Citation:

s11356-016-6071-0

Name: Bioenergetic trade-offs in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in response to CO2-driven ocean acidification
Published: 2016-06-13
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Keywords: Animalia; Apostichopus japonicus; Benthic animals; Benthos; Coast and continental shelf; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or < 1 m**2); Echinodermata; Growth/Morphology; Laboratory experiment; North Pacific; Other metabolic rates; Respiration; Single species; Temperate

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Abstract:

Ocean acidification (OA) caused by excessive CO2 is a potential ecological threat to marine organisms. The impacts of OA on echinoderms are well-documented, but there has been a strong bias towards sea urchins, and limited information is available on sea cucumbers. This work examined the effect of medium-term (60 days) exposure to three pH levels (pH 8.06, 7.72, and 7.41, covering present and future pH variability) on the bioenergetic responses of the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, an ecologically and economically important holothurian in Asian coasts. Results showed that the measured specific growth rate linearly decreased with decreased pH, leading to a 0.42 %/day decrease at pH 7.41 compared with that at pH 8.06. The impacts of pH on physiological energetics were variable: measured energy consumption and defecation rates linearly decreased with decreased pH, whereas maintenance energy in calculated respiration and excretion were not significantly affected. No shift in energy allocation pattern was observed in A. japonicus upon exposure to pH 7.72 compared with pH 8.06. However, a significant shift in energy budget occurred upon exposure to pH 7.41, leading to decreased energy intake and increased percentage of energy that was lost in feces, thereby resulting in a significantly lowered allocation into somatic growth. These findings indicate that adult A. japonicus is resilient to the OA scenario at the end of the twenty-first century, but further acidification may negatively influence the grazing capability and growth, thereby influencing its ecological functioning as an "ecosystem engineer" and potentially harming its culture output.

Keyword(s):

Animalia; Apostichopus japonicus; Benthic animals; Benthos; Coast and continental shelf; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or < 1 m**2); Echinodermata; Growth/Morphology; Laboratory experiment; North Pacific; Other metabolic rates; Respiration; Single species; Temperate

Further details:

Gattuso, Jean-Pierre; Epitalon, Jean-Marie; Lavigne, Héloïse (2015): seacarb: seawater carbonate chemistry with R. R package version 3.0.8. https://cran.r-project.org/package=seacarb

Project(s):

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)

Coverage:

Latitude: 38.874950 * Longitude: 121.554020

Date/Time Start: 2013-10-01T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2013-10-30T00:00:00

Event(s):

Dalian_OA * Latitude: 38.874950 * Longitude: 121.554020 * Date/Time Start: 2013-10-01T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2013-10-30T00:00:00 * Method/Device: Experiment (EXP)

Comment:

In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Gattuso et al, 2015) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). The date of carbonate chemistry calculation is 2016-06-06.

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Type	Type		Yuan, Xiutang		study
2	Species	Species		Yuan, Xiutang
3	Registration number of species	Reg spec no		Yuan, Xiutang
4	Uniform resource locator/link to reference	URL ref		Yuan, Xiutang		WoRMS Aphia ID
5	pH	pH		Yuan, Xiutang	Potentiometric	NBS scale
6	Energy budget	E budg	J/g/day	Yuan, Xiutang		energy consumed in food
7	Energy budget	E budg	J/g/day	Yuan, Xiutang		energy discharged in feces
8	Energy budget	E budg	J/g/day	Yuan, Xiutang		energy deposited into growth
9	Energy budget	E budg	J/g/day	Yuan, Xiutang		energy lost in excretion
10	Energy budget	E budg	J/g/day	Yuan, Xiutang		energy lost for respiration
11	Ratio	Ratio		Yuan, Xiutang		energy discharged in feces/energy consumed in food
12	Ratio	Ratio		Yuan, Xiutang		energy deposited into growth/energy consumed in food
13	Ratio	Ratio		Yuan, Xiutang		energy lost in excretion/energy consumed in food
14	Ratio	Ratio		Yuan, Xiutang		energy lost for respiration/energy consumed in food
15	Growth rate	µ	%/day	Yuan, Xiutang
16	Salinity	Sal		Yuan, Xiutang
17	Salinity, standard deviation	Sal std dev	±	Yuan, Xiutang
18	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Yuan, Xiutang
19	Temperature, water, standard deviation	Temp std dev	±	Yuan, Xiutang
20	pH	pH		Yuan, Xiutang	Potentiometric	average, NBS scale
21	pH, standard deviation	pH std dev	±	Yuan, Xiutang	Potentiometric	NBS scale
22	Alkalinity, total	AT	µmol/kg	Yuan, Xiutang	Potentiometric titration
23	Alkalinity, total, standard deviation	AT std dev	±	Yuan, Xiutang	Potentiometric titration
24	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yuan, Xiutang	Calculated using CO2SYS
25	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation	pCO2 std dev	±	Yuan, Xiutang	Calculated using CO2SYS
26	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Yuan, Xiutang	Calculated using CO2SYS
27	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation	DIC std dev	±	Yuan, Xiutang	Calculated using CO2SYS
28	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Yuan, Xiutang	Calculated using CO2SYS
29	Calcite saturation state, standard deviation	Omega Cal std dev	±	Yuan, Xiutang	Calculated using CO2SYS
30	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Yuan, Xiutang	Calculated using CO2SYS
31	Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation	Omega Arg std dev	±	Yuan, Xiutang	Calculated using CO2SYS
32	Carbonate system computation flag	CSC flag		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
33	pH	pH		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	total scale
34	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
35	Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	fCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
36	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
37	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
38	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
39	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
40	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
41	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)

Status:

Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)

Size:

492 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Type (study)	2 Species	3 Reg spec no	4 URL ref (WoRMS Aphia ID)	5 pH (NBS scale, Potentiometric)	6 E budg [J/g/day] (energy consumed in food)	7 E budg [J/g/day] (energy discharged in feces)	8 E budg [J/g/day] (energy deposited into growth)	9 E budg [J/g/day] (energy lost in excretion)	10 E budg [J/g/day] (energy lost for respiration)	11 Ratio (energy discharged in feces/en...)	12 Ratio (energy deposited into growth/...)	13 Ratio (energy lost in excretion/ener...)	14 Ratio (energy lost for respiration/e...)	15 µ [%/day]	16 Sal	17 Sal std dev [±]	18 Temp [°C]	19 Temp std dev [±]	20 pH (average, NBS scale, Potentiom...)	21 pH std dev [±] (NBS scale, Potentiometric)	22 AT [µmol/kg] (Potentiometric titration)	23 AT std dev [±] (Potentiometric titration)	24 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	25 pCO2 std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	26 DIC [µmol/kg] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	27 DIC std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	28 Omega Cal (Calculated using CO2SYS)	29 Omega Cal std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	30 Omega Arg (Calculated using CO2SYS)	31 Omega Arg std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	32 CSC flag (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	33 pH (total scale, Calculated using...)	34 CO2 [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	35 fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	36 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	37 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	38 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	39 DIC [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	40 Omega Arg (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	41 Omega Cal (Calculated using seacarb afte...)
laboratory	Apostichopus japonicus (Apostichopus japonicus)	241776	marinespecies.org	8.079375	1654.346064	852.8495015	71.56639988	51.99009531	677.9400669	51.55206158	4.325963077	3.142637230	40.97933811	0.427912477	30.4	0.4	20.1	0.1	8.06	0.03	2512	37	626	46	2327	37	3.66	0.18	2.35	0.12	26	7.93	20.46	616.82	618.92	2156.39	149.06	2325.91	2.37	3.69
laboratory	Apostichopus japonicus (Apostichopus japonicus)	241776	marinespecies.org	8.065000	1786.437550	938.8334842	91.58155898	59.31159436	696.7109128	52.55338951	5.126490930	3.320104548	39.00001501	0.709271825	30.4	0.4	20.1	0.1	8.06	0.03	2512	37	626	46	2327	37	3.66	0.18	2.35	0.12	26	7.93	20.46	616.82	618.92	2156.39	149.06	2325.91	2.37	3.69
laboratory	Apostichopus japonicus (Apostichopus japonicus)	241776	marinespecies.org	8.055000	1599.494333	847.2936168	87.44166262	48.07069061	616.6883629	52.97259261	5.466831662	3.005367985	38.55520774	0.681388354	30.4	0.4	20.1	0.1	8.06	0.03	2512	37	626	46	2327	37	3.66	0.18	2.35	0.12	26	7.93	20.46	616.82	618.92	2156.39	149.06	2325.91	2.37	3.69
laboratory	Apostichopus japonicus (Apostichopus japonicus)	241776	marinespecies.org	8.055625	1340.466097	720.7016068	68.88882638	36.75068907	514.1249747	53.76500073	5.139169617	2.741635104	38.35419455	0.535944509	30.4	0.4	20.1	0.1	8.06	0.03	2512	37	626	46	2327	37	3.66	0.18	2.35	0.12	26	7.93	20.46	616.82	618.92	2156.39	149.06	2325.91	2.37	3.69
laboratory	Apostichopus japonicus (Apostichopus japonicus)	241776	marinespecies.org	7.708750	1693.045516	844.6727602	85.47412367	57.09334422	705.8052880	49.89072959	5.048542574	3.372227367	41.68850047	0.657567548	30.6	0.5	20.0	0.1	7.72	0.02	2538	51	1511	88	2486	54	1.81	0.06	1.16	0.04	26	7.59	49.52	1490.98	1496.06	2361.59	73.88	2484.99	1.17	1.82
laboratory	Apostichopus japonicus (Apostichopus japonicus)	241776	marinespecies.org	7.727500	1595.631831	780.9726389	54.22790122	62.38072446	698.0505662	48.94441336	3.398522151	3.909468542	43.74759595	0.321697512	30.6	0.5	20.0	0.1	7.72	0.02	2538	51	1511	88	2486	54	1.81	0.06	1.16	0.04	26	7.59	49.52	1490.98	1496.06	2361.59	73.88	2484.99	1.17	1.82
laboratory	Apostichopus japonicus (Apostichopus japonicus)	241776	marinespecies.org	7.724375	1710.622134	950.5289472	25.73225471	65.12283750	669.2380950	55.56627195	1.504262934	3.806968014	39.12249711	0.142386037	30.6	0.5	20.0	0.1	7.72	0.02	2538	51	1511	88	2486	54	1.81	0.06	1.16	0.04	26	7.59	49.52	1490.98	1496.06	2361.59	73.88	2484.99	1.17	1.82
laboratory	Apostichopus japonicus (Apostichopus japonicus)	241776	marinespecies.org	7.713750	1514.663112	745.8097104	64.33641865	46.22546581	658.2915168	49.23931300	4.247572820	3.051864500	43.46124968	0.395503031	30.6	0.5	20.0	0.1	7.72	0.02	2538	51	1511	88	2486	54	1.81	0.06	1.16	0.04	26	7.59	49.52	1490.98	1496.06	2361.59	73.88	2484.99	1.17	1.82
laboratory	Apostichopus japonicus (Apostichopus japonicus)	241776	marinespecies.org	7.424375	1312.597687	759.6840399	58.64794009	38.38660191	455.8791054	57.87638111	4.468081931	2.924475815	34.73106115	0.438314667	30.7	0.5	20.0	0.2	7.41	0.03	2555	60	3224	242	2610	61	0.92	0.07	0.59	0.05	26	7.28	106.38	3202.87	3213.81	2465.13	37.63	2609.15	0.60	0.93
laboratory	Apostichopus japonicus (Apostichopus japonicus)	241776	marinespecies.org	7.375000	1369.575214	699.4554777	30.74437721	41.26848962	598.1068694	51.07097957	2.244811157	3.013232804	43.67097647	0.103010490	30.7	0.5	20.0	0.2	7.41	0.03	2555	60	3224	242	2610	61	0.92	0.07	0.59	0.05	26	7.28	106.38	3202.87	3213.81	2465.13	37.63	2609.15	0.60	0.93
laboratory	Apostichopus japonicus (Apostichopus japonicus)	241776	marinespecies.org	7.413125	1089.095579	632.7135317	17.39535339	29.50450408	409.4821896	58.09531725	1.597229272	2.709083083	37.59837039	0.039859736	30.7	0.5	20.0	0.2	7.41	0.03	2555	60	3224	242	2610	61	0.92	0.07	0.59	0.05	26	7.28	106.38	3202.87	3213.81	2465.13	37.63	2609.15	0.60	0.93
laboratory	Apostichopus japonicus (Apostichopus japonicus)	241776	marinespecies.org	7.409375	1185.150263	655.0293274	22.42525546	43.03436543	464.6613145	55.26972806	1.892186684	3.631131577	39.20695367	0.073609183	30.7	0.5	20.0	0.2	7.41	0.03	2555	60	3224	242	2610	61	0.92	0.07	0.59	0.05	26	7.28	106.38	3202.87	3213.81	2465.13	37.63	2609.15	0.60	0.93