Citation:

rsif.2014.1227

Name: Ocean acidification alters the material properties of Mytilus edulis shells
Published: 2015-07-08
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Keywords: Animalia; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (<20 L); Coast and continental shelf; Laboratory experiment; Mollusca; Mytilus edulis; North Atlantic; Other studied parameter or process; Single species; Temperate; Temperature

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Abstract:

Ocean acidification (OA) and the resultant changing carbonate saturation states is threatening the formation of calcium carbonate shells and exoskeletons of marine organisms. The production of biominerals in such organisms relies on the availability of carbonate and the ability of the organism to biomineralize in changing environments. To understand how biomineralizers will respond to OA the common blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, was cultured at projected levels of pCO2 (380, 550, 750, 1000 µatm) and increased temperatures (ambient, ambient plus 2°C). Nanoindentation (a single mussel shell) and microhardness testing were used to assess the material properties of the shells. Young's modulus (E), hardness (H) and toughness (KIC) were measured in mussel shells grown in multiple stressor conditions. OA caused mussels to produce shell calcite that is stiffer (higher modulus of elasticity) and harder than shells grown in control conditions. The outer shell (calcite) is more brittle in OA conditions while the inner shell (aragonite) is softer and less stiff in shells grown under OA conditions. Combining increasing ocean pCO2 and temperatures as projected for future global ocean appears to reduce the impact of increasing pCO2 on the material properties of the mussel shell. OA may cause changes in shell material properties that could prove problematic under predation scenarios for the mussels; however, this may be partially mitigated by increasing temperature.

Keyword(s):

Animalia; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (<20 L); Coast and continental shelf; Laboratory experiment; Mollusca; Mytilus edulis; North Atlantic; Other studied parameter or process; Single species; Temperate; Temperature

Further details:

Gattuso, Jean-Pierre; Epitalon, Jean-Marie; Lavigne, Héloïse (2015): seacarb: seawater carbonate chemistry with R. R package version 3.0.6. https://cran.r-project.org/package=seacarb

Project(s):

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)

Comment:

In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Gattuso et al, 2015) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). The date of carbonate chemistry calculation is 2015-07-03.

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Species	Species		Fitzer, Susan C
2	Table	Tab		Fitzer, Susan C
3	Treatment	Treat		Fitzer, Susan C
4	Minerals	Minerals		Fitzer, Susan C
5	Young's modulus	E m	GPa	Fitzer, Susan C
6	Youngs modulus, standard deviation	E m std dev	±	Fitzer, Susan C
7	Coefficient of variation	CV	%	Fitzer, Susan C		%, youngs modulus
8	Hardness	Hardness	GPa	Fitzer, Susan C
9	Hardness, standard deviation	Hardness std dev	±	Fitzer, Susan C
10	Coefficient of variation	CV	%	Fitzer, Susan C		%, hardness
11	Sample code/label	Sample label		Fitzer, Susan C
12	Test set	Test set		Fitzer, Susan C
13	Young's modulus	E m	GPa	Fitzer, Susan C		average over defined range
14	Hardness	Hardness	GPa	Fitzer, Susan C		average over defined range
15	Drift correction	Drift corr	nm/s	Fitzer, Susan C
16	Position, length	Pos	mm	Fitzer, Susan C		Y Test
17	Position, length	Pos	mm	Fitzer, Susan C		X Test
18	Identification	ID		Fitzer, Susan C		mussel
19	Fracture toughness	K_Ic	Mpa	Fitzer, Susan C
20	Fracture toughness, standard deviation	K_Ic std dev	±	Fitzer, Susan C
21	Hardness	Hardness	GPa	Fitzer, Susan C		vickers
22	Hardness, standard deviation	Hardness std dev	±	Fitzer, Susan C		vickers
23	Salinity	Sal		Fitzer, Susan C
24	Salinity, standard deviation	Sal std dev	±	Fitzer, Susan C
25	Oxygen	O	%	Fitzer, Susan C
26	Oxygen, standard deviation	O2 std dev	±	Fitzer, Susan C
27	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Fitzer, Susan C
28	Temperature, water, standard deviation	Temp std dev	±	Fitzer, Susan C
29	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Fitzer, Susan C
30	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation	pCO2 std dev	±	Fitzer, Susan C
31	Alkalinity, total	AT	µmol/kg	Fitzer, Susan C	Potentiometric titration
32	Alkalinity, total, standard deviation	AT std dev	±	Fitzer, Susan C	Potentiometric titration
33	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Fitzer, Susan C	Calculated using CO2SYS
34	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Fitzer, Susan C	Calculated using CO2SYS
35	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Fitzer, Susan C	Calculated using CO2SYS
36	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Fitzer, Susan C	Calculated using CO2SYS
37	Carbonate system computation flag	CSC flag		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
38	pH	pH		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	total scale
39	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
40	Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	fCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
41	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
42	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
43	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
44	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
45	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)

Status:

Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)

Size:

22000 data points

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