James E
	Quantity of deposit (Quantity) * PI: Andrews, James E
	Size (Size) * PI: Andrews, James E
	Substrate type (Substrate) * PI: Andrews, James E
	Sediment type (Sediment) * PI: Andrews, James E
	Age, comment (Comm) * PI: Andrews, James E
	Description (Description) * PI: Andrews, James E
License:	Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0) (URI: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
Size:	350 data points
*/
Event	Latitude	Longitude	Elevation [m]	Method/Device	ID	Depth sed [m]	Depth top [m]	Depth bot [m]	Position	Deposit type	Quantity	Size	Substrate	Sediment	Comm	Description
ABHI68-PC001	11.0280	-158.1280	-5199	Piston corer	ABHI68-PC001-1	2.800	0.00	5.60	In sediment	Mn micronodule	Many			Clay	Dark yellowish brown to pale yellowish brown clay	1-10.0% Mn micronodules
ABHI68-PC002	-3.8030	-168.2650	-5569	Piston corer	ABHI68-PC002-1	4.835	0.00	9.67	In sediment	Mn micronodule	Several			Clay	Moderate yellowish brown clay	1-5.0% Mn micronodules
ABHI68-PC003	-7.1150	-179.8280	-5527	Piston corer	ABHI68-PC003-1	6.885	0.00	13.77	In sediment	Mn micronodule	Many			Silt	Moderate brown to moderate yellowish brown non biogenic silt	1-12.0% Mn micronodules
ABHI68-PC004	-9.0970	173.8170	-5287	Piston corer	ABHI68-PC004-1	3.450	0.00	6.90	In sediment	Mn micronodule	Few			Clay	Very dark yellowish brown clay	2.0% Mn micronodules
ABHI68-PC004	-9.0970	173.8170	-5287	Piston corer	ABHI68-PC004-2	3.555	6.09	1.02	In sediment	Mn micronodule	Several			Ooze	Yellowish brown nannofossil marl and chalk ooze	5.0% Mn micronodules
ABHI68-PC004	-9.0970	173.8170	-5287	Piston corer	ABHI68-PC004-3	1.910	1.02	2.80	In sediment	Mn micronodule	Several			Clay	Very dark yellowish brown clay	5.0-6.0% Mn micronodules
ABHI68-PC004	-9.0970	173.8170	-5287	Piston corer	ABHI68-PC004-4	3.000	2.80	3.20	In sediment	Mn micronodule	Few			Ooze	Very pale brown to pale brown nannofossil chalk ooze	3.0-4.0% Mn micronodules
ABHI68-PC004	-9.0970	173.8170	-5287	Piston corer	ABHI68-PC004-5	3.665	3.20	4.13	In sediment	Mn micronodule	Few			Ooze	Very dark yellowish brown nannofossil chalk ooze	3.0-4.0% Mn micronodules
ABHI68-PC024	-2.8250	178.1030	-5291	Piston corer	ABHI68-PC024-1	0.150	0.00	0.30	In sediment	Mn micronodule	Few			Ooze	Dark brown radiolaria and diatom ooze	2.0-3.0% Mn micronodules
ABHI68-PC024	-2.8250	178.1030	-5291	Piston corer	ABHI68-PC024-2	0.350	0.30	0.40	In sediment	Mn micronodule	Few			Clay	Dark brown clay	3.0% Mn micronodules
ABHI68-PC024	-2.8250	178.1030	-5291	Piston corer	ABHI68-PC024-3	3.750	0.40	7.10	In sediment	Mn micronodule	Many			Ooze	Dark brown and dark reddish to yellowish brown radiolaria and diatom ooze	0-15.0% Mn micronodules
ABHI68-PC024	-2.8250	178.1030	-5291	Piston corer	ABHI68-PC024-4	10.450	7.10	13.80	In sediment	Mn micronodule	Several			Ooze	Dark yellowish brown to reddish brown siliceous ooze	0-8.0% Mn micronodules
ABHI68-PC024	-2.8250	178.1030	-5291	Piston corer	ABHI68-PC024-5	15.050	13.80	16.30	In sediment	Mn micronodule	Many			Silt	Dark reddish brown zeolitic clayey silt	2.0-10.0% Mn micronodules
ABHI68-PC024	-2.8250	178.1030	-5291	Piston corer	ABHI68-PC024-6	17.400	16.30	18.50	In sediment	Mn micronodule	Many			Ooze	Dark reddish brown siliceous ooze	3.0-10.0% Mn micronodule
ABHI68-PC024	-2.8250	178.1030	-5291	Piston corer	ABHI68-PC024-7	18.975	18.50	19.45	In sediment	Mn micronodule	Many			Clay	Dark reddish brown clayey zeolitic clay	10.0% Mn micronodules
ABHI68-PC024	-2.8250	178.1030	-5291	Piston corer	ABHI68-PC024-8	19.600	19.45	19.75	In sediment	Mn micronodule	Few			Ooze	Dark reddish brown siliceous ooze	2.0-5.0% Mn micronodules
ABHI68-PC024	-2.8250	178.1030	-5291	Piston corer	ABHI68-PC024-9	19.925	19.75	20.10	In sediment	Mn micronodule	Many			Silt	Dark reddish brown non-biogenic silt	2.0-20.0% Mn micronodules
ABHI68-PC024	-2.8250	178.1030	-5291	Piston corer	ABHI68-PC024-10	20.865	20.80	20.93	In sediment	Mn micronodule	Many			Silt	Yellowis brown to pink non-biogenic silt	5.0-10.0% Mn micronodules
ABHI68-PC025	0.5830	-172.2100	-5674	Piston corer	ABHI68-PC025-1	5.010	0.00	10.02	In sediment	Mn micronodule	Several			Ooze	Dark brown to dark reddish brown siliceous ooze	1.0-5.0% Mn micronodules
ABHI68-PC029	7.6280	-164.8370	-4960	Piston corer	ABHI68-PC029-1	0.900	0.00	1.80	In sediment	Mn micronodule	Many			Clay	Dark grayish brown to dark brown clay	1.0-15.0% Mn micronodules
ABHI68-PC031	5.4170	-173.1170	-5793	Piston corer	ABHI68-PC031-1	3.150	0.00	6.30	In sediment	Mn micronodule	Several			Clay	Dark yellowish brown clay with intercalated siliceous ooze layers	1.0-5.0% Mn micronodules
ABHI68-PC033	3.9220	-179.5400	-5672	Piston corer	ABHI68-PC033-1	4.175	2.80	5.55	In sediment	Mn micronodule	Many			Clay	Dark yellowish brown to dark brown clay	0-10.0% Mn micronodules
ABHI68-PC034	4.8020	175.3230	-5122	Piston corer	ABHI68-PC034-1	2.870	0.00	5.74	In sediment	Mn micronodule	Several			Ooze	Very dark grayish brown to dark brown siliceous ooze	1.0-5.0% Mn micronodules
ABHI68-RD1	-0.7517	-158.9170	-5016	Dredge, rock	ABHI68-RD1-1	0.000	0.00	0.00	Surface	Mn nodule	Many			Hard ground		150 kg of Mn nodules and basalt fragments, including one 40 kg Mn-nodule.
ABHI68-RD2	-6.2517	-176.7080	-5831	Dredge, rock	ABHI68-RD2-1	0.000	0.00	0.00	Surface	Mn nodule	Many	Large				Many Mn nodules
ABHI68-RD2	-6.2517	-176.7080	-5831	Dredge, rock	ABHI68-RD2-1	0.000	0.00	0.00	Surface	Mn crust	Many	Fragment	Concolidated sediment			200 kg of authi-sedimentary  with Mn crust fragments.
ABHI68-RD6	-5.8467	155.8500	-2300	Dredge, rock	ABHI68-RD6-1	0.000	0.00	0.00	Surface	Mn coating	Several		Rock; mudstone	Mudstone		75 kg of silt/mudstone showing induration and Mn oxidation
ABHI68-RD8	-4.7800	156.8317	-960	Dredge, rock	ABHI68-RD8-1	0.000	0.00	0.00	Surface	Mn staining	Several		Breccia; consolidated sediment	Limestone		Samples include coral, recrystallized limestone containing foraminifera, pumice, Mn-coated breccia
SOLI67-GC-009	22.0783	-159.1400	-2289	Gravity corer	SOLI67-GC-009-1	0.025	0.00	0.05	Surface	Mn crust	1	2.0 cm thick	Concolidated sediment	Sand	Volcanic sand and gravel	0-5 cm Manganese crust, 2 cm thick on indurated sediment. 5-7 cm Volcanic sand and gravel.
SOLI67-GC-009	22.0783	-159.1400	-2289	Gravity corer	SOLI67-GC-009-2	0.475	0.45	0.50	Buried	Mn crust	1	3.0 cm thick	Concolidated sediment	Sand	Volcanic sand and gravel	45-50 cm, Manganese crust, 2 cm thick on indurated sediment.
SOLI68-RD3	-0.7217	-158.9150	-4940	Dredge, rock	SOLI68-RD3-1	0.000	0.00	0.00	Surface	Mn crust	Several	0.1-17.0 cm thick	Rock; volcanics			Mn crust varying from 0.1 to 17.0 cm thick. Smooth and botryoidal surface textures. Variable substrate composition. Including basalt, altered volcanic material w/ palagonite, and montmorillonite clays.
SOLI68-RD3	-0.7217	-158.9150	-4940	Dredge, rock	SOLI68-RD3-2	0.000	0.00	0.00	Surface	Mn nodule	Several	9.0-45.0 cm	Core			Large Mn nodules from 9.0 to 45.0 cm diameter. Morphology varying from discoidal to spheroidal/polylobate to mushroom/elongated. Mn rind thickness from 1.0 to 7.0 cm.
SOLI68-RD6	-6.2333	-176.7167	-5693	Dredge, rock	SOLI68-RD6-1	0.000	0.00	0.00	Surface	Mn crust	Several	0.1-8.0 cm	Concolidated sediment			Mn crust from 0.1 to 8.0 cm thick with smooth and botryoidal surface texture. Substrate composition is primarily montmorillonite clays
SOLI68-RD6	-6.2333	-176.7167	-5693	Dredge, rock	SOLI68-RD6-2	0.000	0.00	0.00	Surface	Mn nodule	Several	3.0-20.0 cm	Core			Mn nodules from 3.0 to 20.0 cm diameter. Orimarily discoldal and spheroidal morphologies. Mn rind thickness of nodules from 0.2 to 4.0 cm.
SOLI68-RD24	-6.3000	156.6333	-2774	Dredge, rock	SOLI68-RD24-1	0.000	0.00	0.00	Surface	Mn crust	1	1.0-4.0 cm	Concolidated sediment			Thin Mn crust, 0.1 cm thick with smooth surface texture with a carbonate matrix (coccolith ooze). Other material without Mn also recovered at this station.
SOLI68-RD26	-5.9033	155.7450	-685	Dredge, rock	SOLI68-RD26-1	0.000	0.00	0.00	Surface	Mn coating	1	0.1 cm	Concolidated sediment			Mn crust, 1.0-4,0 cm thick, botryoidal surface overlaying clay with fine clastic carbonate matrix. Other material without Mn also recovered at this station.
SOLI68-RD27	-4.6000	156.9000	-676	Dredge, rock	SOLI68-RD27-1	0.000	0.00	0.00	Surface	Mn coating	1		Concolidated sediment			Thin Mn crust, 0.1 cm thick with irregular surface conforming to that of matrix of carbonate (coral and coarse bioclastics) matrix.
SOLI68-RD32	-4.6767	155.2017	-1626	Dredge, rock	SOLI68-RD32-1	0.000	0.00	0.00	Surface	Mn staining	Several		Concolidated sediment			Mn staining, 0.1 cm thick with irregular surface overlaying coarse bioclastic carbonate matrix and  5.0-7.O cm thick Mn crust with botryoidal surface overlying clay matrix.
SOLI68-RD33	-4.7583	157.0500	-905	Dredge, rock	SOLI68-RD33-1	0.000	0.00	0.00	Surface	Mn staining	Several		Concolidated sediment			Mn staining, 0,1 cm thick with irregular surface conforming to matrix with coarse bioclastic carbonate matrix.