Heye, D (1978): Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn nodules recovered from the VA04 expedition (R/V Valdivia) in the Pacific Ocean [dataset]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.858513, Supplement to: Heye, D (1978): Growth conditions of manganese nodules comparative studies of growth rate, magnetization, chemical composition and internal structure. Progress in Oceanography, 7(5-6), 163-239, https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6611(78)90001-0
Always quote citation above when using data! You can download the citation in several formats below.
Abstract:
Twenty-four manganese nodules from the surface of the sea floor and fifteen buried nodules were studied. With three exceptions, the nodules were collected from the area covered by Valdivia Cruise VA 04 some 1200 nautical miles southeast of Hawaii. Age determinations were made using the ionium method. In order to get a true reproduction of the activity distribution in the nodules, they were cut in half and placed for one month on nuclear emulsion plates to determine the alpha-activity of the ionium and its daughter products. Special methods of counting the alpha-tracks resolution to depth intervals of 0.125 mm. For the first time it was possible to resolve zones of rapid growth (impulse growth) with growth rates, s > 50 mm/106 yr and interruptions in growth. With few exceptions the average rate of growth of all nodules was surprisingly uniform at 4-9 mm/10 yr. No growth could be recognized radioactively in the buried nodules. One exceptional nodule has had recent impulse growth and, in the material formed, the ionium is not yet in equilibrium with its daughter products. Individual layers in one nodule from the Indian Ocean could be dated and an average time interval of t = 2600±400 yr was necessary to form one layer. The alternation between iron and manganese-rich parts of the nodules was made visible by colour differences resulting from special treatment of cut surfaces with HCl vapour. The zones of slow growth of one nodule are relatively enriched in iron. Earlier attempts to find paleomagnetic reversals in manganese nodules have been continued. Despite considerable improvement in areal resolution, reversals were not detected in the nodules studied. Comparisons of the surface structure, microstructure in section and the radiometric dating show that there are erosion surfaces and growth surfaces on the outer surfaces of the manganese nodules. The formation of cracks in the nodules was studied in particular. The model of age-dependent nodule shrinkage and cracking surprisingly indicates that the nodules break after exceeding a certain age and/or size. Consequently, the breaking apart of manganese nodules is a continuous process not of catastrophic or discontinuous origin. The microstructure of the nodules exhibits differences in the mechanism of accretion and accretion rate of material, shortly referred to as accretion form. Thus non-directional growth inside the nodules as well as a directional growth may be observed. Those nodules with large accretion forms have grown faster than smaller ones. Consequently, parallel layers indicate slow growth. The upper surfaces of the nodules, protruding into the bottom water appear to be more prone to growth disturbances than the lower surfaces, immersed in the sediment. Features of some nodules show, that as they develop, they neither turned nor rolled. Yet unknown is the mechanism that keeps the nodules at the surface during continuous sedimentation. All in all, the nodules remain the objects of their own distinctive problems. The hope of using them as a kind of history book still seems to be very remote.
Source:
Grant, John Bruce; Moore, Carla J; Alameddin, George; Chen, Kuiying; Barton, Mark (1992): The NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, https://doi.org/10.7289/V52Z13FT
Further details:
Warnken, Robin R; Virden, William T; Moore, Carla J (1992): The NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Bibliography. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, https://doi.org/10.7289/V53X84KN
Project(s):
Coverage:
Median Latitude: 9.921022 * Median Longitude: -150.744333 * South-bound Latitude: 7.750000 * West-bound Longitude: -153.383000 * North-bound Latitude: 14.117000 * East-bound Longitude: -143.708000
Minimum DEPTH, sediment/rock: 0.000 m * Maximum DEPTH, sediment/rock: 4.460 m
Event(s):
VA04-54 * Latitude: 7.750000 * Longitude: -150.683000 * Elevation: -5085.0 m * Location: Pacific Ocean * Campaign: VA-04/1 * Basis: Valdivia (1961)
VA04-62 * Latitude: 8.417000 * Longitude: -151.883000 * Elevation: -5180.0 m * Location: Pacific Ocean * Campaign: VA-04/1 * Basis: Valdivia (1961) * Method/Device: Dredge (DRG)
VA04-65 * Latitude: 8.467000 * Longitude: -150.800000 * Elevation: -5180.0 m * Location: Pacific Ocean * Campaign: VA-04/1 * Basis: Valdivia (1961) * Method/Device: Piston corer (PC)
Comment:
From 1983 until 1989 NOAA-NCEI compiled the NOAA-MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database from journal articles, technical reports and unpublished sources from other institutions. At the time it was the most extended data compilation on ferromanganese deposits world wide. Initially published in a proprietary format incompatible with present day standards it was jointly decided by AWI and NOAA to transcribe this legacy data into PANGAEA. This transfer is augmented by a careful checking of the original sources when available and the encoding of ancillary information (sample description, method of analysis...) not present in the NOAA-MMS database.
Parameter(s):
# | Name | Short Name | Unit | Principal Investigator | Method/Device | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Event label | Event | Heye, D | |||
2 | Identification | ID | Heye, D | |||
3 | DEPTH, sediment/rock | Depth sed | m | Heye, D | Geocode | |
4 | Depth, top/min | Depth top | m | Heye, D | ||
5 | Depth, bottom/max | Depth bot | m | Heye, D | ||
6 | Position | Position | Heye, D | Visual description | ||
7 | Deposit type | Deposit type | Heye, D | |||
8 | Quantity of deposit | Quantity | Heye, D | |||
9 | Size | Size | Heye, D | |||
10 | Substrate type | Substrate | Heye, D | |||
11 | Description | Description | Heye, D | |||
12 | File name | File name | Heye, D | |||
13 | Uniform resource locator/link to graphic | URL graphic | Heye, D |
License:
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)
Size:
277 data points
Data
1 Event | 2 ID | 3 Depth sed [m] | 4 Depth top [m] | 5 Depth bot [m] | 6 Position | 7 Deposit type | 8 Quantity | 9 Size | 10 Substrate | 11 Description | 12 File name | 13 URL graphic |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VA04-54 | VA04-54-1 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Surface | Mn nodule | Several | 3.0 cm | Core; volcanic rock | Mn nodule of various shapes with rough surface, 3.0 cm. | Sample_54_Heye_1080.jpg | hdl:10013/epic.46942.d001 |
VA04-54 | VA04-54-2 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Surface | Mn coating | 1 | Mn coated rock | Sample_54_Heye_1080.jpg | hdl:10013/epic.46942.d001 | ||
VA04-62 | VA04-62-1 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Surface | Mn nodule | Several | Mn nodules with smooth or rough surface | Sample_62_Heye_1080.jpg | hdl:10013/epic.46942.d002 | ||
VA04-65 | VA04-65-1 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Surface | Mn nodule | Several | 4.0 cm | Assymetrical Mn nodule with smooth upper surface. 4.0 cm | Sample_65_Heye_1080.jpg | hdl:10013/epic.46942.d003 | |
VA04-77 | VA04-77-1 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Surface | Mn nodule | Several | 3.0 cm | Core; Mn nodule fragments | Multilobe Mn nodule. 3.0 cm. | Sample_77_Heye_1080.jpg | hdl:10013/epic.46942.d004 |
VA04-81 | VA04-81-1 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Surface | Mn nodule | Several | 3.0 cm | Core; Mn nodule fragments | Multilobe Mn nodule. 3.0 cm. | Sample_81_Heye_1080.jpg | hdl:10013/epic.46942.d005 |
VA04-84 | VA04-84-1 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Surface | Mn nodule | Several | 5.0 cm | Mn nodule, ellipsoidal. 5.0 cm. Signs of regrowth | Sample_84_Heye_1080.jpg | hdl:10013/epic.46942.d006 | |
VA04-86 | VA04-86-1 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Surface | Mn nodule | Several | 6.0 cm | Core; Mn nodule fragments | Mn nodule, assymetrical 6.0 cm. | Sample_86_Heye_1080.jpg | hdl:10013/epic.46942.d007 |
VA04-87 | VA04-87-1 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Surface | Mn nodule | Several | 6.0 cm | Core; Mn nodule fragments | Mn nodule, flat 6.0 cm. Core: Many Mn nodule fragments | Sample_87_Heye_1080.jpg | hdl:10013/epic.46942.d008 |
VA04-89 | VA04-89-1 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Surface | Mn nodule | Several | 3.0 cm | Core; Mn nodule fragments | Multilobe Mn nodule. 3.0 cm. | Sample_89_Heye_1080.jpg | hdl:10013/epic.46942.d009 |
VA04-92 | VA04-92-1 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Surface | Mn nodule | Several | Mn nodule, ellipsoidal with a smooth surface | ||||
VA04-92 | VA04-92-2 | In sediment | Mn micronodule | Several | Mn micronodules | |||||||
VA04-93 | VA04-93-1 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Surface | Mn nodule | Several | 3.0 cm | Core; Mn nodule fragments | Multilobe Mn nodule. 3.0 cm. | Sample_93_Heye_1080.jpg | hdl:10013/epic.46942.d011 |
VA04-114 | VA04-114-1 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Surface | Mn nodule | Several | Core; Mn nodule fragments | Mn nodule, spherical to ellipsoidal with rough surface. | Sample_89_Heye_1080.jpg | hdl:10013/epic.46942.d009 | |
VA04-115 | VA04-115-1 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Surface | Mn nodule | Several | 3.0 cm | Core; Mn nodule fragments | Multilobe Mn nodule. 3.0 cm. | Sample_114_Heye_1080.jpg | hdl:10013/epic.46942.d012 |
VA04-123 | VA04-123-1 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Surface | Mn nodule | Several | 3.0 cm | Flat Mn nodule. 3.0 cm. | Sample_115_Heye_1080.jpg | hdl:10013/epic.46942.d013 | |
VA04-156 | VA04-156-1 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Surface | Mn nodule | Several | 4.0 cm | Core; Volcanic rock | Spherical Mn nodule. 4.0 cm. | Sample_156_Heye_1080.jpg | hdl:10013/epic.46942.d015 |
VA04-162 | VA04-162-1 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Surface | Mn nodule | 1 | 3.0 cm | Core; Mn nodule fragments | Multilobe Mn nodule. 3.0 cm | Sample_162_Heye_1080.jpg | hdl:10013/epic.46942.d016 |
VA04-162 | VA04-162-2 | 1.000 | 0.95 | 1.05 | Buried | Mn nodule | 4 | 3.0-4.0 cm | Core; volcanic rock | 95-105 4 Mn nodules, aspherical to multilobed. 3.0-4.0 cm. | Sample_162_Heye_1080.jpg | hdl:10013/epic.46942.d016 |
VA04-162 | VA04-162-3 | 2.210 | 2.21 | 2.21 | Buried | Mn nodule | 2 | 0.5 cm | Core; volcanic rock | 221-221 2 small (0.5 cm) Mn nodules | Sample_162_Heye_1080.jpg | hdl:10013/epic.46942.d016 |
VA04-162 | VA04-162-4 | 2.460 | 2.46 | 2.46 | Buried | Mn nodule | 1 | 1.0 cm | Core; volcanic rock | 246-246 One ellipsoidal Mn nodule. 1.0 cm. | Sample_162_Heye_1080.jpg | hdl:10013/epic.46942.d016 |
VA04-162 | VA04-162-5 | 3.240 | 3.24 | 3.24 | Buried | Mn coating | 1 | 0.3 cm thick | Pebble; volcanic | 324-324 Volcanic pebble (3.0 cm) coated with Mn (0.3 cm thick) | Sample_162_Heye_1080.jpg | hdl:10013/epic.46942.d016 |
VA04-162 | VA04-162-6 | 3.300 | 3.30 | 3.30 | Buried | Mn nodule | 2 | 0.5 cm | Core; volcanic rock | 330-330 2 small (0.5 cm) Mn nodules. | Sample_162_Heye_1080.jpg | hdl:10013/epic.46942.d016 |
VA04-162 | VA04-162-7 | 4.460 | 4.46 | 4.46 | Buried | Mn nodule | 1 | 4.0 cm | Core; volcanic rock | 446-446 Mn nodule, spherical, 4.0 cm. | Sample_162_Heye_1080.jpg | hdl:10013/epic.46942.d016 |
VA04-170 | VA04-170-1 | 2.800 | 2.80 | 2.80 | Buried | Mn nodule | 1 | 0.6 cm | 280-280 0.6 cm Mn nodule | Sample_170_Heye_1080.jpg | hdl:10013/epic.46942.d017 | |
VA04-170 | VA04-170-2 | 3.920 | 3.92 | 3.92 | Buried | Mn coating | 1 | 0.1 cm thick | Frgament; volvanic | 392-392 Volcanic fragment (3.0 cm) coated with Mn (0.1 cm thick) | Sample_170_Heye_1080.jpg | hdl:10013/epic.46942.d017 |
VA04-196 | VA04-196-1 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Surface | Mn nodule | Several | 3.0 cm | Mn nodule, flat 3.0 cm. | Sample_196_Heye_1080.jpg | hdl:10013/epic.46942.d018 |