Citation:

journal.pone.0045124

Name: Ocean acidification accelerates reef bioerosion
Published: 2012
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Keywords: Animalia; Benthic animals; Benthos; Biomass/Abundance/Elemental composition; Calcification/Dissolution; Cliona orientalis; Coast and continental shelf; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or < 1 m**2); Laboratory experiment; Porifera; Single species; South Pacific; Tropical

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Abstract:

In the recent discussion how biotic systems may react to ocean acidification caused by the rapid rise in carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) in the marine realm, substantial research is devoted to calcifiers such as stony corals. The antagonistic process-biologically induced carbonate dissolution via bioerosion- has largely been neglected. Unlike skeletal growth, we expect bioerosion by chemical means to be facilitated in a high-CO2 world. This study focuses on one of the most detrimental bioeroders, the sponge Cliona orientalis, which attacks and kills live corals on Australia's Great Barrier Reef. Experimental exposure to lowered and elevated levels of pCO2 confirms a significant enforcement of the sponges' bioerosion capacity with increasing pCO2 under more acidic conditions. Considering the substantial contribution of sponges to carbonate bioerosion, this finding implies that tropical reef ecosystems are facing the combined effects of weakened coral calcification and accelerated bioerosion, resulting in critical pressure on the dynamic balance between biogenic carbonate build-up and degradation.

Keyword(s):

Animalia; Benthic animals; Benthos; Biomass/Abundance/Elemental composition; Calcification/Dissolution; Cliona orientalis; Coast and continental shelf; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or < 1 m**2); Laboratory experiment; Porifera; Single species; South Pacific; Tropical

Further details:

Gattuso, Jean-Pierre; Epitalon, Jean-Marie; Lavigne, Héloïse (2015): seacarb: seawater carbonate chemistry with R. R package version 3.0.6. https://cran.r-project.org/package=seacarb

Project(s):

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)

Comment:

In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Lavigne and Gattuso, 2011) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). The date of carbonate chemistry calculation is 2014-04-04.

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Species	Species		Wisshak, Max
2	Figure	Fig		Wisshak, Max
3	Table	Tab		Wisshak, Max
4	Treatment	Treat		Wisshak, Max
5	Bioerosion rate	Bioerosion	kg/m²/a	Wisshak, Max
6	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Wisshak, Max
7	Temperature, water, standard deviation	Temp std dev	±	Wisshak, Max
8	Salinity	Sal		Wisshak, Max
9	Salinity, standard deviation	Sal std dev	±	Wisshak, Max
10	pH	pH		Wisshak, Max	Potentiometric	NBS Scale
11	pH, standard deviation	pH std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Potentiometric	NBS Scale
12	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Wisshak, Max	Coulometric titration
13	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation	DIC std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Coulometric titration
14	Alkalinity, total	AT	µmol/kg	Wisshak, Max	Potentiometric titration
15	Alkalinity, total, standard deviation	AT std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Potentiometric titration
16	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
17	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, respiration, standard deviation	pCO2 resp std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
18	pH	pH		Wisshak, Max	Calculated	total scale
19	pH, standard deviation	pH std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Calculated	total scale
20	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
21	Bicarbonate ion, standard deviation	[HCO3]- std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
22	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
23	Carbonate ion, standard deviation	[CO3]2- std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
24	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
25	Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation	Omega Arg std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
26	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
27	Calcite saturation state, standard deviation	Omega Cal std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
28	Nitrate	[NO3]-	µmol/l	Wisshak, Max	Spectrophotometric
29	Nitrate, standard deviation	NO3 std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Spectrophotometric
30	Nitrite	[NO2]-	µmol/l	Wisshak, Max	Spectrophotometric
31	Nitrite, standard deviation	[NO2]- std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Spectrophotometric
32	Ammonium	[NH4]+	µmol/l	Wisshak, Max	Fluorometric
33	Ammonium, standard deviation	[NH4]+ std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Fluorometric
34	Phosphate	[PO4]3-	µmol/l	Wisshak, Max	Spectrophotometric
35	Phosphate, standard deviation	[PO4]3- std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Spectrophotometric
36	Silicate	Si(OH)4	µmol/l	Wisshak, Max	Spectrophotometric
37	Silicate, standard deviation	Si(OH)4 std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Spectrophotometric
38	Luminous intensity	I v	cd	Wisshak, Max
39	Luminous intensity, standard deviation	I v std dev	±	Wisshak, Max
40	Time point, descriptive	Time point		Wisshak, Max
41	Maximum photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II	Fv/Fm		Wisshak, Max
42	Maximum photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II, standard deviation	Fv/Fm std dev	±	Wisshak, Max
43	Fluorescence, minimum	Fo		Wisshak, Max
44	Fluorescence, minimum, standard deviation	Fo std dev	±	Wisshak, Max
45	Penetration depth	Penetr depth	m	Wisshak, Max
46	Penetration depth, standard deviation	Penetr depth std dev	±	Wisshak, Max
47	Mass	Mass	g	Wisshak, Max		sponge biomass
48	Mass, standard deviation	Mass std dev	±	Wisshak, Max		sponge biomass
49	Mass change	Mass chn	g	Wisshak, Max		per replicate
50	Mass change, standard deviation	Mass chn std dev	±	Wisshak, Max		per replicate
51	Mass change	Mass chn	g	Wisshak, Max		per control
52	Mass change, standard deviation	Mass chn std dev	±	Wisshak, Max		per control
53	Carbonate system computation flag	CSC flag		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
54	pH	pH		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	total scale
55	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
56	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
57	Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	fCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
58	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
59	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
60	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
61	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)

Status:

Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)

Size:

2160 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Species	2 Fig	3 Tab	4 Treat	5 Bioerosion [kg/m²/a]	6 Temp [°C]	7 Temp std dev [±]	8 Sal	9 Sal std dev [±]	10 pH (NBS Scale, Potentiometric)	11 pH std dev [±] (NBS Scale, Potentiometric)	12 DIC [µmol/kg] (Coulometric titration)	13 DIC std dev [±] (Coulometric titration)	14 AT [µmol/kg] (Potentiometric titration)	15 AT std dev [±] (Potentiometric titration)	16 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	17 pCO2 resp std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	18 pH (total scale, Calculated)	19 pH std dev [±] (total scale, Calculated)	20 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	21 [HCO3]- std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	22 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	23 [CO3]2- std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	24 Omega Arg (Calculated using CO2SYS)	25 Omega Arg std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	26 Omega Cal (Calculated using CO2SYS)	27 Omega Cal std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	28 [NO3]- [µmol/l] (Spectrophotometric)	29 NO3 std dev [±] (Spectrophotometric)	30 [NO2]- [µmol/l] (Spectrophotometric)	31 [NO2]- std dev [±] (Spectrophotometric)	32 [NH4]+ [µmol/l] (Fluorometric)	33 [NH4]+ std dev [±] (Fluorometric)	34 [PO4]3- [µmol/l] (Spectrophotometric)	35 [PO4]3- std dev [±] (Spectrophotometric)	36 Si(OH)4 [µmol/l] (Spectrophotometric)	37 Si(OH)4 std dev [±] (Spectrophotometric)	38 I v [cd]	39 I v std dev [±]	40 Time point	41 Fv/Fm	42 Fv/Fm std dev [±]	43 Fo	44 Fo std dev [±]	45 Penetr depth [m]	46 Penetr depth std dev [±]	47 Mass [g] (sponge biomass)	48 Mass std dev [±] (sponge biomass)	49 Mass chn [g] (per replicate)	50 Mass chn std dev [±] (per replicate)	51 Mass chn [g] (per control)	52 Mass chn std dev [±] (per control)	53 CSC flag (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	54 pH (total scale, Calculated using...)	55 CO2 [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	56 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	57 fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	58 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	59 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	60 Omega Arg (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	61 Omega Cal (Calculated using seacarb afte...)
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	below present pCO2	1.91	25.27	0.51	33.15	0.23	8.24	0.02	1911.7	11.3	2226.1	16.6	338.6	37.4	8.10	0.04	1679.6	26.3	222.6	16.9	3.59	0.27	5.45	0.40	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.01	0.14	0.23	0.08	0.02	4.80	0.41	7359.4	343.5														15	8.10	9	333	332	1680	222	3.57	5.43
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	below present pCO2	1.60	25.27	0.51	33.15	0.23	8.24	0.02	1911.7	11.3	2226.1	16.6	338.6	37.4	8.10	0.04	1679.6	26.3	222.6	16.9	3.59	0.27	5.45	0.40	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.01	0.14	0.23	0.08	0.02	4.80	0.41	7359.4	343.5														15	8.10	9	333	332	1680	222	3.57	5.43
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	below present pCO2	2.42	25.27	0.51	33.15	0.23	8.24	0.02	1911.7	11.3	2226.1	16.6	338.6	37.4	8.10	0.04	1679.6	26.3	222.6	16.9	3.59	0.27	5.45	0.40	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.01	0.14	0.23	0.08	0.02	4.80	0.41	7359.4	343.5														15	8.10	9	333	332	1680	222	3.57	5.43
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	below present pCO2	2.60	25.27	0.51	33.15	0.23	8.24	0.02	1911.7	11.3	2226.1	16.6	338.6	37.4	8.10	0.04	1679.6	26.3	222.6	16.9	3.59	0.27	5.45	0.40	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.01	0.14	0.23	0.08	0.02	4.80	0.41	7359.4	343.5														15	8.10	9	333	332	1680	222	3.57	5.43
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	below present pCO2	1.85	25.27	0.51	33.15	0.23	8.24	0.02	1911.7	11.3	2226.1	16.6	338.6	37.4	8.10	0.04	1679.6	26.3	222.6	16.9	3.59	0.27	5.45	0.40	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.01	0.14	0.23	0.08	0.02	4.80	0.41	7359.4	343.5														15	8.10	9	333	332	1680	222	3.57	5.43
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	below present pCO2	2.40	25.27	0.51	33.15	0.23	8.24	0.02	1911.7	11.3	2226.1	16.6	338.6	37.4	8.10	0.04	1679.6	26.3	222.6	16.9	3.59	0.27	5.45	0.40	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.01	0.14	0.23	0.08	0.02	4.80	0.41	7359.4	343.5														15	8.10	9	333	332	1680	222	3.57	5.43
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	below present pCO2	2.04	25.27	0.51	33.15	0.23	8.24	0.02	1911.7	11.3	2226.1	16.6	338.6	37.4	8.10	0.04	1679.6	26.3	222.6	16.9	3.59	0.27	5.45	0.40	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.01	0.14	0.23	0.08	0.02	4.80	0.41	7359.4	343.5														15	8.10	9	333	332	1680	222	3.57	5.43
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	below present pCO2	2.94	25.27	0.51	33.15	0.23	8.24	0.02	1911.7	11.3	2226.1	16.6	338.6	37.4	8.10	0.04	1679.6	26.3	222.6	16.9	3.59	0.27	5.45	0.40	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.01	0.14	0.23	0.08	0.02	4.80	0.41	7359.4	343.5														15	8.10	9	333	332	1680	222	3.57	5.43
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	present day pCO2	2.46	25.27	0.51	33.14	0.24	8.17	0.03	1945.4	19.7	2231.0	13.8	393.2	55.6	8.05	0.05	1730.2	35.7	204.2	18.5	3.29	0.29	5.00	0.45	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.01	0.10	0.15	0.08	0.02	4.85	0.49	7078.0	752.8														15	8.05	11	385	384	1731	204	3.27	4.98
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	present day pCO2	2.47	25.27	0.51	33.14	0.24	8.17	0.03	1945.4	19.7	2231.0	13.8	393.2	55.6	8.05	0.05	1730.2	35.7	204.2	18.5	3.29	0.29	5.00	0.45	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.01	0.10	0.15	0.08	0.02	4.85	0.49	7078.0	752.8														15	8.05	11	385	384	1731	204	3.27	4.98
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	present day pCO2	2.17	25.27	0.51	33.14	0.24	8.17	0.03	1945.4	19.7	2231.0	13.8	393.2	55.6	8.05	0.05	1730.2	35.7	204.2	18.5	3.29	0.29	5.00	0.45	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.01	0.10	0.15	0.08	0.02	4.85	0.49	7078.0	752.8														15	8.05	11	385	384	1731	204	3.27	4.98
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	present day pCO2	2.12	25.27	0.51	33.14	0.24	8.17	0.03	1945.4	19.7	2231.0	13.8	393.2	55.6	8.05	0.05	1730.2	35.7	204.2	18.5	3.29	0.29	5.00	0.45	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.01	0.10	0.15	0.08	0.02	4.85	0.49	7078.0	752.8														15	8.05	11	385	384	1731	204	3.27	4.98
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	present day pCO2	2.14	25.27	0.51	33.14	0.24	8.17	0.03	1945.4	19.7	2231.0	13.8	393.2	55.6	8.05	0.05	1730.2	35.7	204.2	18.5	3.29	0.29	5.00	0.45	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.01	0.10	0.15	0.08	0.02	4.85	0.49	7078.0	752.8														15	8.05	11	385	384	1731	204	3.27	4.98
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	present day pCO2	2.09	25.27	0.51	33.14	0.24	8.17	0.03	1945.4	19.7	2231.0	13.8	393.2	55.6	8.05	0.05	1730.2	35.7	204.2	18.5	3.29	0.29	5.00	0.45	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.01	0.10	0.15	0.08	0.02	4.85	0.49	7078.0	752.8														15	8.05	11	385	384	1731	204	3.27	4.98
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	present day pCO2	2.21	25.27	0.51	33.14	0.24	8.17	0.03	1945.4	19.7	2231.0	13.8	393.2	55.6	8.05	0.05	1730.2	35.7	204.2	18.5	3.29	0.29	5.00	0.45	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.01	0.10	0.15	0.08	0.02	4.85	0.49	7078.0	752.8														15	8.05	11	385	384	1731	204	3.27	4.98
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	present day pCO2	2.16	25.27	0.51	33.14	0.24	8.17	0.03	1945.4	19.7	2231.0	13.8	393.2	55.6	8.05	0.05	1730.2	35.7	204.2	18.5	3.29	0.29	5.00	0.45	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.01	0.10	0.15	0.08	0.02	4.85	0.49	7078.0	752.8														15	8.05	11	385	384	1731	204	3.27	4.98
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	elevated pCO2	2.49	25.27	0.51	33.14	0.24	8.02	0.04	2011.6	27.7	2225.7	17.6	570.9	82.4	7.91	0.05	1836.8	39.2	158.7	16.1	2.56	0.26	3.89	0.40	0.02	0.01	0.04	0.02	0.04	0.04	0.07	0.03	4.69	0.60	6782.1	415.7														15	7.92	16	559	557	1838	158	2.54	3.87
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	elevated pCO2	2.46	25.27	0.51	33.14	0.24	8.02	0.04	2011.6	27.7	2225.7	17.6	570.9	82.4	7.91	0.05	1836.8	39.2	158.7	16.1	2.56	0.26	3.89	0.40	0.02	0.01	0.04	0.02	0.04	0.04	0.07	0.03	4.69	0.60	6782.1	415.7														15	7.92	16	559	557	1838	158	2.54	3.87
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	elevated pCO2	2.37	25.27	0.51	33.14	0.24	8.02	0.04	2011.6	27.7	2225.7	17.6	570.9	82.4	7.91	0.05	1836.8	39.2	158.7	16.1	2.56	0.26	3.89	0.40	0.02	0.01	0.04	0.02	0.04	0.04	0.07	0.03	4.69	0.60	6782.1	415.7														15	7.92	16	559	557	1838	158	2.54	3.87
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	elevated pCO2	2.45	25.27	0.51	33.14	0.24	8.02	0.04	2011.6	27.7	2225.7	17.6	570.9	82.4	7.91	0.05	1836.8	39.2	158.7	16.1	2.56	0.26	3.89	0.40	0.02	0.01	0.04	0.02	0.04	0.04	0.07	0.03	4.69	0.60	6782.1	415.7														15	7.92	16	559	557	1838	158	2.54	3.87
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	elevated pCO2	2.92	25.27	0.51	33.14	0.24	8.02	0.04	2011.6	27.7	2225.7	17.6	570.9	82.4	7.91	0.05	1836.8	39.2	158.7	16.1	2.56	0.26	3.89	0.40	0.02	0.01	0.04	0.02	0.04	0.04	0.07	0.03	4.69	0.60	6782.1	415.7														15	7.92	16	559	557	1838	158	2.54	3.87
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	elevated pCO2	3.06	25.27	0.51	33.14	0.24	8.02	0.04	2011.6	27.7	2225.7	17.6	570.9	82.4	7.91	0.05	1836.8	39.2	158.7	16.1	2.56	0.26	3.89	0.40	0.02	0.01	0.04	0.02	0.04	0.04	0.07	0.03	4.69	0.60	6782.1	415.7														15	7.92	16	559	557	1838	158	2.54	3.87
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	elevated pCO2	2.53	25.27	0.51	33.14	0.24	8.02	0.04	2011.6	27.7	2225.7	17.6	570.9	82.4	7.91	0.05	1836.8	39.2	158.7	16.1	2.56	0.26	3.89	0.40	0.02	0.01	0.04	0.02	0.04	0.04	0.07	0.03	4.69	0.60	6782.1	415.7														15	7.92	16	559	557	1838	158	2.54	3.87
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	elevated pCO2	2.56	25.27	0.51	33.14	0.24	8.02	0.04	2011.6	27.7	2225.7	17.6	570.9	82.4	7.91	0.05	1836.8	39.2	158.7	16.1	2.56	0.26	3.89	0.40	0.02	0.01	0.04	0.02	0.04	0.04	0.07	0.03	4.69	0.60	6782.1	415.7														15	7.92	16	559	557	1838	158	2.54	3.87
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	strongly elevated pCO2	3.00	25.27	0.51	33.15	0.23	7.63	0.08	2153.3	55.7	2232.3	14.5	1409.5	369.6	7.57	0.12	2031.4	67.4	82.2	22.3	1.32	0.36	2.01	0.55	0.03	0.05	0.03	0.00	0.05	0.03	0.07	0.02	4.89	0.44	6898.5	422.6														15	7.58	38	1342	1338	2034	81	1.30	1.97
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	strongly elevated pCO2	3.40	25.27	0.51	33.15	0.23	7.63	0.08	2153.3	55.7	2232.3	14.5	1409.5	369.6	7.57	0.12	2031.4	67.4	82.2	22.3	1.32	0.36	2.01	0.55	0.03	0.05	0.03	0.00	0.05	0.03	0.07	0.02	4.89	0.44	6898.5	422.6														15	7.58	38	1342	1338	2034	81	1.30	1.97
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	strongly elevated pCO2	4.05	25.27	0.51	33.15	0.23	7.63	0.08	2153.3	55.7	2232.3	14.5	1409.5	369.6	7.57	0.12	2031.4	67.4	82.2	22.3	1.32	0.36	2.01	0.55	0.03	0.05	0.03	0.00	0.05	0.03	0.07	0.02	4.89	0.44	6898.5	422.6														15	7.58	38	1342	1338	2034	81	1.30	1.97
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	strongly elevated pCO2	3.60	25.27	0.51	33.15	0.23	7.63	0.08	2153.3	55.7	2232.3	14.5	1409.5	369.6	7.57	0.12	2031.4	67.4	82.2	22.3	1.32	0.36	2.01	0.55	0.03	0.05	0.03	0.00	0.05	0.03	0.07	0.02	4.89	0.44	6898.5	422.6														15	7.58	38	1342	1338	2034	81	1.30	1.97
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	strongly elevated pCO2	3.19	25.27	0.51	33.15	0.23	7.63	0.08	2153.3	55.7	2232.3	14.5	1409.5	369.6	7.57	0.12	2031.4	67.4	82.2	22.3	1.32	0.36	2.01	0.55	0.03	0.05	0.03	0.00	0.05	0.03	0.07	0.02	4.89	0.44	6898.5	422.6														15	7.58	38	1342	1338	2034	81	1.30	1.97
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	strongly elevated pCO2	3.90	25.27	0.51	33.15	0.23	7.63	0.08	2153.3	55.7	2232.3	14.5	1409.5	369.6	7.57	0.12	2031.4	67.4	82.2	22.3	1.32	0.36	2.01	0.55	0.03	0.05	0.03	0.00	0.05	0.03	0.07	0.02	4.89	0.44	6898.5	422.6														15	7.58	38	1342	1338	2034	81	1.30	1.97
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	strongly elevated pCO2	3.47	25.27	0.51	33.15	0.23	7.63	0.08	2153.3	55.7	2232.3	14.5	1409.5	369.6	7.57	0.12	2031.4	67.4	82.2	22.3	1.32	0.36	2.01	0.55	0.03	0.05	0.03	0.00	0.05	0.03	0.07	0.02	4.89	0.44	6898.5	422.6														15	7.58	38	1342	1338	2034	81	1.30	1.97
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	strongly elevated pCO2	4.11	25.27	0.51	33.15	0.23	7.63	0.08	2153.3	55.7	2232.3	14.5	1409.5	369.6	7.57	0.12	2031.4	67.4	82.2	22.3	1.32	0.36	2.01	0.55	0.03	0.05	0.03	0.00	0.05	0.03	0.07	0.02	4.89	0.44	6898.5	422.6														15	7.58	38	1342	1338	2034	81	1.30	1.97
Zooxanthellae (dinoflagellates)		1	below present pCO2		25.27	0.51	33.15	0.23	8.24	0.02	1911.7	11.3	2226.1	16.6	338.6	37.4	8.10	0.04	1679.6	26.3	222.6	16.9	3.59	0.27	5.45	0.40	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.01	0.14	0.23	0.08	0.02	4.80	0.41	7359.4	343.5	before treatment	0.68	0.01	0.22	0.01									15	8.10	9	333	332	1680	222	3.57	5.43
Zooxanthellae (dinoflagellates)		1	present day pCO2		25.27	0.51	33.14	0.24	8.17	0.03	1945.4	19.7	2231.0	13.8	393.2	55.6	8.05	0.05	1730.2	35.7	204.2	18.5	3.29	0.29	5.00	0.45	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.01	0.10	0.15	0.08	0.02	4.85	0.49	7078.0	752.8	before treatment	0.68	0.01	0.22	0.01									15	8.05	11	385	384	1731	204	3.27	4.98
Zooxanthellae (dinoflagellates)		1	elevated pCO2		25.27	0.51	33.14	0.24	8.02	0.04	2011.6	27.7	2225.7	17.6	570.9	82.4	7.91	0.05	1836.8	39.2	158.7	16.1	2.56	0.26	3.89	0.40	0.02	0.01	0.04	0.02	0.04	0.04	0.07	0.03	4.69	0.60	6782.1	415.7	before treatment	0.68	0.00	0.22	0.01									15	7.92	16	559	557	1838	158	2.54	3.87
Zooxanthellae (dinoflagellates)		1	strongly elevated pCO2		25.27	0.51	33.15	0.23	7.63	0.08	2153.3	55.7	2232.3	14.5	1409.5	369.6	7.57	0.12	2031.4	67.4	82.2	22.3	1.32	0.36	2.01	0.55	0.03	0.05	0.03	0.00	0.05	0.03	0.07	0.02	4.89	0.44	6898.5	422.6	before treatment	0.68	0.00	0.22	0.01									15	7.58	38	1342	1338	2034	81	1.30	1.97
Zooxanthellae (dinoflagellates)		1	below present pCO2		25.27	0.51	33.15	0.23	8.24	0.02	1911.7	11.3	2226.1	16.6	338.6	37.4	8.10	0.04	1679.6	26.3	222.6	16.9	3.59	0.27	5.45	0.40	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.01	0.14	0.23	0.08	0.02	4.80	0.41	7359.4	343.5	after treatment	0.60	0.01	0.13	0.02									15	8.10	9	333	332	1680	222	3.57	5.43
Zooxanthellae (dinoflagellates)		1	present day pCO2		25.27	0.51	33.14	0.24	8.17	0.03	1945.4	19.7	2231.0	13.8	393.2	55.6	8.05	0.05	1730.2	35.7	204.2	18.5	3.29	0.29	5.00	0.45	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.01	0.10	0.15	0.08	0.02	4.85	0.49	7078.0	752.8	after treatment	0.59	0.01	0.14	0.01									15	8.05	11	385	384	1731	204	3.27	4.98
Zooxanthellae (dinoflagellates)		1	elevated pCO2		25.27	0.51	33.14	0.24	8.02	0.04	2011.6	27.7	2225.7	17.6	570.9	82.4	7.91	0.05	1836.8	39.2	158.7	16.1	2.56	0.26	3.89	0.40	0.02	0.01	0.04	0.02	0.04	0.04	0.07	0.03	4.69	0.60	6782.1	415.7	after treatment	0.61	0.01	0.13	0.01									15	7.92	16	559	557	1838	158	2.54	3.87
Zooxanthellae (dinoflagellates)		1	strongly elevated pCO2		25.27	0.51	33.15	0.23	7.63	0.08	2153.3	55.7	2232.3	14.5	1409.5	369.6	7.57	0.12	2031.4	67.4	82.2	22.3	1.32	0.36	2.01	0.55	0.03	0.05	0.03	0.00	0.05	0.03	0.07	0.02	4.89	0.44	6898.5	422.6	after treatment	0.61	0.01	0.14	0.01									15	7.58	38	1342	1338	2034	81	1.30	1.97
Cliona orientalis (sponge)		1	below present pCO2		25.27	0.51	33.15	0.23	8.24	0.02	1911.7	11.3	2226.1	16.6	338.6	37.4	8.10	0.04	1679.6	26.3	222.6	16.9	3.59	0.27	5.45	0.40	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.01	0.14	0.23	0.08	0.02	4.80	0.41	7359.4	343.5						0.0125	0.0013	1.49	0.16	-0.32	0.07	0.080	0.020	15	8.10	9	333	332	1680	222	3.57	5.43
Cliona orientalis (sponge)		1	present day pCO2		25.27	0.51	33.14	0.24	8.17	0.03	1945.4	19.7	2231.0	13.8	393.2	55.6	8.05	0.05	1730.2	35.7	204.2	18.5	3.29	0.29	5.00	0.45	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.01	0.10	0.15	0.08	0.02	4.85	0.49	7078.0	752.8						0.0130	0.0020	1.50	0.07	-0.32	0.02	0.050	0.000	15	8.05	11	385	384	1731	204	3.27	4.98
Cliona orientalis (sponge)		1	elevated pCO2		25.27	0.51	33.14	0.24	8.02	0.04	2011.6	27.7	2225.7	17.6	570.9	82.4	7.91	0.05	1836.8	39.2	158.7	16.1	2.56	0.26	3.89	0.40	0.02	0.01	0.04	0.02	0.04	0.04	0.07	0.03	4.69	0.60	6782.1	415.7						0.0137	0.0012	1.54	0.08	-0.38	0.04	0.050	0.020	15	7.92	16	559	557	1838	158	2.54	3.87
Cliona orientalis (sponge)		1	strongly elevated pCO2		25.27	0.51	33.15	0.23	7.63	0.08	2153.3	55.7	2232.3	14.5	1409.5	369.6	7.57	0.12	2031.4	67.4	82.2	22.3	1.32	0.36	2.01	0.55	0.03	0.05	0.03	0.00	0.05	0.03	0.07	0.02	4.89	0.44	6898.5	422.6						0.0134	0.0009	1.48	0.06	-0.52	0.06	0.040	0.010	15	7.58	38	1342	1338	2034	81	1.30	1.97