Citation:

bg-12-567-2015

Name: Secondary calcification and dissolution respond differently to future ocean conditions
Published: 2015-06-03
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Keywords: Benthos; Calcification/Dissolution; Coast and continental shelf; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or < 1 m**2); Entire community; Laboratory experiment; North Pacific; Primary production/Photosynthesis; Rocky-shore community; Temperature; Tropical

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Abstract:

Climate change threatens both the accretion and erosion processes that sustain coral reefs. Secondary calcification, bioerosion, and reef dissolution are integral to the structural complexity and long-term persistence of coral reefs, yet these processes have received less research attention than reef accretion by corals. In this study, we use climate scenarios from RCP 8.5 to examine the combined effects of rising ocean acidity and sea surface temperature (SST) on both secondary calcification and dissolution rates of a natural coral rubble community using a flow-through aquarium system. We found that secondary reef calcification and dissolution responded differently to the combined effect of pCO2 and temperature. Calcification had a non-linear response to the combined effect of pCO2 and temperature: the highest calcification rate occurred slightly above ambient conditions and the lowest calcification rate was in the highest temperature-pCO2 condition. In contrast, dissolution increased linearly with temperature-pCO2 . The rubble community switched from net calcification to net dissolution at +271 µatm pCO2 and 0.75 °C above ambient conditions, suggesting that rubble reefs may shift from net calcification to net dissolution before the end of the century. Our results indicate that (i) dissolution may be more sensitive to climate change than calcification and (ii) that calcification and dissolution have different functional responses to climate stressors; this highlights the need to study the effects of climate stressors on both calcification and dissolution to predict future changes in coral reefs.

Keyword(s):

Benthos; Calcification/Dissolution; Coast and continental shelf; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or < 1 m**2); Entire community; Laboratory experiment; North Pacific; Primary production/Photosynthesis; Rocky-shore community; Temperature; Tropical

Further details:

Gattuso, Jean-Pierre; Epitalon, Jean-Marie; Lavigne, Héloïse (2015): seacarb: seawater carbonate chemistry with R. R package version 3.0.6. https://cran.r-project.org/package=seacarb

Project(s):

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)

Coverage:

Latitude: 21.433000 * Longitude: -157.786000

Date/Time Start: 2011-03-31T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2012-04-10T00:00:00

Event(s):

Coconut_Island * Latitude: 21.433000 * Longitude: -157.786000 * Date/Time Start: 2011-03-31T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2012-04-10T00:00:00 * Method/Device: Experiment (EXP)

Comment:

In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Gattuso et al, 2015) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). The date of carbonate chemistry calculation is 2015-06-01.

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Standardized climate change	SCC		Silbiger, N J
2	Calcification rate of calcium carbonate	Calc rate CaCO3	mmol/m²/h	Silbiger, N J		day
3	Net community production of carbon	NCP C	mmol/m²/day	Silbiger, N J		day
4	Calcification rate of calcium carbonate	Calc rate CaCO3	mmol/m²/h	Silbiger, N J		night
5	Net community production of carbon	NCP C	mmol/m²/day	Silbiger, N J		night
6	Net calcification rate of calcium carbonate	NC CaCO3	mmol/cm²/day	Silbiger, N J
7	Net community production of carbon	NCP C	mmol/m²/day	Silbiger, N J
8	Treatment	Treat		Silbiger, N J
9	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Silbiger, N J
10	Temperature, water, standard error	T std e	±	Silbiger, N J
11	Salinity	Sal		Silbiger, N J
12	Salinity, standard error	Sal std e	±	Silbiger, N J
13	Alkalinity, total	AT	µmol/kg	Silbiger, N J	Potentiometric titration
14	Alkalinity, total, standard error	AT std e	±	Silbiger, N J	Potentiometric titration
15	pH	pH		Silbiger, N J	Spectrophotometric	total scale
16	pH, standard error	pH std e	±	Silbiger, N J	Spectrophotometric	total scale
17	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Silbiger, N J
18	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air), standard error	pCO2water_SST_wet std e	±	Silbiger, N J	Calculated using CO2SYS
19	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Silbiger, N J	Calculated using CO2SYS
20	Bicarbonate ion, standard error	[HCO3]- std e	±	Silbiger, N J	Calculated using CO2SYS
21	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Silbiger, N J	Calculated using CO2SYS
22	Carbonate ion, standard error	[CO3]2- std e	±	Silbiger, N J	Calculated using CO2SYS
23	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Silbiger, N J	Calculated using CO2SYS
24	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard error	DIC std e	±	Silbiger, N J	Calculated using CO2SYS
25	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Silbiger, N J	Calculated using CO2SYS
26	Aragonite saturation state, standard error	Omega Arg std e	±	Silbiger, N J	Calculated using CO2SYS
27	Nitrite	[NO2]-	µmol/l	Silbiger, N J
28	Nitrite, standard error	[NO2]- std e	±	Silbiger, N J
29	Phosphate	[PO4]3-	µmol/l	Silbiger, N J
30	Phosphate, standard error	PO4 std e	±	Silbiger, N J
31	Silicate	Si(OH)4	µmol/l	Silbiger, N J
32	Silicate, standard error	Si(OH)4 std e	±	Silbiger, N J
33	Ammonium	[NH4]+	µmol/l	Silbiger, N J
34	Ammonium, standard error	[NH4]+ std e	±	Silbiger, N J
35	Nitrate	[NO3]-	µmol/l	Silbiger, N J
36	Nitrate, standard error	NO3 std e	±	Silbiger, N J
37	Carbonate system computation flag	CSC flag		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
38	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
39	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
40	Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	fCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
41	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
42	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
43	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
44	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
45	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)

Status:

Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)

Size:

2952 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 SCC	2 Calc rate CaCO3 [mmol/m²/h] (day)	3 NCP C [mmol/m²/day] (day)	4 Calc rate CaCO3 [mmol/m²/h] (night)	5 NCP C [mmol/m²/day] (night)	6 NC CaCO3 [mmol/cm²/day]	7 NCP C [mmol/m²/day]	8 Treat	9 Temp [°C]	10 T std e [±]	11 Sal	12 Sal std e [±]	13 AT [µmol/kg] (Potentiometric titration)	14 AT std e [±] (Potentiometric titration)	15 pH (total scale, Spectrophotometric)	16 pH std e [±] (total scale, Spectrophotometric)	17 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm]	18 pCO2water_SST_wet std e [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	19 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	20 [HCO3]- std e [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	21 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	22 [CO3]2- std e [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	23 DIC [µmol/kg] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	24 DIC std e [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	25 Omega Arg (Calculated using CO2SYS)	26 Omega Arg std e [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	27 [NO2]- [µmol/l]	28 [NO2]- std e [±]	29 [PO4]3- [µmol/l]	30 PO4 std e [±]	31 Si(OH)4 [µmol/l]	32 Si(OH)4 std e [±]	33 [NH4]+ [µmol/l]	34 [NH4]+ std e [±]	35 [NO3]- [µmol/l]	36 NO3 std e [±]	37 CSC flag (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	38 CO2 [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	39 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	40 fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	41 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	42 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	43 DIC [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	44 Omega Arg (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	45 Omega Cal (Calculated using seacarb afte...)
-1.29	0.17	39.40					Pre-industrial	23.8	0.07	35.65	0.01	2137	1.7	8.02	0.02	409	20.0	1692	16.9	194.20	6.7	1898	10.9	3.06	0.10	0.082	0.0028	0.0170	0.0140	3.60	0.58	0.45	0.300	2.13	0.20	8	11.46	392.94	394.21	1675.65	184.28	1871.39	2.90	4.41
-1.35	0.12	25.93					Pre-industrial	23.8	0.07	35.65	0.01	2137	1.7	8.02	0.02	409	20.0	1692	16.9	194.20	6.7	1898	10.9	3.06	0.10	0.082	0.0028	0.0170	0.0140	3.60	0.58	0.45	0.300	2.13	0.20	8	11.46	392.94	394.21	1675.65	184.28	1871.39	2.90	4.41
-1.59	0.17	34.91					Pre-industrial	23.8	0.07	35.65	0.01	2137	1.7	8.02	0.02	409	20.0	1692	16.9	194.20	6.7	1898	10.9	3.06	0.10	0.082	0.0028	0.0170	0.0140	3.60	0.58	0.45	0.300	2.13	0.20	8	11.46	392.94	394.21	1675.65	184.28	1871.39	2.90	4.41
-0.52	0.32	29.27					Present day	24.8	0.08	35.71	0.02	2138	2.3	7.87	0.01	614	15.6	1815	7.3	147.08	2.8	1980	5.1	2.32	0.04	0.078	0.0045	0.0097	0.0081	3.64	0.61	0.19	0.067	2.25	0.21	8	16.85	592.54	594.44	1778.62	143.87	1939.33	2.27	3.44
-0.40	0.28	24.68					Present day	24.8	0.08	35.71	0.02	2138	2.3	7.87	0.01	614	15.6	1815	7.3	147.08	2.8	1980	5.1	2.32	0.04	0.078	0.0045	0.0097	0.0081	3.64	0.61	0.19	0.067	2.25	0.21	8	16.85	592.54	594.44	1778.62	143.87	1939.33	2.27	3.44
-0.24	0.39	40.30					Present day	24.8	0.08	35.71	0.02	2138	2.3	7.87	0.01	614	15.6	1815	7.3	147.08	2.8	1980	5.1	2.32	0.04	0.078	0.0045	0.0097	0.0081	3.64	0.61	0.19	0.067	2.25	0.21	8	16.85	592.54	594.44	1778.62	143.87	1939.33	2.27	3.44
4.55	0.11	-16.40					2100 prediction	27.2	0.08	35.71	0.02	2142	1.9	7.67	0.02	1047	38.7	1939	6.6	99.24	3.3	2067	4.5	1.57	0.05	0.070	0.0051	0.0180	0.0061	3.78	0.52	0.34	0.140	2.48	0.11	8	26.98	1007.06	1010.20	1881.25	104.81	2013.04	1.67	2.52
4.38	0.09	-11.56					2100 prediction	27.2	0.08	35.71	0.02	2142	1.9	7.67	0.02	1047	38.7	1939	6.6	99.24	3.3	2067	4.5	1.57	0.05	0.070	0.0051	0.0180	0.0061	3.78	0.52	0.34	0.140	2.48	0.11	8	26.98	1007.06	1010.20	1881.25	104.81	2013.04	1.67	2.52
4.73	0.11	-16.63					2100 prediction	27.2	0.08	35.71	0.02	2142	1.9	7.67	0.02	1047	38.7	1939	6.6	99.24	3.3	2067	4.5	1.57	0.05	0.070	0.0051	0.0180	0.0061	3.78	0.52	0.34	0.140	2.48	0.11	8	26.98	1007.06	1010.20	1881.25	104.81	2013.04	1.67	2.52
1.69	0.31	18.34					2050 prediction	26.2	0.06	35.62	0.02	2139	2.0	7.74	0.02	868	33.0	1894	7.8	113.98	3.8	2032	5.0	1.80	0.06	0.074	0.0047	0.0330	0.0160	3.88	0.49	0.23	0.150	2.55	0.10	8	23.01	837.83	840.47	1848.86	116.45	1988.33	1.85	2.79
1.77	0.26	16.69					2050 prediction	26.2	0.06	35.62	0.02	2139	2.0	7.74	0.02	868	33.0	1894	7.8	113.98	3.8	2032	5.0	1.80	0.06	0.074	0.0047	0.0330	0.0160	3.88	0.49	0.23	0.150	2.55	0.10	8	23.01	837.83	840.47	1848.86	116.45	1988.33	1.85	2.79
2.49	0.30	19.21					2050 prediction	26.2	0.06	35.62	0.02	2139	2.0	7.74	0.02	868	33.0	1894	7.8	113.98	3.8	2032	5.0	1.80	0.06	0.074	0.0047	0.0330	0.0160	3.88	0.49	0.23	0.150	2.55	0.10	8	23.01	837.83	840.47	1848.86	116.45	1988.33	1.85	2.79
-1.71	0.15	31.29					Pre-industrial	23.8	0.07	35.65	0.01	2137	1.7	8.02	0.02	409	20.0	1692	16.9	194.20	6.7	1898	10.9	3.06	0.10	0.082	0.0028	0.0170	0.0140	3.60	0.58	0.45	0.300	2.13	0.20	8	11.46	392.94	394.21	1675.65	184.28	1871.39	2.90	4.41
-1.42	0.22	34.28					Pre-industrial	23.8	0.07	35.65	0.01	2137	1.7	8.02	0.02	409	20.0	1692	16.9	194.20	6.7	1898	10.9	3.06	0.10	0.082	0.0028	0.0170	0.0140	3.60	0.58	0.45	0.300	2.13	0.20	8	11.46	392.94	394.21	1675.65	184.28	1871.39	2.90	4.41
-1.59	0.19	36.65					Pre-industrial	23.8	0.07	35.65	0.01	2137	1.7	8.02	0.02	409	20.0	1692	16.9	194.20	6.7	1898	10.9	3.06	0.10	0.082	0.0028	0.0170	0.0140	3.60	0.58	0.45	0.300	2.13	0.20	8	11.46	392.94	394.21	1675.65	184.28	1871.39	2.90	4.41
-0.16	0.08	12.00					Present day	24.8	0.08	35.71	0.02	2138	2.3	7.87	0.01	614	15.6	1815	7.3	147.08	2.8	1980	5.1	2.32	0.04	0.078	0.0045	0.0097	0.0081	3.64	0.61	0.19	0.067	2.25	0.21	8	16.85	592.54	594.44	1778.62	143.87	1939.33	2.27	3.44
-0.52	0.15	17.88					Present day	24.8	0.08	35.71	0.02	2138	2.3	7.87	0.01	614	15.6	1815	7.3	147.08	2.8	1980	5.1	2.32	0.04	0.078	0.0045	0.0097	0.0081	3.64	0.61	0.19	0.067	2.25	0.21	8	16.85	592.54	594.44	1778.62	143.87	1939.33	2.27	3.44
-0.30	0.21	22.44					Present day	24.8	0.08	35.71	0.02	2138	2.3	7.87	0.01	614	15.6	1815	7.3	147.08	2.8	1980	5.1	2.32	0.04	0.078	0.0045	0.0097	0.0081	3.64	0.61	0.19	0.067	2.25	0.21	8	16.85	592.54	594.44	1778.62	143.87	1939.33	2.27	3.44
3.68	0.16	-9.81					2100 prediction	27.2	0.08	35.71	0.02	2142	1.9	7.67	0.02	1047	38.7	1939	6.6	99.24	3.3	2067	4.5	1.57	0.05	0.070	0.0051	0.0180	0.0061	3.78	0.52	0.34	0.140	2.48	0.11	8	26.98	1007.06	1010.20	1881.25	104.81	2013.04	1.67	2.52
4.39	0.17	10.32					2100 prediction	27.2	0.08	35.71	0.02	2142	1.9	7.67	0.02	1047	38.7	1939	6.6	99.24	3.3	2067	4.5	1.57	0.05	0.070	0.0051	0.0180	0.0061	3.78	0.52	0.34	0.140	2.48	0.11	8	26.98	1007.06	1010.20	1881.25	104.81	2013.04	1.67	2.52
3.26	0.18	-13.84					2100 prediction	27.2	0.08	35.71	0.02	2142	1.9	7.67	0.02	1047	38.7	1939	6.6	99.24	3.3	2067	4.5	1.57	0.05	0.070	0.0051	0.0180	0.0061	3.78	0.52	0.34	0.140	2.48	0.11	8	26.98	1007.06	1010.20	1881.25	104.81	2013.04	1.67	2.52
1.73	0.18	4.87					2050 prediction	26.2	0.06	35.62	0.02	2139	2.0	7.74	0.02	868	33.0	1894	7.8	113.98	3.8	2032	5.0	1.80	0.06	0.074	0.0047	0.0330	0.0160	3.88	0.49	0.23	0.150	2.55	0.10	8	23.01	837.83	840.47	1848.86	116.45	1988.33	1.85	2.79
2.16	0.23	30.56					2050 prediction	26.2	0.06	35.62	0.02	2139	2.0	7.74	0.02	868	33.0	1894	7.8	113.98	3.8	2032	5.0	1.80	0.06	0.074	0.0047	0.0330	0.0160	3.88	0.49	0.23	0.150	2.55	0.10	8	23.01	837.83	840.47	1848.86	116.45	1988.33	1.85	2.79
1.54	0.19	3.68					2050 prediction	26.2	0.06	35.62	0.02	2139	2.0	7.74	0.02	868	33.0	1894	7.8	113.98	3.8	2032	5.0	1.80	0.06	0.074	0.0047	0.0330	0.0160	3.88	0.49	0.23	0.150	2.55	0.10	8	23.01	837.83	840.47	1848.86	116.45	1988.33	1.85	2.79
-1.50			-0.05	-23.56			Pre-industrial	23.8	0.07	35.65	0.01	2137	1.7	8.02	0.02	409	20.0	1692	16.9	194.20	6.7	1898	10.9	3.06	0.10	0.082	0.0028	0.0170	0.0140	3.60	0.58	0.45	0.300	2.13	0.20	8	11.46	392.94	394.21	1675.65	184.28	1871.39	2.90	4.41
-1.69			-0.07	-27.66			Pre-industrial	23.8	0.07	35.65	0.01	2137	1.7	8.02	0.02	409	20.0	1692	16.9	194.20	6.7	1898	10.9	3.06	0.10	0.082	0.0028	0.0170	0.0140	3.60	0.58	0.45	0.300	2.13	0.20	8	11.46	392.94	394.21	1675.65	184.28	1871.39	2.90	4.41
-1.70			-0.07	-19.75			Pre-industrial	23.8	0.07	35.65	0.01	2137	1.7	8.02	0.02	409	20.0	1692	16.9	194.20	6.7	1898	10.9	3.06	0.10	0.082	0.0028	0.0170	0.0140	3.60	0.58	0.45	0.300	2.13	0.20	8	11.46	392.94	394.21	1675.65	184.28	1871.39	2.90	4.41
-0.10			-0.11	-35.47			Present day	24.8	0.08	35.71	0.02	2138	2.3	7.87	0.01	614	15.6	1815	7.3	147.08	2.8	1980	5.1	2.32	0.04	0.078	0.0045	0.0097	0.0081	3.64	0.61	0.19	0.067	2.25	0.21	8	16.85	592.54	594.44	1778.62	143.87	1939.33	2.27	3.44
-0.03			-0.18	-47.07			Present day	24.8	0.08	35.71	0.02	2138	2.3	7.87	0.01	614	15.6	1815	7.3	147.08	2.8	1980	5.1	2.32	0.04	0.078	0.0045	0.0097	0.0081	3.64	0.61	0.19	0.067	2.25	0.21	8	16.85	592.54	594.44	1778.62	143.87	1939.33	2.27	3.44
0.15			-0.14	-48.76			Present day	24.8	0.08	35.71	0.02	2138	2.3	7.87	0.01	614	15.6	1815	7.3	147.08	2.8	1980	5.1	2.32	0.04	0.078	0.0045	0.0097	0.0081	3.64	0.61	0.19	0.067	2.25	0.21	8	16.85	592.54	594.44	1778.62	143.87	1939.33	2.27	3.44
5.12			-0.20	-56.72			2100 prediction	27.2	0.08	35.71	0.02	2142	1.9	7.67	0.02	1047	38.7	1939	6.6	99.24	3.3	2067	4.5	1.57	0.05	0.070	0.0051	0.0180	0.0061	3.78	0.52	0.34	0.140	2.48	0.11	8	26.98	1007.06	1010.20	1881.25	104.81	2013.04	1.67	2.52
4.17			-0.24	-46.43			2100 prediction	27.2	0.08	35.71	0.02	2142	1.9	7.67	0.02	1047	38.7	1939	6.6	99.24	3.3	2067	4.5	1.57	0.05	0.070	0.0051	0.0180	0.0061	3.78	0.52	0.34	0.140	2.48	0.11	8	26.98	1007.06	1010.20	1881.25	104.81	2013.04	1.67	2.52
4.85			-0.27	-59.11			2100 prediction	27.2	0.08	35.71	0.02	2142	1.9	7.67	0.02	1047	38.7	1939	6.6	99.24	3.3	2067	4.5	1.57	0.05	0.070	0.0051	0.0180	0.0061	3.78	0.52	0.34	0.140	2.48	0.11	8	26.98	1007.06	1010.20	1881.25	104.81	2013.04	1.67	2.52
2.72			-0.28	-60.12			2050 prediction	26.2	0.06	35.62	0.02	2139	2.0	7.74	0.02	868	33.0	1894	7.8	113.98	3.8	2032	5.0	1.80	0.06	0.074	0.0047	0.0330	0.0160	3.88	0.49	0.23	0.150	2.55	0.10	8	23.01	837.83	840.47	1848.86	116.45	1988.33	1.85	2.79
2.86			-0.29	-48.31			2050 prediction	26.2	0.06	35.62	0.02	2139	2.0	7.74	0.02	868	33.0	1894	7.8	113.98	3.8	2032	5.0	1.80	0.06	0.074	0.0047	0.0330	0.0160	3.88	0.49	0.23	0.150	2.55	0.10	8	23.01	837.83	840.47	1848.86	116.45	1988.33	1.85	2.79
2.59			-0.21	-55.40			2050 prediction	26.2	0.06	35.62	0.02	2139	2.0	7.74	0.02	868	33.0	1894	7.8	113.98	3.8	2032	5.0	1.80	0.06	0.074	0.0047	0.0330	0.0160	3.88	0.49	0.23	0.150	2.55	0.10	8	23.01	837.83	840.47	1848.86	116.45	1988.33	1.85	2.79
-1.45			-0.20	-25.32			Pre-industrial	23.8	0.07	35.65	0.01	2137	1.7	8.02	0.02	409	20.0	1692	16.9	194.20	6.7	1898	10.9	3.06	0.10	0.082	0.0028	0.0170	0.0140	3.60	0.58	0.45	0.300	2.13	0.20	8	11.46	392.94	394.21	1675.65	184.28	1871.39	2.90	4.41
-1.52			-0.19	-39.66			Pre-industrial	23.8	0.07	35.65	0.01	2137	1.7	8.02	0.02	409	20.0	1692	16.9	194.20	6.7	1898	10.9	3.06	0.10	0.082	0.0028	0.0170	0.0140	3.60	0.58	0.45	0.300	2.13	0.20	8	11.46	392.94	394.21	1675.65	184.28	1871.39	2.90	4.41
-1.67			-0.15	-29.78			Pre-industrial	23.8	0.07	35.65	0.01	2137	1.7	8.02	0.02	409	20.0	1692	16.9	194.20	6.7	1898	10.9	3.06	0.10	0.082	0.0028	0.0170	0.0140	3.60	0.58	0.45	0.300	2.13	0.20	8	11.46	392.94	394.21	1675.65	184.28	1871.39	2.90	4.41
0.45			-0.12	-22.63			Present day	24.8	0.08	35.71	0.02	2138	2.3	7.87	0.01	614	15.6	1815	7.3	147.08	2.8	1980	5.1	2.32	0.04	0.078	0.0045	0.0097	0.0081	3.64	0.61	0.19	0.067	2.25	0.21	8	16.85	592.54	594.44	1778.62	143.87	1939.33	2.27	3.44
0.67			-0.18	-28.65			Present day	24.8	0.08	35.71	0.02	2138	2.3	7.87	0.01	614	15.6	1815	7.3	147.08	2.8	1980	5.1	2.32	0.04	0.078	0.0045	0.0097	0.0081	3.64	0.61	0.19	0.067	2.25	0.21	8	16.85	592.54	594.44	1778.62	143.87	1939.33	2.27	3.44
0.26			-0.11	-24.57			Present day	24.8	0.08	35.71	0.02	2138	2.3	7.87	0.01	614	15.6	1815	7.3	147.08	2.8	1980	5.1	2.32	0.04	0.078	0.0045	0.0097	0.0081	3.64	0.61	0.19	0.067	2.25	0.21	8	16.85	592.54	594.44	1778.62	143.87	1939.33	2.27	3.44
5.15			-0.23	-62.55			2100 prediction	27.2	0.08	35.71	0.02	2142	1.9	7.67	0.02	1047	38.7	1939	6.6	99.24	3.3	2067	4.5	1.57	0.05	0.070	0.0051	0.0180	0.0061	3.78	0.52	0.34	0.140	2.48	0.11	8	26.98	1007.06	1010.20	1881.25	104.81	2013.04	1.67	2.52
7.17			-0.44	-57.67			2100 prediction	27.2	0.08	35.71	0.02	2142	1.9	7.67	0.02	1047	38.7	1939	6.6	99.24	3.3	2067	4.5	1.57	0.05	0.070	0.0051	0.0180	0.0061	3.78	0.52	0.34	0.140	2.48	0.11	8	26.98	1007.06	1010.20	1881.25	104.81	2013.04	1.67	2.52
4.73			-0.25	-68.30			2100 prediction	27.2	0.08	35.71	0.02	2142	1.9	7.67	0.02	1047	38.7	1939	6.6	99.24	3.3	2067	4.5	1.57	0.05	0.070	0.0051	0.0180	0.0061	3.78	0.52	0.34	0.140	2.48	0.11	8	26.98	1007.06	1010.20	1881.25	104.81	2013.04	1.67	2.52
3.12			-0.29	-57.53			2050 prediction	26.2	0.06	35.62	0.02	2139	2.0	7.74	0.02	868	33.0	1894	7.8	113.98	3.8	2032	5.0	1.80	0.06	0.074	0.0047	0.0330	0.0160	3.88	0.49	0.23	0.150	2.55	0.10	8	23.01	837.83	840.47	1848.86	116.45	1988.33	1.85	2.79
4.23			-0.29	-60.76			2050 prediction	26.2	0.06	35.62	0.02	2139	2.0	7.74	0.02	868	33.0	1894	7.8	113.98	3.8	2032	5.0	1.80	0.06	0.074	0.0047	0.0330	0.0160	3.88	0.49	0.23	0.150	2.55	0.10	8	23.01	837.83	840.47	1848.86	116.45	1988.33	1.85	2.79
2.81			-0.16	-48.59			2050 prediction	26.2	0.06	35.62	0.02	2139	2.0	7.74	0.02	868	33.0	1894	7.8	113.98	3.8	2032	5.0	1.80	0.06	0.074	0.0047	0.0330	0.0160	3.88	0.49	0.23	0.150	2.55	0.10	8	23.01	837.83	840.47	1848.86	116.45	1988.33	1.85	2.79
-1.45					2.75	15.84	Pre-industrial	23.8	0.07	35.65	0.01	2137	1.7	8.02	0.02	409	20.0	1692	16.9	194.20	6.7	1898	10.9	3.06	0.10	0.082	0.0028	0.0170	0.0140	3.60	0.58	0.45	0.300	2.13	0.20	8	11.46	392.94	394.21	1675.65	184.28	1871.39	2.90	4.41
-1.73					1.33	-1.73	Pre-industrial	23.8	0.07	35.65	0.01	2137	1.7	8.02	0.02	409	20.0	1692	16.9	194.20	6.7	1898	10.9	3.06	0.10	0.082	0.0028	0.0170	0.0140	3.60	0.58	0.45	0.300	2.13	0.20	8	11.46	392.94	394.21	1675.65	184.28	1871.39	2.90	4.41
-1.69					2.43	15.16	Pre-industrial	23.8	0.07	35.65	0.01	2137	1.7	8.02	0.02	409	20.0	1692	16.9	194.20	6.7	1898	10.9	3.06	0.10	0.082	0.0028	0.0170	0.0140	3.60	0.58	0.45	0.300	2.13	0.20	8	11.46	392.94	394.21	1675.65	184.28	1871.39	2.90	4.41
-0.19					5.07	-6.19	Present day	24.8	0.08	35.71	0.02	2138	2.3	7.87	0.01	614	15.6	1815	7.3	147.08	2.8	1980	5.1	2.32	0.04	0.078	0.0045	0.0097	0.0081	3.64	0.61	0.19	0.067	2.25	0.21	8	16.85	592.54	594.44	1778.62	143.87	1939.33	2.27	3.44
-0.03					2.30	-22.40	Present day	24.8	0.08	35.71	0.02	2138	2.3	7.87	0.01	614	15.6	1815	7.3	147.08	2.8	1980	5.1	2.32	0.04	0.078	0.0045	0.0097	0.0081	3.64	0.61	0.19	0.067	2.25	0.21	8	16.85	592.54	594.44	1778.62	143.87	1939.33	2.27	3.44
0.04					5.98	-8.46	Present day	24.8	0.08	35.71	0.02	2138	2.3	7.87	0.01	614	15.6	1815	7.3	147.08	2.8	1980	5.1	2.32	0.04	0.078	0.0045	0.0097	0.0081	3.64	0.61	0.19	0.067	2.25	0.21	8	16.85	592.54	594.44	1778.62	143.87	1939.33	2.27	3.44
4.92					-2.07	-73.12	2100 prediction	27.2	0.08	35.71	0.02	2142	1.9	7.67	0.02	1047	38.7	1939	6.6	99.24	3.3	2067	4.5	1.57	0.05	0.070	0.0051	0.0180	0.0061	3.78	0.52	0.34	0.140	2.48	0.11	8	26.98	1007.06	1010.20	1881.25	104.81	2013.04	1.67	2.52
4.41					-3.62	-57.99	2100 prediction	27.2	0.08	35.71	0.02	2142	1.9	7.67	0.02	1047	38.7	1939	6.6	99.24	3.3	2067	4.5	1.57	0.05	0.070	0.0051	0.0180	0.0061	3.78	0.52	0.34	0.140	2.48	0.11	8	26.98	1007.06	1010.20	1881.25	104.81	2013.04	1.67	2.52
4.75					-3.93	-75.75	2100 prediction	27.2	0.08	35.71	0.02	2142	1.9	7.67	0.02	1047	38.7	1939	6.6	99.24	3.3	2067	4.5	1.57	0.05	0.070	0.0051	0.0180	0.0061	3.78	0.52	0.34	0.140	2.48	0.11	8	26.98	1007.06	1010.20	1881.25	104.81	2013.04	1.67	2.52
2.32					0.64	-41.78	2050 prediction	26.2	0.06	35.62	0.02	2139	2.0	7.74	0.02	868	33.0	1894	7.8	113.98	3.8	2032	5.0	1.80	0.06	0.074	0.0047	0.0330	0.0160	3.88	0.49	0.23	0.150	2.55	0.10	8	23.01	837.83	840.47	1848.86	116.45	1988.33	1.85	2.79
2.43					-0.54	-31.62	2050 prediction	26.2	0.06	35.62	0.02	2139	2.0	7.74	0.02	868	33.0	1894	7.8	113.98	3.8	2032	5.0	1.80	0.06	0.074	0.0047	0.0330	0.0160	3.88	0.49	0.23	0.150	2.55	0.10	8	23.01	837.83	840.47	1848.86	116.45	1988.33	1.85	2.79
2.56					2.19	-36.19	2050 prediction	26.2	0.06	35.62	0.02	2139	2.0	7.74	0.02	868	33.0	1894	7.8	113.98	3.8	2032	5.0	1.80	0.06	0.074	0.0047	0.0330	0.0160	3.88	0.49	0.23	0.150	2.55	0.10	8	23.01	837.83	840.47	1848.86	116.45	1988.33	1.85	2.79
-1.89					-1.23	5.97	Pre-industrial	23.8	0.07	35.65	0.01	2137	1.7	8.02	0.02	409	20.0	1692	16.9	194.20	6.7	1898	10.9	3.06	0.10	0.082	0.0028	0.0170	0.0140	3.60	0.58	0.45	0.300	2.13	0.20	8	11.46	392.94	394.21	1675.65	184.28	1871.39	2.90	4.41
-1.56					0.58	-5.38	Pre-industrial	23.8	0.07	35.65	0.01	2137	1.7	8.02	0.02	409	20.0	1692	16.9	194.20	6.7	1898	10.9	3.06	0.10	0.082	0.0028	0.0170	0.0140	3.60	0.58	0.45	0.300	2.13	0.20	8	11.46	392.94	394.21	1675.65	184.28	1871.39	2.90	4.41
-1.66					1.02	6.87	Pre-industrial	23.8	0.07	35.65	0.01	2137	1.7	8.02	0.02	409	20.0	1692	16.9	194.20	6.7	1898	10.9	3.06	0.10	0.082	0.0028	0.0170	0.0140	3.60	0.58	0.45	0.300	2.13	0.20	8	11.46	392.94	394.21	1675.65	184.28	1871.39	2.90	4.41
-0.01					-1.02	-10.64	Present day	24.8	0.08	35.71	0.02	2138	2.3	7.87	0.01	614	15.6	1815	7.3	147.08	2.8	1980	5.1	2.32	0.04	0.078	0.0045	0.0097	0.0081	3.64	0.61	0.19	0.067	2.25	0.21	8	16.85	592.54	594.44	1778.62	143.87	1939.33	2.27	3.44
0.06					-0.68	-10.77	Present day	24.8	0.08	35.71	0.02	2138	2.3	7.87	0.01	614	15.6	1815	7.3	147.08	2.8	1980	5.1	2.32	0.04	0.078	0.0045	0.0097	0.0081	3.64	0.61	0.19	0.067	2.25	0.21	8	16.85	592.54	594.44	1778.62	143.87	1939.33	2.27	3.44
0.10					2.59	-2.13	Present day	24.8	0.08	35.71	0.02	2138	2.3	7.87	0.01	614	15.6	1815	7.3	147.08	2.8	1980	5.1	2.32	0.04	0.078	0.0045	0.0097	0.0081	3.64	0.61	0.19	0.067	2.25	0.21	8	16.85	592.54	594.44	1778.62	143.87	1939.33	2.27	3.44
4.64					-1.63	-72.37	2100 prediction	27.2	0.08	35.71	0.02	2142	1.9	7.67	0.02	1047	38.7	1939	6.6	99.24	3.3	2067	4.5	1.57	0.05	0.070	0.0051	0.0180	0.0061	3.78	0.52	0.34	0.140	2.48	0.11	8	26.98	1007.06	1010.20	1881.25	104.81	2013.04	1.67	2.52
6.12					-6.36	-47.35	2100 prediction	27.2	0.08	35.71	0.02	2142	1.9	7.67	0.02	1047	38.7	1939	6.6	99.24	3.3	2067	4.5	1.57	0.05	0.070	0.0051	0.0180	0.0061	3.78	0.52	0.34	0.140	2.48	0.11	8	26.98	1007.06	1010.20	1881.25	104.81	2013.04	1.67	2.52
4.21					-1.75	-82.14	2100 prediction	27.2	0.08	35.71	0.02	2142	1.9	7.67	0.02	1047	38.7	1939	6.6	99.24	3.3	2067	4.5	1.57	0.05	0.070	0.0051	0.0180	0.0061	3.78	0.52	0.34	0.140	2.48	0.11	8	26.98	1007.06	1010.20	1881.25	104.81	2013.04	1.67	2.52
2.73					-2.59	-52.67	2050 prediction	26.2	0.06	35.62	0.02	2139	2.0	7.74	0.02	868	33.0	1894	7.8	113.98	3.8	2032	5.0	1.80	0.06	0.074	0.0047	0.0330	0.0160	3.88	0.49	0.23	0.150	2.55	0.10	8	23.01	837.83	840.47	1848.86	116.45	1988.33	1.85	2.79
3.61					-1.51	-30.20	2050 prediction	26.2	0.06	35.62	0.02	2139	2.0	7.74	0.02	868	33.0	1894	7.8	113.98	3.8	2032	5.0	1.80	0.06	0.074	0.0047	0.0330	0.0160	3.88	0.49	0.23	0.150	2.55	0.10	8	23.01	837.83	840.47	1848.86	116.45	1988.33	1.85	2.79
2.35					0.84	-44.91	2050 prediction	26.2	0.06	35.62	0.02	2139	2.0	7.74	0.02	868	33.0	1894	7.8	113.98	3.8	2032	5.0	1.80	0.06	0.074	0.0047	0.0330	0.0160	3.88	0.49	0.23	0.150	2.55	0.10	8	23.01	837.83	840.47	1848.86	116.45	1988.33	1.85	2.79