Citation:

journal.pone.0097235

Name: Diffusion boundary layers ameliorate the negative effects of ocean acidification on the temperate coralline macroalga Arthrocardia corymbosa
Published: 2014-10-14
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Keywords: Arthrocardia corymbosa; Benthos; Biomass/Abundance/Elemental composition; Calcification/Dissolution; Coast and continental shelf; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or < 1 m**2); Growth/Morphology; Laboratory experiment; Macroalgae; Plantae; Primary production/Photosynthesis; Reproduction; Rhodophyta; Single species; South Pacific; Temperate

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Abstract:

Anthropogenically-modulated reductions in pH, termed ocean acidification, could pose a major threat to the physiological performance, stocks, and biodiversity of calcifiers and may devalue their ecosystem services. Recent debate has focussed on the need to develop approaches to arrest the potential negative impacts of ocean acidification on ecosystems dominated by calcareous organisms. In this study, we demonstrate the role of a discrete (i.e. diffusion) boundary layer (DBL), formed at the surface of some calcifying species under slow flows, in buffering them from the corrosive effects of low pH seawater. The coralline macroalga Arthrocardia corymbosa was grown in a multifactorial experiment with two mean pH levels (8.05 'ambient' and 7.65 a worst case 'ocean acidification' scenario projected for 2100), each with two levels of seawater flow (fast and slow, i.e. DBL thin or thick). Coralline algae grown under slow flows with thick DBLs (i.e., unstirred with regular replenishment of seawater to their surface) maintained net growth and calcification at pH 7.65 whereas those in higher flows with thin DBLs had net dissolution. Growth under ambient seawater pH (8.05) was not significantly different in thin and thick DBL treatments. No other measured diagnostic (recruit sizes and numbers, photosynthetic metrics, %C, %N, %MgCO3) responded to the effects of reduced seawater pH. Thus, flow conditions that promote the formation of thick DBLs, may enhance the subsistence of calcifiers by creating localised hydrodynamic conditions where metabolic activity ameliorates the negative impacts of ocean acidification.

Keyword(s):

Arthrocardia corymbosa; Benthos; Biomass/Abundance/Elemental composition; Calcification/Dissolution; Coast and continental shelf; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or < 1 m**2); Growth/Morphology; Laboratory experiment; Macroalgae; Plantae; Primary production/Photosynthesis; Reproduction; Rhodophyta; Single species; South Pacific; Temperate

Further details:

Lavigne, Héloïse; Epitalon, Jean-Marie; Gattuso, Jean-Pierre (2014): seacarb: seawater carbonate chemistry with R. R package version 3.0. https://cran.r-project.org/package=seacarb

Project(s):

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)

Coverage:

Latitude: -45.638890 * Longitude: 170.670830

Date/Time Start: 2011-09-22T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2011-09-22T00:00:00

Event(s):

Karitane_South_Island * Latitude: -45.638890 * Longitude: 170.670830 * Date/Time Start: 2011-09-22T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2011-09-22T00:00:00 * Method/Device: Experiment (EXP)

Comment:

In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Lavigne et al, 2014) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). The date of carbonate chemistry calculation is 2014-10-13.

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Species	Species		Cornwall, Christopher Edward
2	Identification	ID		Cornwall, Christopher Edward		tank number
3	Maximum photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II	Fv/Fm		Cornwall, Christopher Edward		initial
4	pH	pH		Cornwall, Christopher Edward	Potentiometric	total scale
5	pH, standard error	pH std e	±	Cornwall, Christopher Edward	Potentiometric	total scale
6	Treatment	Treat		Cornwall, Christopher Edward
7	Maximum photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II	Fv/Fm		Cornwall, Christopher Edward		final
8	Maximal electron transport rate, relative	rETR max	µmol e/m²/s	Cornwall, Christopher Edward
9	Light capturing capacity	alpha		Cornwall, Christopher Edward
10	Photoinhibition	beta	µmol electrons/µmol quanta	Cornwall, Christopher Edward
11	Light saturation point	Ik	µmol/m²/s	Cornwall, Christopher Edward
12	Growth rate	µ	1/day	Cornwall, Christopher Edward
13	Chlorophyll a	Chl a	µg/g	Cornwall, Christopher Edward
14	Chlorophyll c	Chl c	µg/g	Cornwall, Christopher Edward
15	Chlorophyll d	Chl d	µg/g	Cornwall, Christopher Edward
16	Phycocyanin	Phycoc	µg/g	Cornwall, Christopher Edward
17	Phycoerythrin	Phycoe	µg/g	Cornwall, Christopher Edward
18	Recruitment	Recruitment	#/cm²	Cornwall, Christopher Edward
19	Recruit size	Recruit size	mm²	Cornwall, Christopher Edward
20	Calcification rate of calcium carbonate	Calc rate CaCO3	mg/mg/day	Cornwall, Christopher Edward
21	δ15N	δ15N	‰ air	Cornwall, Christopher Edward
22	Nitrogen, organic	N org	%	Cornwall, Christopher Edward
23	δ13C	δ13C	‰ PDB	Cornwall, Christopher Edward
24	Carbon, organic, total	TOC	%	Cornwall, Christopher Edward
25	Carbon/Nitrogen ratio	C/N		Cornwall, Christopher Edward
26	Calcite	Cal	%	Cornwall, Christopher Edward		for the Mg calcite
27	Proportion	Prop		Cornwall, Christopher Edward		tissue for organic material
28	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Cornwall, Christopher Edward	Calculated
29	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Cornwall, Christopher Edward	Calculated	night
30	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Cornwall, Christopher Edward	Calculated	initial
31	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Cornwall, Christopher Edward
32	Temperature, water, standard error	T std e	±	Cornwall, Christopher Edward
33	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Cornwall, Christopher Edward	Calculated
34	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard error	DIC std e	±	Cornwall, Christopher Edward	Calculated
35	Alkalinity, total	AT	µmol/kg	Cornwall, Christopher Edward	Potentiometric titration
36	Alkalinity, total, standard error	AT std e	±	Cornwall, Christopher Edward	Potentiometric titration
37	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Cornwall, Christopher Edward	Calculated
38	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air), standard error	pCO2water_SST_wet std e	±	Cornwall, Christopher Edward	Calculated
39	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Cornwall, Christopher Edward	Calculated
40	Bicarbonate ion, standard error	[HCO3]- std e	±	Cornwall, Christopher Edward	Calculated
41	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Cornwall, Christopher Edward	Calculated
42	Carbonate ion, standard error	[CO3]2- std e	±	Cornwall, Christopher Edward	Calculated
43	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Cornwall, Christopher Edward	Calculated
44	Carbon dioxide, standard error	CO2 std e	±	Cornwall, Christopher Edward	Calculated
45	Diffusive boundary layer	DBL	µm	Cornwall, Christopher Edward
46	Diffusive boundary layer, standard error	DBL std e	±	Cornwall, Christopher Edward
47	Salinity	Sal		Cornwall, Christopher Edward
48	Carbonate system computation flag	CSC flag		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
49	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
50	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
51	Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	fCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
52	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
53	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
54	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
55	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
56	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)

Status:

Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)

Size:

3500 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Species	2 ID (tank number)	3 Fv/Fm (initial)	4 pH (total scale, Potentiometric)	5 pH std e [±] (total scale, Potentiometric)	6 Treat	7 Fv/Fm (final)	8 rETR max [µmol e/m²/s]	9 alpha	10 beta [µmol electrons/µmol quanta]	11 Ik [µmol/m²/s]	12 µ [1/day]	13 Chl a [µg/g]	14 Chl c [µg/g]	15 Chl d [µg/g]	16 Phycoc [µg/g]	17 Phycoe [µg/g]	18 Recruitment [#/cm²]	19 Recruit size [mm²]	20 Calc rate CaCO3 [mg/mg/day]	21 δ15N [‰ air]	22 N org [%]	23 δ13C [‰ PDB]	24 TOC [%]	25 C/N	26 Cal [%] (for the Mg calcite)	27 Prop (tissue for organic material)	28 Omega Cal (Calculated)	29 Omega Cal (night, Calculated)	30 Omega Cal (initial, Calculated)	31 Temp [°C]	32 T std e [±]	33 DIC [µmol/kg] (Calculated)	34 DIC std e [±] (Calculated)	35 AT [µmol/kg] (Potentiometric titration)	36 AT std e [±] (Potentiometric titration)	37 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated)	38 pCO2water_SST_wet std e [±] (Calculated)	39 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated)	40 [HCO3]- std e [±] (Calculated)	41 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated)	42 [CO3]2- std e [±] (Calculated)	43 CO2 [µmol/kg] (Calculated)	44 CO2 std e [±] (Calculated)	45 DBL [µm]	46 DBL std e [±]	47 Sal	48 CSC flag (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	49 CO2 [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	50 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	51 fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	52 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	53 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	54 DIC [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	55 Omega Arg (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	56 Omega Cal (Calculated using seacarb afte...)
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)	1	0.452	7.65	0.01	High water flow	0.673	4.991	0.520	-0.00284	48.026																				10.53	0.01	2071	12	2114	11	998	13	1973	11	55	0.3	43	0.6	20	10	35	8	42.93	999.26	995.49	1974.03	55.08	2072.04	0.83	1.31
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)	2	0.498	7.65	0.01	High water flow	0.610	3.003	0.325	-0.00170	46.150																				10.53	0.01	2071	12	2114	11	998	13	1973	11	55	0.3	43	0.6	20	10	35	8	42.93	999.26	995.49	1974.03	55.08	2072.04	0.83	1.31
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)	3	0.477	8.05	0.01	Slow water flow	0.550	2.980	0.256	-0.00170	58.221																				10.53	0.01	1955	15	2140	16	368	3	1813	14	126	1.1	16	0.1	14530	2610	35	8	15.73	366.24	364.85	1817.33	127.37	1960.44	1.93	3.03
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)	4	0.487	7.65	0.01	High water flow	0.611	0.442	0.052	-0.00028	42.845																				10.53	0.01	2071	12	2114	11	998	13	1973	11	55	0.3	43	0.6	20	10	35	8	42.93	999.26	995.49	1974.03	55.08	2072.04	0.83	1.31
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)	5	0.542	7.65	0.01	Slow water flow	0.651	1.467	0.135	-0.00089	54.209																				10.53	0.01	2031	12	2074	12	966	1	1934	11	55	0.6	42	0.1	15000	2030	35	8	42.10	980.09	976.39	1936.14	54.02	2032.27	0.82	1.29
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)	6	0.536	7.65	0.01	High water flow	0.570	0.331	0.035	-0.00021	46.745																				10.53	0.01	2071	12	2114	11	998	13	1973	11	55	0.3	43	0.6	20	10	35	8	42.93	999.26	995.49	1974.03	55.08	2072.04	0.83	1.31
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)	7	0.475	8.05	0.01	High water flow	0.643	2.983	0.368	-0.00180	40.520																				10.53	0.01	1973	4	2152	3	372	2	1830	9	127	0.1	16	0.1	30	10	35	8	15.82	368.36	366.97	1827.86	128.11	1971.79	1.94	3.05
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)	8	0.473	8.05	0.01	Slow water flow	0.650	1.309	0.146	-0.00078	44.775																				10.53	0.01	1955	15	2140	16	368	3	1813	14	126	1.1	16	0.1	14530	2610	35	8	15.73	366.24	364.85	1817.33	127.37	1960.44	1.93	3.03
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)	9	0.487	8.05	0.01	High water flow	0.648	0.924	0.130	-0.00056	35.528																				10.53	0.01	1973	4	2152	3	372	2	1830	9	127	0.1	16	0.1	30	10	35	8	15.82	368.36	366.97	1827.86	128.11	1971.79	1.94	3.05
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)	10	0.492	7.65	0.01	High water flow	0.662	3.458	0.175	-0.00173	98.556																				10.53	0.01	2071	12	2114	11	998	13	1973	11	55	0.3	43	0.6	20	10	35	8	42.93	999.26	995.49	1974.03	55.08	2072.04	0.83	1.31
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)	11	0.464	8.05	0.01	Slow water flow	0.659	3.726	0.313	-0.00190	59.537																				10.53	0.01	1955	15	2140	16	368	3	1813	14	126	1.1	16	0.1	14530	2610	35	8	15.73	366.24	364.85	1817.33	127.37	1960.44	1.93	3.03
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)	12	0.549	8.05	0.01	Slow water flow	0.617	3.020	0.165	-0.00265	58.188																				10.53	0.01	1955	15	2140	16	368	3	1813	14	126	1.1	16	0.1	14530	2610	35	8	15.73	366.24	364.85	1817.33	127.37	1960.44	1.93	3.03
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)	13	0.543	7.65	0.01	Slow water flow	0.581	2.095	0.055	-0.00126	19.192																				10.53	0.01	2031	12	2074	12	966	1	1934	11	55	0.6	42	0.1	15000	2030	35	8	42.10	980.09	976.39	1936.14	54.02	2032.27	0.82	1.29
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)	14	0.478	8.05	0.01	High water flow	0.643	3.989	0.049	-0.00210	40.904																				10.53	0.01	1973	4	2152	3	372	2	1830	9	127	0.1	16	0.1	30	10	35	8	15.82	368.36	366.97	1827.86	128.11	1971.79	1.94	3.05
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)	15	0.515	7.65	0.01	Slow water flow	0.676	5.233	0.161	-0.00257	16.286																				10.53	0.01	2031	12	2074	12	966	1	1934	11	55	0.6	42	0.1	15000	2030	35	8	42.10	980.09	976.39	1936.14	54.02	2032.27	0.82	1.29
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)	16	0.478	8.05	0.01	Slow water flow	0.662	3.174	0.046	-0.00407	69.689																				10.53	0.01	1955	15	2140	16	368	3	1813	14	126	1.1	16	0.1	14530	2610	35	8	15.73	366.24	364.85	1817.33	127.37	1960.44	1.93	3.03
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)	17	0.509	8.05	0.01	Slow water flow	0.658	3.909	0.067	-0.00482	58.717																				10.53	0.01	1955	15	2140	16	368	3	1813	14	126	1.1	16	0.1	14530	2610	35	8	15.73	366.24	364.85	1817.33	127.37	1960.44	1.93	3.03
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)	18	0.480	7.65	0.01	Slow water flow	0.644	3.469	0.061	-0.00408	56.562																				10.53	0.01	2031	12	2074	12	966	1	1934	11	55	0.6	42	0.1	15000	2030	35	8	42.10	980.09	976.39	1936.14	54.02	2032.27	0.82	1.29
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)	19	0.522	7.65	0.01	High water flow	0.682	2.060	0.056	-0.00206	36.498																				10.53	0.01	2071	12	2114	11	998	13	1973	11	55	0.3	43	0.6	20	10	35	8	42.93	999.26	995.49	1974.03	55.08	2072.04	0.83	1.31
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)	20	0.522	7.65	0.01	Slow water flow	0.679	6.605	0.077	-0.00455	85.250																				10.53	0.01	2031	12	2074	12	966	1	1934	11	55	0.6	42	0.1	15000	2030	35	8	42.10	980.09	976.39	1936.14	54.02	2032.27	0.82	1.29
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)	21	0.464	8.05	0.01	High water flow	0.680	3.142	0.055	-0.00311	56.945																				10.53	0.01	1973	4	2152	3	372	2	1830	9	127	0.1	16	0.1	30	10	35	8	15.82	368.36	366.97	1827.86	128.11	1971.79	1.94	3.05
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)	22	0.523	8.05	0.01	High water flow	0.660	3.530	0.749	-0.00281	4.713																				10.53	0.01	1973	4	2152	3	372	2	1830	9	127	0.1	16	0.1	30	10	35	8	15.82	368.36	366.97	1827.86	128.11	1971.79	1.94	3.05
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)	23	0.516	7.65	0.01	Slow water flow	0.687	4.266	0.084	-0.00444	50.980																				10.53	0.01	2031	12	2074	12	966	1	1934	11	55	0.6	42	0.1	15000	2030	35	8	42.10	980.09	976.39	1936.14	54.02	2032.27	0.82	1.29
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)	24	0.517	8.05	0.01	High water flow	0.683	4.496	0.116	-0.00096	38.671																				10.53	0.01	1973	4	2152	3	372	2	1830	9	127	0.1	16	0.1	30	10	35	8	15.82	368.36	366.97	1827.86	128.11	1971.79	1.94	3.05
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)	Initial 1	0.459
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)	Initial 2	0.462
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)	Initial 3	0.468
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)	Initial 4	0.480
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)	Initial 5	0.453
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)	Initial 6	0.471
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	High water flow						0.000096	1919	250	63	0.116	8.225	4	0.03085	-0.0003						11.220	0.341				10.53	0.01	2071	12	2114	11	998	13	1973	11	55	0.3	43	0.6	20	10	35	8	42.93	999.26	995.49	1974.03	55.08	2072.04	0.83	1.31
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	High water flow						0.001005	2064	167	64	0.216	11.608	0	0.09942	0.0006						12.264	0.417				10.53	0.01	2071	12	2114	11	998	13	1973	11	55	0.3	43	0.6	20	10	35	8	42.93	999.26	995.49	1974.03	55.08	2072.04	0.83	1.31
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	Slow water flow						0.002076	1625	140	62	0.000	7.975	16	0.05547	0.0015						11.160	0.199				10.53	0.01	1955	15	2140	16	368	3	1813	14	126	1.1	16	0.1	14530	2610	35	8	15.73	366.24	364.85	1817.33	127.37	1960.44	1.93	3.03
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	High water flow						0.000220	2378	173	52	0.000	17.089	12	0.23916	-0.0002						11.115	0.278				10.53	0.01	2071	12	2114	11	998	13	1973	11	55	0.3	43	0.6	20	10	35	8	42.93	999.26	995.49	1974.03	55.08	2072.04	0.83	1.31
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	Slow water flow						-0.000468	2103	145	24	0.980	9.757	62	0.01742	0.0013						11.742	0.196				10.53	0.01	2031	12	2074	12	966	1	1934	11	55	0.6	42	0.1	15000	2030	35	8	42.10	980.09	976.39	1936.14	54.02	2032.27	0.82	1.29
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	High water flow						-0.006564	1214	105	55	0.174	6.634	3	0.06453	-0.0069						11.720	0.329				10.53	0.01	2071	12	2114	11	998	13	1973	11	55	0.3	43	0.6	20	10	35	8	42.93	999.26	995.49	1974.03	55.08	2072.04	0.83	1.31
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	High water flow						-0.001660	2763	147	21	0.000	13.364	9	0.16719	0.0001						11.918	0.139				10.53	0.01	1973	4	2152	3	372	2	1830	9	127	0.1	16	0.1	30	10	35	8	15.82	368.36	366.97	1827.86	128.11	1971.79	1.94	3.05
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	Slow water flow						0.002819	1692	91	18	1.891	10.401	4	0.04039	0.0023						11.370	0.268				10.53	0.01	1955	15	2140	16	368	3	1813	14	126	1.1	16	0.1	14530	2610	35	8	15.73	366.24	364.85	1817.33	127.37	1960.44	1.93	3.03
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	High water flow						0.007229	1824	173	59	0.003	9.663	54	0.05879	0.0090						10.935	0.224				10.53	0.01	1973	4	2152	3	372	2	1830	9	127	0.1	16	0.1	30	10	35	8	15.82	368.36	366.97	1827.86	128.11	1971.79	1.94	3.05
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	High water flow						0.000628	2262	90	24	1.764	10.483	26	0.11817	0.0002						11.600	0.168				10.53	0.01	2071	12	2114	11	998	13	1973	11	55	0.3	43	0.6	20	10	35	8	42.93	999.26	995.49	1974.03	55.08	2072.04	0.83	1.31
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	Slow water flow						0.003074	1410	75	285	0.211	8.597	5	0.10306	0.0049						11.900	0.345				10.53	0.01	1955	15	2140	16	368	3	1813	14	126	1.1	16	0.1	14530	2610	35	8	15.73	366.24	364.85	1817.33	127.37	1960.44	1.93	3.03
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	Slow water flow						0.002431	1929	181	45	1.643	6.230	25	0.08430	0.0019						11.400	0.347				10.53	0.01	1955	15	2140	16	368	3	1813	14	126	1.1	16	0.1	14530	2610	35	8	15.73	366.24	364.85	1817.33	127.37	1960.44	1.93	3.03
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	Slow water flow						0.000067	2187	161	35	0.133	13.258	6	0.01909	0.0019						11.530	0.257				10.53	0.01	2031	12	2074	12	966	1	1934	11	55	0.6	42	0.1	15000	2030	35	8	42.10	980.09	976.39	1936.14	54.02	2032.27	0.82	1.29
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	High water flow						0.003109	1760	87	15	0.768	11.435	10	0.12046	0.0049						11.510	0.370				10.53	0.01	1973	4	2152	3	372	2	1830	9	127	0.1	16	0.1	30	10	35	8	15.82	368.36	366.97	1827.86	128.11	1971.79	1.94	3.05
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	Slow water flow						0.001410	2878	271	45	0.000	12.099	8	0.02376	0.0032						11.100	0.271				10.53	0.01	2031	12	2074	12	966	1	1934	11	55	0.6	42	0.1	15000	2030	35	8	42.10	980.09	976.39	1936.14	54.02	2032.27	0.82	1.29
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	Slow water flow						0.001356	3473	403	195	0.659	18.464	6	0.12596	0.0008						11.685	0.318				10.53	0.01	1955	15	2140	16	368	3	1813	14	126	1.1	16	0.1	14530	2610	35	8	15.73	366.24	364.85	1817.33	127.37	1960.44	1.93	3.03
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	Slow water flow						0.001849	2090	146	33	1.902	8.308	13	0.23028	0.0013						11.798	0.383				10.53	0.01	1955	15	2140	16	368	3	1813	14	126	1.1	16	0.1	14530	2610	35	8	15.73	366.24	364.85	1817.33	127.37	1960.44	1.93	3.03
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	Slow water flow						0.000981	1557	185	107	0.904	7.177	8	0.06385	0.0028						13.192	0.277				10.53	0.01	2031	12	2074	12	966	1	1934	11	55	0.6	42	0.1	15000	2030	35	8	42.10	980.09	976.39	1936.14	54.02	2032.27	0.82	1.29
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	High water flow						-0.001465	2184	180	30	0.000	14.149	3	0.06353	-0.0018						11.955	0.404				10.53	0.01	2071	12	2114	11	998	13	1973	11	55	0.3	43	0.6	20	10	35	8	42.93	999.26	995.49	1974.03	55.08	2072.04	0.83	1.31
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	Slow water flow						0.002566	3087	228	38	0.155	15.436	0	0.05178	0.0044						11.930	0.250				10.53	0.01	2031	12	2074	12	966	1	1934	11	55	0.6	42	0.1	15000	2030	35	8	42.10	980.09	976.39	1936.14	54.02	2032.27	0.82	1.29
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	High water flow						0.001763	3247	214	35	0.337	17.706	7	0.08649	0.0036						11.950	0.342				10.53	0.01	1973	4	2152	3	372	2	1830	9	127	0.1	16	0.1	30	10	35	8	15.82	368.36	366.97	1827.86	128.11	1971.79	1.94	3.05
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	High water flow						0.005583	2938	160	25	1.201	12.908	3	0.03687	0.0074						11.810	0.225				10.53	0.01	1973	4	2152	3	372	2	1830	9	127	0.1	16	0.1	30	10	35	8	15.82	368.36	366.97	1827.86	128.11	1971.79	1.94	3.05
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	Slow water flow						0.001530	3004	240	42	0.241	13.670	1	0.06808	0.0033						10.550	0.152				10.53	0.01	2031	12	2074	12	966	1	1934	11	55	0.6	42	0.1	15000	2030	35	8	42.10	980.09	976.39	1936.14	54.02	2032.27	0.82	1.29
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	High water flow						0.005080	2728	159	23	0.000	15.927	18	0.01925	0.0069						11.820	0.333				10.53	0.01	1973	4	2152	3	372	2	1830	9	127	0.1	16	0.1	30	10	35	8	15.82	368.36	366.97	1827.86	128.11	1971.79	1.94	3.05
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)					Initial							1850	96	62	1.637	16.845									11.833
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)					Initial							1157	53	42	0.790	10.943									11.265
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)					Initial							1720	90	32	2.970	14.611									11.443
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)					Initial							1670	109	36	1.208	11.020									10.950
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)					Initial							1391	103	36	1.200	8.900									10.900
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)					Initial							1285	116	41	2.655	5.772									11.780
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	High water flow															8.332	2.028	-21.878	14.940	8.594						10.53	0.01	2071	12	2114	11	998	13	1973	11	55	0.3	43	0.6	20	10	35	8	42.93	999.26	995.49	1974.03	55.08	2072.04	0.83	1.31
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	High water flow															7.783	1.344	-20.631	11.400	9.892						10.53	0.01	2071	12	2114	11	998	13	1973	11	55	0.3	43	0.6	20	10	35	8	42.93	999.26	995.49	1974.03	55.08	2072.04	0.83	1.31
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	Slow water flow															8.456	1.444	-20.610	13.867	11.208						10.53	0.01	1955	15	2140	16	368	3	1813	14	126	1.1	16	0.1	14530	2610	35	8	15.73	366.24	364.85	1817.33	127.37	1960.44	1.93	3.03
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	High water flow															7.149	1.063	-19.807	9.739	10.692						10.53	0.01	2071	12	2114	11	998	13	1973	11	55	0.3	43	0.6	20	10	35	8	42.93	999.26	995.49	1974.03	55.08	2072.04	0.83	1.31
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	Slow water flow															7.935	1.164	-23.035	9.142	9.160						10.53	0.01	2031	12	2074	12	966	1	1934	11	55	0.6	42	0.1	15000	2030	35	8	42.10	980.09	976.39	1936.14	54.02	2032.27	0.82	1.29
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	High water flow															8.437	1.072	-20.200	9.010	9.803						10.53	0.01	2071	12	2114	11	998	13	1973	11	55	0.3	43	0.6	20	10	35	8	42.93	999.26	995.49	1974.03	55.08	2072.04	0.83	1.31
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	High water flow															7.974	1.440	-21.899	12.074	9.786						10.53	0.01	1973	4	2152	3	372	2	1830	9	127	0.1	16	0.1	30	10	35	8	15.82	368.36	366.97	1827.86	128.11	1971.79	1.94	3.05
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	Slow water flow															6.811	1.347	-21.117	12.374	10.717						10.53	0.01	1955	15	2140	16	368	3	1813	14	126	1.1	16	0.1	14530	2610	35	8	15.73	366.24	364.85	1817.33	127.37	1960.44	1.93	3.03
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	High water flow															8.143	1.725	-21.506	13.094	8.855						10.53	0.01	1973	4	2152	3	372	2	1830	9	127	0.1	16	0.1	30	10	35	8	15.82	368.36	366.97	1827.86	128.11	1971.79	1.94	3.05
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	High water flow															8.608	2.150	-22.016	20.617	11.189						10.53	0.01	2071	12	2114	11	998	13	1973	11	55	0.3	43	0.6	20	10	35	8	42.93	999.26	995.49	1974.03	55.08	2072.04	0.83	1.31
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	Slow water flow															8.151	1.741	-22.055	12.316	8.251						10.53	0.01	1955	15	2140	16	368	3	1813	14	126	1.1	16	0.1	14530	2610	35	8	15.73	366.24	364.85	1817.33	127.37	1960.44	1.93	3.03
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	Slow water flow															8.517	2.326	-21.157	17.897	8.978						10.53	0.01	1955	15	2140	16	368	3	1813	14	126	1.1	16	0.1	14530	2610	35	8	15.73	366.24	364.85	1817.33	127.37	1960.44	1.93	3.03
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	Slow water flow															7.886	2.286	-20.016	19.887	10.149						10.53	0.01	2031	12	2074	12	966	1	1934	11	55	0.6	42	0.1	15000	2030	35	8	42.10	980.09	976.39	1936.14	54.02	2032.27	0.82	1.29
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	High water flow															7.830	1.289	-20.120	12.503	11.315						10.53	0.01	1973	4	2152	3	372	2	1830	9	127	0.1	16	0.1	30	10	35	8	15.82	368.36	366.97	1827.86	128.11	1971.79	1.94	3.05
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	Slow water flow															8.270	1.328	-22.051	11.480	10.086						10.53	0.01	1955	15	2140	16	368	3	1813	14	126	1.1	16	0.1	14530	2610	35	8	15.73	366.24	364.85	1817.33	127.37	1960.44	1.93	3.03
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	Slow water flow															8.404	1.331	-21.361	11.640	10.200						10.53	0.01	2031	12	2074	12	966	1	1934	11	55	0.6	42	0.1	15000	2030	35	8	42.10	980.09	976.39	1936.14	54.02	2032.27	0.82	1.29
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	High water flow															7.462	1.477	-22.453	11.578	9.144						10.53	0.01	2071	12	2114	11	998	13	1973	11	55	0.3	43	0.6	20	10	35	8	42.93	999.26	995.49	1974.03	55.08	2072.04	0.83	1.31
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	Slow water flow															7.222	1.608	-22.715	13.281	9.635						10.53	0.01	2031	12	2074	12	966	1	1934	11	55	0.6	42	0.1	15000	2030	35	8	42.10	980.09	976.39	1936.14	54.02	2032.27	0.82	1.29
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	High water flow															7.164	1.529	-21.586	12.201	9.309						10.53	0.01	1973	4	2152	3	372	2	1830	9	127	0.1	16	0.1	30	10	35	8	15.82	368.36	366.97	1827.86	128.11	1971.79	1.94	3.05
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	High water flow															7.270	1.596	-21.625	14.766	10.792						10.53	0.01	1973	4	2152	3	372	2	1830	9	127	0.1	16	0.1	30	10	35	8	15.82	368.36	366.97	1827.86	128.11	1971.79	1.94	3.05
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	Slow water flow															8.282	1.843	-23.603	17.336	10.971						10.53	0.01	2031	12	2074	12	966	1	1934	11	55	0.6	42	0.1	15000	2030	35	8	42.10	980.09	976.39	1936.14	54.02	2032.27	0.82	1.29
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	High water flow															8.109	1.713	-23.419	14.802	10.081						10.53	0.01	1973	4	2152	3	372	2	1830	9	127	0.1	16	0.1	30	10	35	8	15.82	368.36	366.97	1827.86	128.11	1971.79	1.94	3.05
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	High water flow																						3.26	2.65	3.00	10.53	0.01	1973	4	2152	3	372	2	1830	9	127	0.1	16	0.1	30	10	35	8	15.82	368.36	366.97	1827.86	128.11	1971.79	1.94	3.05
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	High water flow																						3.33	2.87	3.03	10.53	0.01	1973	4	2152	3	372	2	1830	9	127	0.1	16	0.1	30	10	35	8	15.82	368.36	366.97	1827.86	128.11	1971.79	1.94	3.05
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	High water flow																						3.24	2.98	3.00	10.53	0.01	1973	4	2152	3	372	2	1830	9	127	0.1	16	0.1	30	10	35	8	15.82	368.36	366.97	1827.86	128.11	1971.79	1.94	3.05
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	High water flow																						3.05	2.74	3.02	10.53	0.01	1973	4	2152	3	372	2	1830	9	127	0.1	16	0.1	30	10	35	8	15.82	368.36	366.97	1827.86	128.11	1971.79	1.94	3.05
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	High water flow																						3.09	2.74	3.00	10.53	0.01	1973	4	2152	3	372	2	1830	9	127	0.1	16	0.1	30	10	35	8	15.82	368.36	366.97	1827.86	128.11	1971.79	1.94	3.05
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	High water flow																						3.16	2.84	2.99	10.53	0.01	1973	4	2152	3	372	2	1830	9	127	0.1	16	0.1	30	10	35	8	15.82	368.36	366.97	1827.86	128.11	1971.79	1.94	3.05
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	Slow water flow																						3.66	2.21	3.02	10.53	0.01	1955	15	2140	16	368	3	1813	14	126	1.1	16	0.1	14530	2610	35	8	15.73	366.24	364.85	1817.33	127.37	1960.44	1.93	3.03
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	Slow water flow																						3.94	2.50	3.03	10.53	0.01	1955	15	2140	16	368	3	1813	14	126	1.1	16	0.1	14530	2610	35	8	15.73	366.24	364.85	1817.33	127.37	1960.44	1.93	3.03
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	Slow water flow																						3.69	2.39	2.99	10.53	0.01	1955	15	2140	16	368	3	1813	14	126	1.1	16	0.1	14530	2610	35	8	15.73	366.24	364.85	1817.33	127.37	1960.44	1.93	3.03
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	Slow water flow																						3.70	2.38	3.01	10.53	0.01	1955	15	2140	16	368	3	1813	14	126	1.1	16	0.1	14530	2610	35	8	15.73	366.24	364.85	1817.33	127.37	1960.44	1.93	3.03
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	Slow water flow																						3.91	2.53	3.03	10.53	0.01	1955	15	2140	16	368	3	1813	14	126	1.1	16	0.1	14530	2610	35	8	15.73	366.24	364.85	1817.33	127.37	1960.44	1.93	3.03
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			8.05	0.01	Slow water flow																						4.07	2.59	3.03	10.53	0.01	1955	15	2140	16	368	3	1813	14	126	1.1	16	0.1	14530	2610	35	8	15.73	366.24	364.85	1817.33	127.37	1960.44	1.93	3.03
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	High water flow																						1.63	1.34	1.34	10.53	0.01	2071	12	2114	11	998	13	1973	11	55	0.3	43	0.6	20	10	35	8	42.93	999.26	995.49	1974.03	55.08	2072.04	0.83	1.31
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	High water flow																						1.64	1.28	1.30	10.53	0.01	2071	12	2114	11	998	13	1973	11	55	0.3	43	0.6	20	10	35	8	42.93	999.26	995.49	1974.03	55.08	2072.04	0.83	1.31
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	High water flow																						1.67	1.27	1.33	10.53	0.01	2071	12	2114	11	998	13	1973	11	55	0.3	43	0.6	20	10	35	8	42.93	999.26	995.49	1974.03	55.08	2072.04	0.83	1.31
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	High water flow																						1.60	1.30	1.36	10.53	0.01	2071	12	2114	11	998	13	1973	11	55	0.3	43	0.6	20	10	35	8	42.93	999.26	995.49	1974.03	55.08	2072.04	0.83	1.31
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	High water flow																						1.51	1.07	1.31	10.53	0.01	2071	12	2114	11	998	13	1973	11	55	0.3	43	0.6	20	10	35	8	42.93	999.26	995.49	1974.03	55.08	2072.04	0.83	1.31
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	High water flow																						1.53	1.16	1.36	10.53	0.01	2071	12	2114	11	998	13	1973	11	55	0.3	43	0.6	20	10	35	8	42.93	999.26	995.49	1974.03	55.08	2072.04	0.83	1.31
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	Slow water flow																						2.19	1.33	1.31	10.53	0.01	2031	12	2074	12	966	1	1934	11	55	0.6	42	0.1	15000	2030	35	8	42.10	980.09	976.39	1936.14	54.02	2032.27	0.82	1.29
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	Slow water flow																						2.20	1.30	1.33	10.53	0.01	2031	12	2074	12	966	1	1934	11	55	0.6	42	0.1	15000	2030	35	8	42.10	980.09	976.39	1936.14	54.02	2032.27	0.82	1.29
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	Slow water flow																						2.06	1.30	1.36	10.53	0.01	2031	12	2074	12	966	1	1934	11	55	0.6	42	0.1	15000	2030	35	8	42.10	980.09	976.39	1936.14	54.02	2032.27	0.82	1.29
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	Slow water flow																						2.45	1.28	1.31	10.53	0.01	2031	12	2074	12	966	1	1934	11	55	0.6	42	0.1	15000	2030	35	8	42.10	980.09	976.39	1936.14	54.02	2032.27	0.82	1.29
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	Slow water flow																						1.91	1.31	1.35	10.53	0.01	2031	12	2074	12	966	1	1934	11	55	0.6	42	0.1	15000	2030	35	8	42.10	980.09	976.39	1936.14	54.02	2032.27	0.82	1.29
Arthrocardia corymbosa (macroalga)			7.65	0.01	Slow water flow																						2.07	1.26	1.36	10.53	0.01	2031	12	2074	12	966	1	1934	11	55	0.6	42	0.1	15000	2030	35	8	42.10	980.09	976.39	1936.14	54.02	2032.27	0.82	1.29