/* DATA DESCRIPTION: Citation: Georgios, Goras; Chrysoula, Tananaki; Vasileios, Kanelis; Christakis, Tofaris; Epaminontas, Giannouris; Nikolia, Argena; Sofia, Gounari; Andreas, Thrasyvoulou (2017): The conflict of survival of Bee-eaters and of honey bees [dataset]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.872356, Supplement to: Georgios, Goras; Chrysoula, Tananaki; Liolios, Vasileios; Kanelis, Dimitrios; Christakis, Tofaris; Epaminontas, Giannouris; Nikolia, Argena; Sofia, Gounari; Rodopoulou, Marianna; Andreas, Thrasyvoulou (2023): The conflict between avian predators and domestic honey bees: a case study of European bee-eater ( Merops apiaster L.) preying on the honey bee ( Apis mellifera L.) in Cyprus. Journal of Apicultural Research, 62(5), 1115-1122, https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2022.2069642 Abstract: Bee-eater birds (Merops apiaster) appear and remain in Cyprus for 15 days in spring and 30-40 days in autumn. During spring, their presence is almost unnoticed, but during autumn, their excessive concentrations cause damages to bee colonies and severe losses to beekeepers. Bees remain in their hives and no forage activity is documented in the whole apiary. The causes of confinement of bees into their hives remain unclear. The singing of the birds and their appearance are not the reason of the confinement of the bees. As a result of the restriction of the bees into their hives, we observed diminished queen laying, decrease of the brood and a shrink of the adult population. The internal temperature of the hive increases by 2-4°C due to the lack of the water and to the tension (stress) of the "captive" bees. The colonies cannot rear brood during fall and enter into winter with old and starving bees. Due to this, 20% of the wintering bee colonies die every year. The so-far proposed solutions to prevent bee-eaters from apiaries, such as the use of tapes, color balloons, CDs that diffract the light, recording voices of hawks and falcons, alarm cries of bee-eaters and gun shootings were tested and found ineffective to protect bees. To ensure the harmonious coexistence of birds with bees and to maintain the contribution of bees to pollination, the Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment of Cyprus supports financially the beekeepers and in turn through Cyprus Rural Development Program 2014-2020, the beekeepers undertook commitments to pursue methods that benefit of bees and the protection of the birds. Coverage: LATITUDE: 34.782600 * LONGITUDE: 33.000000 MINIMUM ELEVATION: 32.5 m * MAXIMUM ELEVATION: 32.5 m Event(s): Paphos * LATITUDE: 34.782600 * LONGITUDE: 33.000000 * ELEVATION: 32.5 m * LOCATION: Cyprus Comment: For the reasearch, three areas were chosen which were located at the district of Paphos, in southwest of Cyprus. Study area A was located at Marathounta Paphos, Cyprus (34° 46' 53.1408''N, 32° 29' 51.6048''E), where 120 bee colonies were situated. The area was on top of a hill, with low shrubs. Orchard crops and high trees were not present and bee-eaters could easily be located and counted. The electricity wires were 50 meters from the apiary. A second apiary of 85 bee colonies was located 300 meters far away from area A. Study area B was located on a hillside in Tsada Paphos, Cyprus (34° 50' 15.3384''N, 32° 28' 30.1044''E) and has 200 bee colonies. It is an agricultural area with vineyards, individual trees and small shrubs. Electricity wires passed alongside the edge of the apiary. A second apiary consisting of 35 bee colonies was situated 200 meters from area B. Study area C was located at Acheleia Paphos, Cyprus (34° 43' 43.8672''N, 32° 28' 30.1044''E), with 156 bee colonies. It was an agricultural area with citrus and annual cereals and characterized by dense grow of cypresses trees around the apiary. Electricity wires passed along the periphery of the apiary. Parameter(s): File content (Content) * PI: Georgios, Goras (panthakk@yahoo.gr) File name (File name) * PI: Georgios, Goras (panthakk@yahoo.gr) File format (File format) * PI: Georgios, Goras (panthakk@yahoo.gr) File size [kByte] (File size) * PI: Georgios, Goras (panthakk@yahoo.gr) Uniform resource locator/link to file (URL file) * PI: Georgios, Goras (panthakk@yahoo.gr) License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0) (URI: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) Size: 220 data points */ Content File name File format File size [kByte] URL file 1 Two apiaries in experimental area, video 1_Two_apiaries__in_experimental_area MP4 19487.418 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/1_Two_apiaries__in_experimental_area.mp4 2 Experimental Apiary, video 2_Experimental_Apiary MP4 10022.748 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/2_Experimental_Apiary.mp4 3 Hanging shiny objects to chase the bee-eaters, video 3_Hanging_shiny_objects_to_chase_the_bee-eaters MP4 7404.370 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/3_Hanging_shiny_objects_to_chase_the_bee-eaters.mp4 4 Bird sounds from Birdchaser device, video 4_Bird_sounds_from_Birdchaser_device MP4 11609.274 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/4_Bird_sounds_from_Birdchaser_device.mp4 5 Scaring voices from bee eaters, video 5_Scaring_voices_from_bee_eaters MP4 36232.953 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/5_Scaring_voices_from_bee_eaters.mp4 6 Bee-eaters form a ring over the apiary 200-300 meters from apiary, video 6_Bee-eaters_form_a_ring_over_the_apiary_200-300_meters_from_apiary MP4 26962.609 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/6_Bee-eaters_form_a_ring_over_the_apiary_200-300_meters_from_apiary.mp4 7 Restriction of bees into their hives, video 7_Restriction_of_bees_into_their_hives MP4 20122.320 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/7_Restriction_of_bees_into_their_hives.mp4 8 The complete cease of bee flights, video 8_The_complete_cease_of_bee_flights MP4 16398.957 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/8_The_complete_cease_of_bee_flights.mp4 9 No flights of bees with the present of bee-eaters, video 9_No_flights_of_bees_with_the_present_of_bee-eaters MP4 16162.840 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/9_No_flights_of_bees_with_the_present_of_bee-eaters.mp4 10 Flight of bees without bee-eaters, video 10_Flight_of_bees_without_bee-eaters MP4 28676.838 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/10_Flight_of_bees_without_bee-eaters.mp4 11 Bees ventilate the hive entrance after chasing of bee-eaters, video 11_Bees_ventilate_the_hive_entrance_after_chasing_of_bee-eaters MP4 6147.196 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/11_Bees_ventilate_the_hive_entrance_after_chasing_of_bee-eaters.mp4 12 Reproducing scaring voices of bee-eaters, video 12_Reproducing_scaring_voices_of_bee-eaters MP4 10211.462 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/12_Reproducing_scaring_voices_of_bee-eaters.mp4 13 No reaction to scaring voices, video 13_No_reaction_to_scaring_voices MP4 37759.129 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/13_No_reaction_to_scaring_voices.mp4 14 Panic behaviour of bee-eaters, video 14_Panic_behaviour_of_bee-eaters MP4 5836.377 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/14_Panic_behaviour_of_bee-eaters.mp4 15 Dancing without bee eaters, video 15_Dancing_without_bee_eaters MP4 75711.430 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/15_Dancing_without_bee_eaters.mp4 16 Shaking movements bee-eaters present, video 16_Shaking_movements_bee-eaters_present MP4 313108.469 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/16_Shaking_movements_bee-eaters_present.mp4 17 Waggle dance bee-eaters absent, video 17_Waggle_dance_bee-eaters_absent MP4 45341.949 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/17_Waggle_dance_bee-eaters_absent.mp4 1 Counting the flying of the bees, photo 1_Counting_the_flying_of_the_bees JPG 3722.856 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/1_Counting_the_flying_of_the_bees.JPG 2 Counting the flight of bees in the 2nd apiary, photo 2_Counting_the_flight_of_bees_in_the_2nd_apiary JPG 3796.811 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/2_Counting_the_flight_of_bees_in_the_2nd_apiary.JPG 3 Counting the brood, photo 3_Counting_the_brood JPG 3936.360 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/3_Counting_the_brood.JPG 4 Installing hives on automatic weighting device, photo 4_Installing_hives_on_automatic_weighting_device JPG 3929.846 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/4_Installing_hives_on_automatic_weighting_device.JPG 5 Closing the entrance of the hive to count the returning forage bee, photo 5_Closing_the_entrance_of_the_hive_to_count_the_returning_forage_bee JPG 3811.191 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/5_Closing_the_entrance_of_the_hive_to_count_the_returning_forage_bee.JPG 6 Apiary with floating ballons and reflecting tapes, photo 6_Apiary_with_floating_ballons_and_reflecting_tapes JPG 3451.151 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/6_Apiary_with_floating_ballons_and_reflecting_tapes.JPG 7 Floating ballons and reflecting the lights tapes, photo 7_Floating_ballons_and_reflecting_the_lights_tapes JPG 3752.116 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/7_Floating_ballons_and_reflecting_the_lights_tapes.JPG 8 Butane cannon and reflecting tapes, photo 8_Butane_cannon_and_reflecting_tapes JPG 5563.496 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/8_Butane_cannon_and_reflecting_tapes.JPG 9 Butane cannon beat every minute failled to chase beeeaters, photo 9_Butane_cannon_beat_every_minute_failled_to_chase_beeeaters JPG 3103.137 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/9_Butane_cannon_beat_every_minute_failled_to_chase_beeeaters.JPG 10 Drinking bowls for bees used to count bees collecting water A, photo 10_Drinking_bowls_for_bees_used_to_count_bees_collecting_water_A JPG 3849.095 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/10_Drinking_bowls_for_bees_used_to_count_bees_collecting_water_A.JPG 11 Drinking Bowls Bee eaters present, photo 11_Drinking_Bowls_Bee_eaters_present JPG 4055.418 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/11_Drinking_Bowls_Bee_eaters_present.JPG 12 Drinking bowls Bee-eaters absent B, photo 12_Drinking_bowls_Bee-eaters_absent_B JPG 3972.447 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/12_Drinking_bowls_Bee-eaters_absent_B.JPG 13 Drinking bowls Bee-eaters absent, photo 13_Drinking_bowls_Bee-eaters_absent JPG 3805.816 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/13_Drinking_bowls_Bee-eaters_absent.JPG 14 Pollen trap collects negletable amount of pollen due to bee-eaters, photo 14_Pollen_trap_collects_negletable_amount_of_pollen_due_to_bee-eaters JPG 3786.912 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/14_Pollen_trap_collects_negletable_amount_of_pollen_due_to_bee-eaters.JPG 15 Shooting to chase the bee-eaters, photo 15_Shooting__to_chase_the_bee-eaters JPG 3862.713 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/15_Shooting__to_chase_the_bee-eaters.JPG 16 Empty cartidges in the apiary area, photo 16_Empty_cartidges_in_the_apiary_area JPG 4021.471 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/16_Empty_cartidges_in_the_apiary_area.JPG 17 Observation hives and apiary, photo 17_Observation_hives_and_apiary JPG 1290.688 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/17_Observation_hives_and_apiary.jpg 18 Merop catch bee in the air, photo 18_Merop_catch_bee_in_the_air JPG 1134.262 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/18_Merop_catch_bee_in_the_air.JPG 19 Bee-eaters on shrub perching and watching, photo 19_Bee-eaters_on_shrub_perching_and_watching JPG 4437.594 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/19_Bee-eaters_on_shrub_perching_and_watching.jpg 20 One merop on electricity wires, photo 20_One_merop_on_electricity_wires JPG 4420.433 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/20_One_merop_on_electricity_wires.JPG 21 Two merops on electricity wires, photo 21_Two_merops_on_electricity_wires JPG 3178.224 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/21_Two_merops_on_electricity_wires.JPG 22 Three merops on electricity wires, photo 22_Three_merops_on_electricity_wires JPG 3938.449 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/22_Three_merops_on_electricity_wires.JPG 23 Many merops on electricity wires, photo 23_Many_merops_on_electricity_wires JPG 3243.518 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/23_Many_merops_on_electricity_wires.JPG 24 Confinement of bees, photo 24_Confinement_of_bees JPG 3731.225 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/24_Confinement_of_bees.JPG 25 The confinement of bees into their hives, photo 25_The_confinement_of_bees_into_their_hives JPG 3903.915 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/25_The_confinement_of_bees_into_their_hives.JPG 26 Scaring reaction of bee-eaters, photo 26_Scaring_reaction_of_bee-eaters JPG 5375.248 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/26_Scaring_reaction_of_bee-eaters.JPG 27 Scaring reaction of bee eaters B, photo 27_Scaring_reaction_of_bee_eaters_B JPG 5231.157 https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/GeorgiosG-etal_2017/27_Scaring_reaction_of_bee_eaters_B.JPG