Citation:

bio.20149894

Name: Projected near-future CO2 levels increase activity and alter defensive behaviours in the tropical squid Idiosepius pygmaeus
Published: 2014-12-02
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Keywords: Animalia; Behaviour; Coast and continental shelf; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or < 1 m**2); Idiosepius pygmaeus; Laboratory experiment; Mollusca; Nekton; Pelagos; Single species; South Pacific; Tropical

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Abstract:

Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels projected to occur in the oceans by the end of this century cause a range of behavioural effects in fish, but whether other highly active marine organisms, such as cephalopods, are similarly affected is unknown. We tested the effects of projected future CO2 levels (626 and 956 µatm) on the behaviour of male two-toned pygmy squid, Idiosepius pygmaeus. Exposure to elevated CO2 increased the number of active individuals by 19-25% and increased movement (number of line-crosses) by nearly 3 times compared to squid at present-day CO2. Squid vigilance and defensive behaviours were also altered by elevated CO2 with >80% of individuals choosing jet escape responses over defensive arm postures in response to a visual startle stimulus, compared with 50% choosing jet escape responses at control CO2. In addition, more escape responses were chosen over threat behaviours in body pattern displays at elevated CO2 and individuals were more than twice as likely to use ink as a defence strategy at 956 µatm CO2, compared with controls. Increased activity could lead to adverse effects on energy budgets as well as increasing visibility to predators. A tendency to respond to a stimulus with escape behaviours could increase survival, but may also be energetically costly and could potentially lead to more chases by predators compared with individuals that use defensive postures. These results demonstrate that projected future ocean acidification affects the behaviours of a tropical squid species.

Keyword(s):

Animalia; Behaviour; Coast and continental shelf; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or < 1 m**2); Idiosepius pygmaeus; Laboratory experiment; Mollusca; Nekton; Pelagos; Single species; South Pacific; Tropical

Further details:

Lavigne, Héloïse; Epitalon, Jean-Marie; Gattuso, Jean-Pierre (2014): seacarb: seawater carbonate chemistry with R. R package version 3.0. https://cran.r-project.org/package=seacarb

Project(s):

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)

Coverage:

Latitude: -19.416670 * Longitude: 147.366670

Date/Time Start: 2013-09-01T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2013-10-31T00:00:00

Event(s):

Cleveland_Bay * Latitude: -19.416670 * Longitude: 147.366670 * Date/Time Start: 2013-09-01T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2013-10-31T00:00:00 * Method/Device: Experiment (EXP)

Comment:

In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Lavigne et al, 2014) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). The date of carbonate chemistry calculation is 2014-12-01.

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Species	Species		Spady, Blake L
2	Figure	Fig		Spady, Blake L
3	Treatment	Treat		Spady, Blake L
4	Activity description	Activity		Spady, Blake L		level
5	Frequency	Frequency	#	Spady, Blake L
6	Number	n	#	Spady, Blake L		include at rest
7	Number	n	#	Spady, Blake L		exclude at rest
8	Description	Description		Spady, Blake L		inking
9	Description	Description		Spady, Blake L		reaction type
10	Description	Description		Spady, Blake L		body pattern
11	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Spady, Blake L
12	Temperature, water, standard error	T std e	±	Spady, Blake L
13	Salinity	Sal		Spady, Blake L
14	Salinity, standard error	Sal std e	±	Spady, Blake L
15	pH	pH		Spady, Blake L	Potentiometric	NBS scale
16	pH, standard error	pH std e	±	Spady, Blake L	Potentiometric	NBS scale
17	Alkalinity, total	AT	µmol/kg	Spady, Blake L	Potentiometric titration
18	Alkalinity, total, standard error	AT std e	±	Spady, Blake L	Potentiometric titration
19	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Spady, Blake L	Calculated using CO2SYS
20	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air), standard error	pCO2water_SST_wet std e	±	Spady, Blake L	Calculated using CO2SYS
21	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Spady, Blake L	Calculated using CO2SYS
22	Calcite saturation state, standard error	Omega Cal std e	±	Spady, Blake L	Calculated using CO2SYS
23	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Spady, Blake L	Calculated using CO2SYS
24	Aragonite saturation state, standard error	Omega Arg std e	±	Spady, Blake L	Calculated using CO2SYS
25	Carbonate system computation flag	CSC flag		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
26	pH	pH		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	total scale
27	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
28	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
29	Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	fCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
30	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
31	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
32	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
33	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
34	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)

Status:

Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)

Size:

1044 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Species	2 Fig	3 Treat	4 Activity (level)	5 Frequency [#]	6 n [#] (include at rest)	7 n [#] (exclude at rest)	8 Description (inking)	9 Description (reaction type)	10 Description (body pattern)	11 Temp [°C]	12 T std e [±]	13 Sal	14 Sal std e [±]	15 pH (NBS scale, Potentiometric)	16 pH std e [±] (NBS scale, Potentiometric)	17 AT [µmol/kg] (Potentiometric titration)	18 AT std e [±] (Potentiometric titration)	19 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	20 pCO2water_SST_wet std e [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	21 Omega Cal (Calculated using CO2SYS)	22 Omega Cal std e [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	23 Omega Arg (Calculated using CO2SYS)	24 Omega Arg std e [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	25 CSC flag (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	26 pH (total scale, Calculated using...)	27 CO2 [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	28 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	29 fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	30 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	31 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	32 DIC [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	33 Omega Arg (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	34 Omega Cal (Calculated using seacarb afte...)
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	2	Control	Rest (zero)	25						24.7	0.2	34.7	0.15	8.13	0.01	2211	9	447	6	4.43	0.08	2.92	0.06	26	7.99	12.62	441.93	440.54	1755.83	184.00	1952.45	2.92	4.44
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	2	Control	Low (1-25)	3						24.7	0.2	34.7	0.15	8.13	0.01	2211	9	447	6	4.43	0.08	2.92	0.06	26	7.99	12.62	441.93	440.54	1755.83	184.00	1952.45	2.92	4.44
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	2	Control	High (>25)	3						24.7	0.2	34.7	0.15	8.13	0.01	2211	9	447	6	4.43	0.08	2.92	0.06	26	7.99	12.62	441.93	440.54	1755.83	184.00	1952.45	2.92	4.44
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	2	Elevated-CO2 (Low)	Rest (zero)	15						24.8	0.2	35.3	0.13	7.99	0.01	2145	2	626	15	3.36	0.04	2.21	0.02	26	7.85	17.71	623.66	621.69	1798.57	139.06	1955.34	2.20	3.34
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	2	Elevated-CO2 (Low)	Low (1-25)	3						24.8	0.2	35.3	0.13	7.99	0.01	2145	2	626	15	3.36	0.04	2.21	0.02	26	7.85	17.71	623.66	621.69	1798.57	139.06	1955.34	2.20	3.34
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	2	Elevated-CO2 (Low)	High (>25)	9						24.8	0.2	35.3	0.13	7.99	0.01	2145	2	626	15	3.36	0.04	2.21	0.02	26	7.85	17.71	623.66	621.69	1798.57	139.06	1955.34	2.20	3.34
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	2	Elevated-CO2 (High)	Rest (zero)	18						24.7	0.2	32.8	0.02	7.83	0.01	2153	2	956	15	2.39	0.04	1.57	0.03	26	7.69	28.09	973.59	970.51	1916.95	95.83	2040.86	1.54	2.35
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	2	Elevated-CO2 (High)	Low (1-25)	0						24.7	0.2	32.8	0.02	7.83	0.01	2153	2	956	15	2.39	0.04	1.57	0.03	26	7.69	28.09	973.59	970.51	1916.95	95.83	2040.86	1.54	2.35
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	2	Elevated-CO2 (High)	High (>25)	11						24.7	0.2	32.8	0.02	7.83	0.01	2153	2	956	15	2.39	0.04	1.57	0.03	26	7.69	28.09	973.59	970.51	1916.95	95.83	2040.86	1.54	2.35
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	3	Control			9.06	46.83				24.7	0.2	34.7	0.15	8.13	0.01	2211	9	447	6	4.43	0.08	2.92	0.06	26	7.99	12.62	441.93	440.54	1755.83	184.00	1952.45	2.92	4.44
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	3	Elevated-CO2 (Low)			60.63	136.42				24.8	0.2	35.3	0.13	7.99	0.01	2145	2	626	15	3.36	0.04	2.21	0.02	26	7.85	17.71	623.66	621.69	1798.57	139.06	1955.34	2.20	3.34
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	3	Elevated-CO2 (High)			51.21	135.00				24.7	0.2	32.8	0.02	7.83	0.01	2153	2	956	15	2.39	0.04	1.57	0.03	26	7.69	28.09	973.59	970.51	1916.95	95.83	2040.86	1.54	2.35
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	4A	Control		6			Ink			24.7	0.2	34.7	0.15	8.13	0.01	2211	9	447	6	4.43	0.08	2.92	0.06	26	7.99	12.62	441.93	440.54	1755.83	184.00	1952.45	2.92	4.44
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	4A	Control		17			No ink			24.7	0.2	34.7	0.15	8.13	0.01	2211	9	447	6	4.43	0.08	2.92	0.06	26	7.99	12.62	441.93	440.54	1755.83	184.00	1952.45	2.92	4.44
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	4A	Elevated-CO2 (Low)		11			Ink			24.8	0.2	35.3	0.13	7.99	0.01	2145	2	626	15	3.36	0.04	2.21	0.02	26	7.85	17.71	623.66	621.69	1798.57	139.06	1955.34	2.20	3.34
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	4A	Elevated-CO2 (Low)		11			No ink			24.8	0.2	35.3	0.13	7.99	0.01	2145	2	626	15	3.36	0.04	2.21	0.02	26	7.85	17.71	623.66	621.69	1798.57	139.06	1955.34	2.20	3.34
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	4A	Elevated-CO2 (High)		12			Ink			24.7	0.2	32.8	0.02	7.83	0.01	2153	2	956	15	2.39	0.04	1.57	0.03	26	7.69	28.09	973.59	970.51	1916.95	95.83	2040.86	1.54	2.35
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	4A	Elevated-CO2 (High)		8			No ink			24.7	0.2	32.8	0.02	7.83	0.01	2153	2	956	15	2.39	0.04	1.57	0.03	26	7.69	28.09	973.59	970.51	1916.95	95.83	2040.86	1.54	2.35
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	4B	Control		10				jet		24.7	0.2	34.7	0.15	8.13	0.01	2211	9	447	6	4.43	0.08	2.92	0.06	26	7.99	12.62	441.93	440.54	1755.83	184.00	1952.45	2.92	4.44
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	4B	Control		10				anchor		24.7	0.2	34.7	0.15	8.13	0.01	2211	9	447	6	4.43	0.08	2.92	0.06	26	7.99	12.62	441.93	440.54	1755.83	184.00	1952.45	2.92	4.44
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	4B	Elevated-CO2 (Low)		16				jet		24.8	0.2	35.3	0.13	7.99	0.01	2145	2	626	15	3.36	0.04	2.21	0.02	26	7.85	17.71	623.66	621.69	1798.57	139.06	1955.34	2.20	3.34
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	4B	Elevated-CO2 (Low)		2				anchor		24.8	0.2	35.3	0.13	7.99	0.01	2145	2	626	15	3.36	0.04	2.21	0.02	26	7.85	17.71	623.66	621.69	1798.57	139.06	1955.34	2.20	3.34
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	4B	Elevated-CO2 (High)		14				jet		24.7	0.2	32.8	0.02	7.83	0.01	2153	2	956	15	2.39	0.04	1.57	0.03	26	7.69	28.09	973.59	970.51	1916.95	95.83	2040.86	1.54	2.35
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	4B	Elevated-CO2 (High)		3				anchor		24.7	0.2	32.8	0.02	7.83	0.01	2153	2	956	15	2.39	0.04	1.57	0.03	26	7.69	28.09	973.59	970.51	1916.95	95.83	2040.86	1.54	2.35
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	4C	Control		9					Deimatic	24.7	0.2	34.7	0.15	8.13	0.01	2211	9	447	6	4.43	0.08	2.92	0.06	26	7.99	12.62	441.93	440.54	1755.83	184.00	1952.45	2.92	4.44
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	4C	Control		5					Transparent	24.7	0.2	34.7	0.15	8.13	0.01	2211	9	447	6	4.43	0.08	2.92	0.06	26	7.99	12.62	441.93	440.54	1755.83	184.00	1952.45	2.92	4.44
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	4C	Control		9					None	24.7	0.2	34.7	0.15	8.13	0.01	2211	9	447	6	4.43	0.08	2.92	0.06	26	7.99	12.62	441.93	440.54	1755.83	184.00	1952.45	2.92	4.44
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	4C	Control		0					Flash	24.7	0.2	34.7	0.15	8.13	0.01	2211	9	447	6	4.43	0.08	2.92	0.06	26	7.99	12.62	441.93	440.54	1755.83	184.00	1952.45	2.92	4.44
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	4C	Elevated-CO2 (Low)		4					Deimatic	24.8	0.2	35.3	0.13	7.99	0.01	2145	2	626	15	3.36	0.04	2.21	0.02	26	7.85	17.71	623.66	621.69	1798.57	139.06	1955.34	2.20	3.34
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	4C	Elevated-CO2 (Low)		8					Transparent	24.8	0.2	35.3	0.13	7.99	0.01	2145	2	626	15	3.36	0.04	2.21	0.02	26	7.85	17.71	623.66	621.69	1798.57	139.06	1955.34	2.20	3.34
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	4C	Elevated-CO2 (Low)		9					None	24.8	0.2	35.3	0.13	7.99	0.01	2145	2	626	15	3.36	0.04	2.21	0.02	26	7.85	17.71	623.66	621.69	1798.57	139.06	1955.34	2.20	3.34
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	4C	Elevated-CO2 (Low)		0					Flash	24.8	0.2	35.3	0.13	7.99	0.01	2145	2	626	15	3.36	0.04	2.21	0.02	26	7.85	17.71	623.66	621.69	1798.57	139.06	1955.34	2.20	3.34
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	4C	Elevated-CO2 (High)		1					Deimatic	24.7	0.2	32.8	0.02	7.83	0.01	2153	2	956	15	2.39	0.04	1.57	0.03	26	7.69	28.09	973.59	970.51	1916.95	95.83	2040.86	1.54	2.35
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	4C	Elevated-CO2 (High)		5					Transparent	24.7	0.2	32.8	0.02	7.83	0.01	2153	2	956	15	2.39	0.04	1.57	0.03	26	7.69	28.09	973.59	970.51	1916.95	95.83	2040.86	1.54	2.35
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	4C	Elevated-CO2 (High)		10					None	24.7	0.2	32.8	0.02	7.83	0.01	2153	2	956	15	2.39	0.04	1.57	0.03	26	7.69	28.09	973.59	970.51	1916.95	95.83	2040.86	1.54	2.35
Idiosepius pygmaeus (mollusk)	4C	Elevated-CO2 (High)		4					Flash	24.7	0.2	32.8	0.02	7.83	0.01	2153	2	956	15	2.39	0.04	1.57	0.03	26	7.69	28.09	973.59	970.51	1916.95	95.83	2040.86	1.54	2.35