Citation:

journal.pone.0169040

Name: An ocean acidification acclimatised green tide alga is robust to changes of seawater carbon chemistry but vulnerable to light stress
Published: 2016
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Keywords: Benthos; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (<20 L); Chlorophyta; Coast and continental shelf; Growth/Morphology; Laboratory experiment; Light; Macroalgae; North Pacific; Plantae; Primary production/Photosynthesis; Single species; Temperate; Ulva linza

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Abstract:

Ulva is the dominant genus in the green tide events and is considered to have efficient CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). However, little is understood regarding the impacts of ocean acidification on the CCMs of Ulva and the consequences of thalli's acclimation to ocean acidification in terms of responding to environmental factors. Here, we grew a cosmopolitan green alga, Ulva linza at ambient (LC) and elevated (HC) CO2 levels and investigated the alteration of CCMs in U. linza grown at HC and its responses to the changed seawater carbon chemistry and light intensity. The inhibitors experiment for photosynthetic inorganic carbon utilization demonstrated that acidic compartments, extracellular carbonic anhydrase (CA) and intracellular CA worked together in the thalli grown at LC and the acquisition of exogenous carbon source in the thalli could be attributed to the collaboration of acidic compartments and extracellular CA. Contrastingly, when U. linza was grown at HC, extracellular CA was completely inhibited, acidic compartments and intracellular CA were also down-regulated to different extents and thus the acquisition of exogenous carbon source solely relied on acidic compartments. The down-regulated CCMs in U. linza did not affect its responses to changes of seawater carbon chemistry but led to a decrease of net photosynthetic rate when thalli were exposed to increased light intensity. This decrease could be attributed to photodamage caused by the combination of the saved energy due to the down-regulated CCMs and high light intensity. Our findings suggest future ocean acidification might impose depressing effects on green tide events when combined with increased light exposure.

Keyword(s):

Benthos; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (<20 L); Chlorophyta; Coast and continental shelf; Growth/Morphology; Laboratory experiment; Light; Macroalgae; North Pacific; Plantae; Primary production/Photosynthesis; Single species; Temperate; Ulva linza

Further details:

Gattuso, Jean-Pierre; Epitalon, Jean-Marie; Lavigne, Héloïse; Orr, James C; Gentili, Bernard; Proye, Aurélien; Soetaert, Karline; Rae, James (2016): seacarb: seawater carbonate chemistry with R. R package version 3.1. https://cran.r-project.org/package=seacarb

Project(s):

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)

Coverage:

Latitude: 34.500000 * Longitude: 119.300000

Date/Time Start: 2009-07-01T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2009-07-30T00:00:00

Event(s):

Lianyungang_OA * Latitude: 34.500000 * Longitude: 119.300000 * Date/Time Start: 2009-07-01T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2009-07-30T00:00:00 * Method/Device: Experiment (EXP)

Comment:

In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Gattuso et al, 2016) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). The date of carbonate chemistry calculation by seacarb is 2017-04-21.

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Type	Type		Lin, Y S		study
2	Species	Species		Lin, Y S
3	Registration number of species	Reg spec no		Lin, Y S
4	Uniform resource locator/link to reference	URL ref		Lin, Y S		WoRMS Aphia ID
5	Figure	Fig		Lin, Y S
6	Treatment	Treat		Lin, Y S
7	Treatment	Treat		Lin, Y S
8	Net photosynthesis rate	PN	µmol/mg/h	Lin, Y S
9	Net photosynthesis rate, standard deviation	PN std dev	±	Lin, Y S
10	Growth rate	µ	%/day	Lin, Y S
11	Growth rate, standard deviation	µ std dev	±	Lin, Y S
12	pH	pH		Lin, Y S		NBS
13	Electron transport rate, relative	rETR	µmol e/m²/s	Lin, Y S
14	Electron transport rate, relative, standard deviation	rETR std dev	±	Lin, Y S
15	Non photochemical quenching	NPQ		Lin, Y S
16	Non photochemical quenching, standard deviation	NPQ std dev	±	Lin, Y S
17	Chlorophyll a	Chl a	µg/g	Lin, Y S
18	Chlorophyll a, standard deviation	Chl a std dev	±	Lin, Y S
19	Chlorophyll b	Chl b	µg/g	Lin, Y S
20	Chlorophyll b, standard deviation	Chl b std dev	±	Lin, Y S
21	Salinity	Sal		Lin, Y S
22	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Lin, Y S
23	pH	pH		Lin, Y S	Potentiometric	NBS scale
24	pH, standard deviation	pH std dev	±	Lin, Y S	Potentiometric	NBS scale
25	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Lin, Y S	Calculated using CO2SYS
26	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation	pCO2 std dev	±	Lin, Y S	Calculated using CO2SYS
27	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Lin, Y S	Calculated using CO2SYS
28	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation	DIC std dev	±	Lin, Y S	Calculated using CO2SYS
29	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Lin, Y S	Calculated using CO2SYS
30	Bicarbonate ion, standard deviation	[HCO3]- std dev	±	Lin, Y S	Calculated using CO2SYS
31	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Lin, Y S	Calculated using CO2SYS
32	Carbonate ion, standard deviation	[CO3]2- std dev	±	Lin, Y S	Calculated using CO2SYS
33	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Lin, Y S	Calculated using CO2SYS
34	Carbon dioxide, standard deviation	CO2 std dev	±	Lin, Y S	Calculated using CO2SYS
35	Alkalinity, total	AT	µmol/kg	Lin, Y S	Potentiometric titration
36	Alkalinity, total, standard deviation	AT std dev	±	Lin, Y S	Potentiometric titration
37	Carbonate system computation flag	CSC flag		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
38	pH	pH		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	total scale
39	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
40	Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	fCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
41	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
42	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
43	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
44	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
45	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
46	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)

Status:

Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)

Size:

1264 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Type (study)	2 Species	3 Reg spec no	4 URL ref (WoRMS Aphia ID)	5 Fig	6 Treat	7 Treat	8 PN [µmol/mg/h]	9 PN std dev [±]	10 µ [%/day]	11 µ std dev [±]	12 pH (NBS)	13 rETR [µmol e/m²/s]	14 rETR std dev [±]	15 NPQ	16 NPQ std dev [±]	17 Chl a [µg/g]	18 Chl a std dev [±]	19 Chl b [µg/g]	20 Chl b std dev [±]	21 Sal	22 Temp [°C]	23 pH (NBS scale, Potentiometric)	24 pH std dev [±] (NBS scale, Potentiometric)	25 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	26 pCO2 std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	27 DIC [µmol/kg] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	28 DIC std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	29 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	30 [HCO3]- std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	31 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	32 [CO3]2- std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	33 CO2 [µmol/kg] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	34 CO2 std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	35 AT [µmol/kg] (Potentiometric titration)	36 AT std dev [±] (Potentiometric titration)	37 CSC flag (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	38 pH (total scale, Calculated using...)	39 CO2 [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	40 fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	41 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	42 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	43 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	44 DIC [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	45 Omega Arg (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	46 Omega Cal (Calculated using seacarb afte...)
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	2	Low CO2	Control	63.87	12.23												31	12	8.14	0.02	404.9	20.6	1982.1	32.8	1846.5	31.8	118.6	4.6	17.0	0.9	2152.6	33.4	26	8.03	16.99	403.94	405.46	1858.14	118.59	1993.72	1.83	2.89
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	2	Low CO2	Added with Tris	32.44	4.40												31	12	8.14	0.02	404.9	20.6	1982.1	32.8	1846.5	31.8	118.6	4.6	17.0	0.9	2152.6	33.4	26	8.03	16.99	403.94	405.46	1858.14	118.59	1993.72	1.83	2.89
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	2	Low CO2	Added with AZ	47.10	2.84												31	12	8.14	0.02	404.9	20.6	1982.1	32.8	1846.5	31.8	118.6	4.6	17.0	0.9	2152.6	33.4	26	8.03	16.99	403.94	405.46	1858.14	118.59	1993.72	1.83	2.89
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	2	Low CO2	Added with EZ	15.85	1.20												31	12	8.14	0.02	404.9	20.6	1982.1	32.8	1846.5	31.8	118.6	4.6	17.0	0.9	2152.6	33.4	26	8.03	16.99	403.94	405.46	1858.14	118.59	1993.72	1.83	2.89
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	2	High CO2	Control	59.13	15.04												31	12	7.80	0.02	987.4	53.4	2130.2	44.1	2030.0	42.2	58.8	2.6	41.4	2.3	2186.1	43.6	26	7.69	40.80	969.94	973.59	2038.77	59.46	2139.03	0.92	1.45
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	2	High CO2	Added with Tris	37.25	3.79												31	12	7.80	0.02	987.4	53.4	2130.2	44.1	2030.0	42.2	58.8	2.6	41.4	2.3	2186.1	43.6	26	7.69	40.80	969.94	973.59	2038.77	59.46	2139.03	0.92	1.45
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	2	High CO2	Added with AZ	49.22	6.87												31	12	7.80	0.02	987.4	53.4	2130.2	44.1	2030.0	42.2	58.8	2.6	41.4	2.3	2186.1	43.6	26	7.69	40.80	969.94	973.59	2038.77	59.46	2139.03	0.92	1.45
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	2	High CO2	Added with EZ	31.32	3.58												31	12	7.80	0.02	987.4	53.4	2130.2	44.1	2030.0	42.2	58.8	2.6	41.4	2.3	2186.1	43.6	26	7.69	40.80	969.94	973.59	2038.77	59.46	2139.03	0.92	1.45
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	3	Low CO2				12.560	3.127										31	12	8.14	0.02	404.9	20.6	1982.1	32.8	1846.5	31.8	118.6	4.6	17.0	0.9	2152.6	33.4	26	8.03	16.99	403.94	405.46	1858.14	118.59	1993.72	1.83	2.89
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	3	High CO2				18.306	2.419										31	12	7.80	0.02	987.4	53.4	2130.2	44.1	2030.0	42.2	58.8	2.6	41.4	2.3	2186.1	43.6	26	7.69	40.80	969.94	973.59	2038.77	59.46	2139.03	0.92	1.45
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	4	Low CO2-Low light		83.17	15.60			7.0									31	12	8.14	0.02	404.9	20.6	1982.1	32.8	1846.5	31.8	118.6	4.6	17.0	0.9	2152.6	33.4	26	8.03	16.99	403.94	405.46	1858.14	118.59	1993.72	1.83	2.89
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	4	Low CO2-Low light		74.15	16.30			7.8									31	12	8.14	0.02	404.9	20.6	1982.1	32.8	1846.5	31.8	118.6	4.6	17.0	0.9	2152.6	33.4	26	8.03	16.99	403.94	405.46	1858.14	118.59	1993.72	1.83	2.89
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	4	Low CO2-Low light		63.87	12.23			8.2									31	12	8.14	0.02	404.9	20.6	1982.1	32.8	1846.5	31.8	118.6	4.6	17.0	0.9	2152.6	33.4	26	8.03	16.99	403.94	405.46	1858.14	118.59	1993.72	1.83	2.89
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	4	Low CO2-Low light		78.60	10.42			9.0									31	12	8.14	0.02	404.9	20.6	1982.1	32.8	1846.5	31.8	118.6	4.6	17.0	0.9	2152.6	33.4	26	8.03	16.99	403.94	405.46	1858.14	118.59	1993.72	1.83	2.89
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	4	Low CO2-Low light		61.02	11.48			10.0									31	12	8.14	0.02	404.9	20.6	1982.1	32.8	1846.5	31.8	118.6	4.6	17.0	0.9	2152.6	33.4	26	8.03	16.99	403.94	405.46	1858.14	118.59	1993.72	1.83	2.89
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	4	High CO2-Low light		62.93	12.20			7.0									31	12	7.80	0.02	987.4	53.4	2130.2	44.1	2030.0	42.2	58.8	2.6	41.4	2.3	2186.1	43.6	26	7.69	40.80	969.94	973.59	2038.77	59.46	2139.03	0.92	1.45
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	4	High CO2-Low light		59.13	15.04			7.8									31	12	7.80	0.02	987.4	53.4	2130.2	44.1	2030.0	42.2	58.8	2.6	41.4	2.3	2186.1	43.6	26	7.69	40.80	969.94	973.59	2038.77	59.46	2139.03	0.92	1.45
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	4	High CO2-Low light		67.04	18.91			8.2									31	12	7.80	0.02	987.4	53.4	2130.2	44.1	2030.0	42.2	58.8	2.6	41.4	2.3	2186.1	43.6	26	7.69	40.80	969.94	973.59	2038.77	59.46	2139.03	0.92	1.45
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	4	High CO2-Low light		55.69	11.54			9.0									31	12	7.80	0.02	987.4	53.4	2130.2	44.1	2030.0	42.2	58.8	2.6	41.4	2.3	2186.1	43.6	26	7.69	40.80	969.94	973.59	2038.77	59.46	2139.03	0.92	1.45
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	4	High CO2-Low light		47.40	10.98			10.0									31	12	7.80	0.02	987.4	53.4	2130.2	44.1	2030.0	42.2	58.8	2.6	41.4	2.3	2186.1	43.6	26	7.69	40.80	969.94	973.59	2038.77	59.46	2139.03	0.92	1.45
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	4	Low CO2-High light		226.02	15.25			7.0									31	12	8.14	0.02	404.9	20.6	1982.1	32.8	1846.5	31.8	118.6	4.6	17.0	0.9	2152.6	33.4	26	8.03	16.99	403.94	405.46	1858.14	118.59	1993.72	1.83	2.89
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	4	Low CO2-High light		212.87	15.29			7.8									31	12	8.14	0.02	404.9	20.6	1982.1	32.8	1846.5	31.8	118.6	4.6	17.0	0.9	2152.6	33.4	26	8.03	16.99	403.94	405.46	1858.14	118.59	1993.72	1.83	2.89
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	4	Low CO2-High light		185.09	16.96			8.2									31	12	8.14	0.02	404.9	20.6	1982.1	32.8	1846.5	31.8	118.6	4.6	17.0	0.9	2152.6	33.4	26	8.03	16.99	403.94	405.46	1858.14	118.59	1993.72	1.83	2.89
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	4	Low CO2-High light		203.05	20.02			9.0									31	12	8.14	0.02	404.9	20.6	1982.1	32.8	1846.5	31.8	118.6	4.6	17.0	0.9	2152.6	33.4	26	8.03	16.99	403.94	405.46	1858.14	118.59	1993.72	1.83	2.89
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	4	Low CO2-High light		106.39	22.64			10.0									31	12	8.14	0.02	404.9	20.6	1982.1	32.8	1846.5	31.8	118.6	4.6	17.0	0.9	2152.6	33.4	26	8.03	16.99	403.94	405.46	1858.14	118.59	1993.72	1.83	2.89
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	4	High CO2-High light		137.75	10.43			7.0									31	12	7.80	0.02	987.4	53.4	2130.2	44.1	2030.0	42.2	58.8	2.6	41.4	2.3	2186.1	43.6	26	7.69	40.80	969.94	973.59	2038.77	59.46	2139.03	0.92	1.45
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	4	High CO2-High light		129.24	2.97			7.8									31	12	7.80	0.02	987.4	53.4	2130.2	44.1	2030.0	42.2	58.8	2.6	41.4	2.3	2186.1	43.6	26	7.69	40.80	969.94	973.59	2038.77	59.46	2139.03	0.92	1.45
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	4	High CO2-High light		131.78	13.51			8.2									31	12	7.80	0.02	987.4	53.4	2130.2	44.1	2030.0	42.2	58.8	2.6	41.4	2.3	2186.1	43.6	26	7.69	40.80	969.94	973.59	2038.77	59.46	2139.03	0.92	1.45
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	4	High CO2-High light		137.56	16.86			9.0									31	12	7.80	0.02	987.4	53.4	2130.2	44.1	2030.0	42.2	58.8	2.6	41.4	2.3	2186.1	43.6	26	7.69	40.80	969.94	973.59	2038.77	59.46	2139.03	0.92	1.45
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	4	High CO2-High light		67.80	11.73			10.0									31	12	7.80	0.02	987.4	53.4	2130.2	44.1	2030.0	42.2	58.8	2.6	41.4	2.3	2186.1	43.6	26	7.69	40.80	969.94	973.59	2038.77	59.46	2139.03	0.92	1.45
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	5, 6	Low CO2-Low light							15.97	0.90	0.077	0.007					31	12	8.14	0.02	404.9	20.6	1982.1	32.8	1846.5	31.8	118.6	4.6	17.0	0.9	2152.6	33.4	26	8.03	16.99	403.94	405.46	1858.14	118.59	1993.72	1.83	2.89
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	5, 6	Low CO2-High light							70.28	1.40	0.136	0.012					31	12	8.14	0.02	404.9	20.6	1982.1	32.8	1846.5	31.8	118.6	4.6	17.0	0.9	2152.6	33.4	26	8.03	16.99	403.94	405.46	1858.14	118.59	1993.72	1.83	2.89
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	5, 6	High CO2-Low light							19.50	0.91	0.108	0.008					31	12	7.80	0.02	987.4	53.4	2130.2	44.1	2030.0	42.2	58.8	2.6	41.4	2.3	2186.1	43.6	26	7.69	40.80	969.94	973.59	2038.77	59.46	2139.03	0.92	1.45
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	5, 6	High CO2-High light							95.59	2.82	0.219	0.022					31	12	7.80	0.02	987.4	53.4	2130.2	44.1	2030.0	42.2	58.8	2.6	41.4	2.3	2186.1	43.6	26	7.69	40.80	969.94	973.59	2038.77	59.46	2139.03	0.92	1.45
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	7	Low CO2											680.91	65.81	507.06	55.21	31	12	8.14	0.02	404.9	20.6	1982.1	32.8	1846.5	31.8	118.6	4.6	17.0	0.9	2152.6	33.4	26	8.03	16.99	403.94	405.46	1858.14	118.59	1993.72	1.83	2.89
laboratory	Ulva linza (macroalga)	234474	marinespecies.org	7	High CO2											434.05	105.93	318.67	67.87	31	12	7.80	0.02	987.4	53.4	2130.2	44.1	2030.0	42.2	58.8	2.6	41.4	2.3	2186.1	43.6	26	7.69	40.80	969.94	973.59	2038.77	59.46	2139.03	0.92	1.45