Citation:

ab00527

Name: Effects of ocean acidification and global warming on reef bioerosion-lessons from a clionaid sponge
Published: 2013
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Keywords: Animalia; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (<20 L); Calcification/Dissolution; Cliona orientalis; Coast and continental shelf; Laboratory experiment; Porifera; Single species; South Pacific; Temperature; Tropical

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Abstract:

Coral reefs are under threat, exerted by a number of interacting effects inherent to the present climate change, including ocean acidification and global warming. Bioerosion drives reef degradation by recycling carbonate skeletal material and is an important but understudied factor in this context. Twelve different combinations of pCO2 and temperature were applied to elucidate the consequences of ocean acidification and global warming on the physiological response and bioerosion rates of the zooxanthellate sponge Cliona orientalis-one of the most abundant and effective bioeroders on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Our results confirm a significant amplification of the sponges' bioerosion capacity with increasing pCO2, which is expressed by more carbonate being chemically dissolved by etching. The health of the sponges and their photosymbionts was not affected by changes in pCO2, in contrast to temperature, which had significant negative impacts at higher levels. However, we could not conclusively explain the relationship between temperature and bioerosion rates, which were slightly reduced at both colder as well as warmer temperatures than ambient. The present findings on the effects of ocean acidification on chemical bioerosion, however, will have significant implications for predicting future reef carbonate budgets, as sponges often contribute the lion's share of internal bioerosion on coral reefs.

Keyword(s):

Animalia; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (<20 L); Calcification/Dissolution; Cliona orientalis; Coast and continental shelf; Laboratory experiment; Porifera; Single species; South Pacific; Temperature; Tropical

Further details:

Lavigne, Héloïse; Gattuso, Jean-Pierre (2011): seacarb: seawater carbonate chemistry with R. R package version 2.4. https://cran.r-project.org/package=seacarb

Project(s):

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)

Comment:

In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Lavigne and Gattuso, 2011) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). The date of carbonate chemistry calculation by seacarb is 2014-04-04.

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Species	Species		Wisshak, Max
2	Figure	Fig		Wisshak, Max
3	Table	Tab		Wisshak, Max
4	Treatment	Treat		Wisshak, Max
5	Time point, descriptive	Time point		Wisshak, Max
6	Score	Score		Wisshak, Max		health
7	Score, standard deviation	Score std dev	±	Wisshak, Max		health
8	Maximum photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II	Fv/Fm		Wisshak, Max
9	Maximum photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II, standard deviation	Fv/Fm std dev	±	Wisshak, Max
10	Fluorescence, minimum	Fo		Wisshak, Max
11	Fluorescence, minimum, standard deviation	Fo std dev	±	Wisshak, Max
12	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
13	pH	pH		Wisshak, Max	Potentiometric	total scale
14	Bioerosion rate	Bioerosion	kg/m²/a	Wisshak, Max		chemical
15	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Wisshak, Max
16	Temperature, water, standard deviation	Temp std dev	±	Wisshak, Max
17	Salinity	Sal		Wisshak, Max
18	Salinity, standard deviation	Sal std dev	±	Wisshak, Max
19	pH	pH		Wisshak, Max	Potentiometric	mean, total scale
20	pH, standard deviation	pH std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Potentiometric	total scale
21	Alkalinity, total	AT	µmol/kg	Wisshak, Max	Potentiometric titration
22	Alkalinity, total, standard deviation	AT std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Potentiometric titration
23	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
24	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation	DIC std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
25	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS	mean
26	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, respiration, standard deviation	pCO2 resp std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS	mean
27	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
28	Bicarbonate ion, standard deviation	[HCO3]- std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
29	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
30	Carbonate ion, standard deviation	[CO3]2- std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
31	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
32	Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation	Omega Arg std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
33	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
34	Calcite saturation state, standard deviation	Omega Cal std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
35	Carbonate system computation flag	CSC flag		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
36	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
37	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
38	Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	fCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
39	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
40	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
41	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
42	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
43	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)

Status:

Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)

Size:

2508 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Species	2 Fig	3 Tab	4 Treat	5 Time point	6 Score (health)	7 Score std dev [±] (health)	8 Fv/Fm	9 Fv/Fm std dev [±]	10 Fo	11 Fo std dev [±]	12 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	13 pH (total scale, Potentiometric)	14 Bioerosion [kg/m²/a] (chemical)	15 Temp [°C]	16 Temp std dev [±]	17 Sal	18 Sal std dev [±]	19 pH (mean, total scale, Potentiome...)	20 pH std dev [±] (total scale, Potentiometric)	21 AT [µmol/kg] (Potentiometric titration)	22 AT std dev [±] (Potentiometric titration)	23 DIC [µmol/kg] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	24 DIC std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	25 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (mean, Calculated using CO2SYS)	26 pCO2 resp std dev [±] (mean, Calculated using CO2SYS)	27 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	28 [HCO3]- std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	29 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	30 [CO3]2- std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	31 Omega Arg (Calculated using CO2SYS)	32 Omega Arg std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	33 Omega Cal (Calculated using CO2SYS)	34 Omega Cal std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	35 CSC flag (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	36 CO2 [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	37 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	38 fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	39 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	40 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	41 DIC [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	42 Omega Arg (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	43 Omega Cal (Calculated using seacarb afte...)
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	4	1	present-day pCO2 / colder than ambient T	after acclimatisation period	7.344	0.717	0.659	0.005	0.111	0.003				21.8	0.2	34.2	0.0	8.00	0.01	2305.3	12.6	2061.2	16.8	455.0	19.6	1869.4	19.1	177.7	3.8	2.80	0.06	4.29	1.14	8	14	457	456	1872	177	2063	2.78	4.26
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	4	1	present-day pCO2 / ambient T	after acclimatisation period	6.750	0.177	0.651	0.005	0.099	0.006				23.9	0.2	34.3	0.1	8.04	0.00	2317.9	8.2	2031.8	6.3	418.2	2.6	1814.0	5.0	205.7	1.8	3.27	0.03	4.98	0.04	8	12	410	409	1819	204	2034	3.23	4.92
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	4	1	present-day pCO2 / warmer than ambient T	after acclimatisation period	7.250	0.468	0.636	0.004	0.113	0.005				27.8	0.3	34.3	0.0	8.03	0.02	2283.2	10.0	1973.4	21.8	418.9	28.8	1741.4	28.8	221.0	8.0	3.58	0.13	5.39	0.19	8	11	412	410	1743	220	1975	3.56	5.36
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	4	1	present-day pCO2 / stress T	after acclimatisation period	7.156	0.188	0.636	0.004	0.122	0.001				30.9	0.1	34.8	0.0	8.07	0.01	2350.2	16.9	1974.6	24.1	380.0	21.4	1699.2	27.6	266.0	4.1	4.36	0.07	6.50	0.10	8	9	372	371	1700	266	1975	4.36	6.49
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	4	1	moderately elevated pCO2 / colder than ambient T	after acclimatisation period	7.375	0.433	0.659	0.008	0.111	0.005				22.1	0.2	34.3	0.0	7.80	0.01	2384.9	10.2	2227.8	13.3	804.6	27.3	2076.3	14.3	126.8	2.3	2.00	0.04	3.06	0.06	8	25	807	804	2079	125	2229	1.97	3.02
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	4	1	moderately elevated pCO2 / ambient T	after acclimatisation period	6.969	0.373	0.654	0.003	0.104	0.003				24.5	0.2	34.3	0.0	7.84	0.01	2414.1	9.8	2221.5	12.9	742.2	21.7	2050.5	14.3	150.0	2.5	2.39	0.04	3.63	0.06	8	21	737	735	2054	148	2223	2.36	3.59
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	4	1	moderately elevated pCO2 / warmer than ambient T	after acclimatisation period	7.375	0.530	0.640	0.003	0.116	0.005				27.9	0.3	34.3	0.0	7.81	0.02	2359.0	20.7	2157.2	26.5	773.8	42.9	1981.8	29.0	155.2	4.6	2.52	0.08	3.78	0.11	8	21	780	778	1990	152	2162	2.46	3.70
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	4	1	moderately elevated pCO2 / stress T	after acclimatisation period	7.188	0.389	0.625	0.002	0.125	0.002				30.8	0.1	34.9	0.0	7.92	0.01	2403.7	13.4	2120.4	8.9	598.6	8.8	1897.3	6.6	208.3	3.8	3.41	0.06	5.08	0.09	8	14	585	583	1894	210	2119	3.43	5.11
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	4	1	strongly elevated pCO2 / colder than ambient T	after acclimatisation period	7.375	0.339	0.660	0.003	0.109	0.005				22.1	0.2	34.3	0.0	7.52	0.01	2607.3	33.7	2553.2	35.0	1782.2	49.1	2420.5	33.7	78.1	1.5	1.23	0.02	1.88	0.04	8	55	1791	1785	2423	77	2555	1.21	1.85
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	4	1	strongly elevated pCO2 / ambient T	after acclimatisation period	6.969	0.329	0.655	0.011	0.102	0.004				24.5	0.2	34.3	0.0	7.57	0.01	2614.0	25.3	2526.3	26.2	1594.7	53.5	2384.7	25.7	96.3	3.1	1.54	0.05	2.33	0.08	8	46	1599	1593	2392	93	2531	1.48	2.25
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	4	1	strongly elevated pCO2 / warmer than ambient T	after acclimatisation period	6.969	0.359	0.637	0.003	0.118	0.008				27.9	0.3	34.3	0.0	7.55	0.02	2583.5	20.2	2487.5	14.0	1676.8	67.1	2342.9	11.6	100.9	4.6	1.64	0.08	2.46	0.11	8	44	1676	1670	2348	99	2491	1.59	2.40
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	4	1	strongly elevated pCO2 / stress T	after acclimatisation period	7.125	0.270	0.636	0.011	0.123	0.003				30.8	0.1	34.9	0.0	7.56	0.01	2705.9	86.7	2581.5	86.5	1710.8	65.2	2417.4	82.5	122.1	2.4	2.00	0.04	2.98	0.06	8	42	1716	1711	2428	117	2587	1.92	2.86
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	4	1	present-day pCO2 / colder than ambient T	after experiment	7.375	0.479	0.661	0.006	0.097	0.004				21.8	0.2	34.2	0.0	8.00	0.01	2305.3	12.6	2061.2	16.8	455.0	19.6	1869.4	19.1	177.7	3.8	2.80	0.06	4.29	1.14	8	14	457	456	1872	177	2063	2.78	4.26
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	4	1	present-day pCO2 / ambient T	after experiment	6.031	0.534	0.654	0.004	0.074	0.008				23.9	0.2	34.3	0.1	8.04	0.00	2317.9	8.2	2031.8	6.3	418.2	2.6	1814.0	5.0	205.7	1.8	3.27	0.03	4.98	0.04	8	12	410	409	1819	204	2034	3.23	4.92
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	4	1	present-day pCO2 / warmer than ambient T	after experiment	5.344	0.493	0.625	0.005	0.081	0.002				27.8	0.3	34.3	0.0	8.03	0.02	2283.2	10.0	1973.4	21.8	418.9	28.8	1741.4	28.8	221.0	8.0	3.58	0.13	5.39	0.19	8	11	412	410	1743	220	1975	3.56	5.36
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	4	1	present-day pCO2 / stress T	after experiment	2.219	2.276	0.557	0.010	0.066	0.001				30.9	0.1	34.8	0.0	8.07	0.01	2350.2	16.9	1974.6	24.1	380.0	21.4	1699.2	27.6	266.0	4.1	4.36	0.07	6.50	0.10	8	9	372	371	1700	266	1975	4.36	6.49
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	4	1	moderately elevated pCO2 / colder than ambient T	after experiment	6.938	0.462	0.659	0.006	0.090	0.003				22.1	0.2	34.3	0.0	7.80	0.01	2384.9	10.2	2227.8	13.3	804.6	27.3	2076.3	14.3	126.8	2.3	2.00	0.04	3.06	0.06	8	25	807	804	2079	125	2229	1.97	3.02
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	4	1	moderately elevated pCO2 / ambient T	after experiment	5.844	0.514	0.646	0.005	0.069	0.006				24.5	0.2	34.3	0.0	7.84	0.01	2414.1	9.8	2221.5	12.9	742.2	21.7	2050.5	14.3	150.0	2.5	2.39	0.04	3.63	0.06	8	21	737	735	2054	148	2223	2.36	3.59
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	4	1	moderately elevated pCO2 / warmer than ambient T	after experiment	5.188	0.161	0.623	0.005	0.076	0.001				27.9	0.3	34.3	0.0	7.81	0.02	2359.0	20.7	2157.2	26.5	773.8	42.9	1981.8	29.0	155.2	4.6	2.52	0.08	3.78	0.11	8	21	780	778	1990	152	2162	2.46	3.70
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	4	1	moderately elevated pCO2 / stress T	after experiment	3.313	1.878	0.568	0.013	0.067	0.004				30.8	0.1	34.9	0.0	7.92	0.01	2403.7	13.4	2120.4	8.9	598.6	8.8	1897.3	6.6	208.3	3.8	3.41	0.06	5.08	0.09	8	14	585	583	1894	210	2119	3.43	5.11
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	4	1	strongly elevated pCO2 / colder than ambient T	after experiment	6.875	0.289	0.662	0.002	0.095	0.007				22.1	0.2	34.3	0.0	7.52	0.01	2607.3	33.7	2553.2	35.0	1782.2	49.1	2420.5	33.7	78.1	1.5	1.23	0.02	1.88	0.04	8	55	1791	1785	2423	77	2555	1.21	1.85
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	4	1	strongly elevated pCO2 / ambient T	after experiment	5.844	0.373	0.644	0.005	0.071	0.010				24.5	0.2	34.3	0.0	7.57	0.01	2614.0	25.3	2526.3	26.2	1594.7	53.5	2384.7	25.7	96.3	3.1	1.54	0.05	2.33	0.08	8	46	1599	1593	2392	93	2531	1.48	2.25
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	4	1	strongly elevated pCO2 / warmer than ambient T	after experiment	5.781	0.504	0.623	0.007	0.085	0.005				27.9	0.3	34.3	0.0	7.55	0.02	2583.5	20.2	2487.5	14.0	1676.8	67.1	2342.9	11.6	100.9	4.6	1.64	0.08	2.46	0.11	8	44	1676	1670	2348	99	2491	1.59	2.40
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	4	1	strongly elevated pCO2 / stress T	after experiment	3.469	1.152	0.560	0.026	0.068	0.008				30.8	0.1	34.9	0.0	7.56	0.01	2705.9	86.7	2581.5	86.5	1710.8	65.2	2417.4	82.5	122.1	2.4	2.00	0.04	2.98	0.06	8	42	1716	1711	2428	117	2587	1.92	2.86
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	present-day pCO2 / colder than ambient T								435.65	8.02	0.14	21.8	0.2	34.2	0.0	8.00	0.01	2305.3	12.6	2061.2	16.8	455.0	19.6	1869.4	19.1	177.7	3.8	2.80	0.06	4.29	1.14	8	14	457	456	1872	177	2063	2.78	4.26
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	present-day pCO2 / colder than ambient T								482.30	7.98	0.14	21.8	0.2	34.2	0.0	8.00	0.01	2305.3	12.6	2061.2	16.8	455.0	19.6	1869.4	19.1	177.7	3.8	2.80	0.06	4.29	1.14	8	14	457	456	1872	177	2063	2.78	4.26
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	present-day pCO2 / colder than ambient T								451.45	8.00	0.11	21.8	0.2	34.2	0.0	8.00	0.01	2305.3	12.6	2061.2	16.8	455.0	19.6	1869.4	19.1	177.7	3.8	2.80	0.06	4.29	1.14	8	14	457	456	1872	177	2063	2.78	4.26
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	present-day pCO2 / colder than ambient T								450.60	8.00	0.19	21.8	0.2	34.2	0.0	8.00	0.01	2305.3	12.6	2061.2	16.8	455.0	19.6	1869.4	19.1	177.7	3.8	2.80	0.06	4.29	1.14	8	14	457	456	1872	177	2063	2.78	4.26
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	moderately elevated pCO2 / colder than ambient T								815.85	7.80	0.36	22.1	0.2	34.3	0.0	7.80	0.01	2384.9	10.2	2227.8	13.3	804.6	27.3	2076.3	14.3	126.8	2.3	2.00	0.04	3.06	0.06	8	25	807	804	2079	125	2229	1.97	3.02
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	moderately elevated pCO2 / colder than ambient T								815.10	7.80	0.38	22.1	0.2	34.3	0.0	7.80	0.01	2384.9	10.2	2227.8	13.3	804.6	27.3	2076.3	14.3	126.8	2.3	2.00	0.04	3.06	0.06	8	25	807	804	2079	125	2229	1.97	3.02
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	moderately elevated pCO2 / colder than ambient T								823.40	7.80	0.43	22.1	0.2	34.3	0.0	7.80	0.01	2384.9	10.2	2227.8	13.3	804.6	27.3	2076.3	14.3	126.8	2.3	2.00	0.04	3.06	0.06	8	25	807	804	2079	125	2229	1.97	3.02
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	moderately elevated pCO2 / colder than ambient T								763.95	7.82	0.31	22.1	0.2	34.3	0.0	7.80	0.01	2384.9	10.2	2227.8	13.3	804.6	27.3	2076.3	14.3	126.8	2.3	2.00	0.04	3.06	0.06	8	25	807	804	2079	125	2229	1.97	3.02
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	strongly elevated pCO2 / colder than ambient T								1758.90	7.53	1.10	22.1	0.2	34.3	0.0	7.52	0.01	2607.3	33.7	2553.2	35.0	1782.2	49.1	2420.5	33.7	78.1	1.5	1.23	0.02	1.88	0.04	8	55	1791	1785	2423	77	2555	1.21	1.85
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	strongly elevated pCO2 / colder than ambient T								1797.00	7.51	1.02	22.1	0.2	34.3	0.0	7.52	0.01	2607.3	33.7	2553.2	35.0	1782.2	49.1	2420.5	33.7	78.1	1.5	1.23	0.02	1.88	0.04	8	55	1791	1785	2423	77	2555	1.21	1.85
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	strongly elevated pCO2 / colder than ambient T								1729.80	7.52	0.92	22.1	0.2	34.3	0.0	7.52	0.01	2607.3	33.7	2553.2	35.0	1782.2	49.1	2420.5	33.7	78.1	1.5	1.23	0.02	1.88	0.04	8	55	1791	1785	2423	77	2555	1.21	1.85
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5A	1	strongly elevated pCO2 / colder than ambient T								1843.25	7.51	1.13	22.1	0.2	34.3	0.0	7.52	0.01	2607.3	33.7	2553.2	35.0	1782.2	49.1	2420.5	33.7	78.1	1.5	1.23	0.02	1.88	0.04	8	55	1791	1785	2423	77	2555	1.21	1.85
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5B	1	present-day pCO2 / ambient T								420.55	8.03	0.23	23.9	0.2	34.3	0.1	8.04	0.00	2317.9	8.2	2031.8	6.3	418.2	2.6	1814.0	5.0	205.7	1.8	3.27	0.03	4.98	0.04	8	12	410	409	1819	204	2034	3.23	4.92
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5B	1	present-day pCO2 / ambient T								415.70	8.04	0.15	23.9	0.2	34.3	0.1	8.04	0.00	2317.9	8.2	2031.8	6.3	418.2	2.6	1814.0	5.0	205.7	1.8	3.27	0.03	4.98	0.04	8	12	410	409	1819	204	2034	3.23	4.92
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5B	1	present-day pCO2 / ambient T								420.15	8.04	0.22	23.9	0.2	34.3	0.1	8.04	0.00	2317.9	8.2	2031.8	6.3	418.2	2.6	1814.0	5.0	205.7	1.8	3.27	0.03	4.98	0.04	8	12	410	409	1819	204	2034	3.23	4.92
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5B	1	present-day pCO2 / ambient T								416.20	8.04	0.25	23.9	0.2	34.3	0.1	8.04	0.00	2317.9	8.2	2031.8	6.3	418.2	2.6	1814.0	5.0	205.7	1.8	3.27	0.03	4.98	0.04	8	12	410	409	1819	204	2034	3.23	4.92
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5B	1	moderately elevated pCO2 / ambient T								772.05	7.82	0.54	24.5	0.2	34.3	0.0	7.84	0.01	2414.1	9.8	2221.5	12.9	742.2	21.7	2050.5	14.3	150.0	2.5	2.39	0.04	3.63	0.06	8	21	737	735	2054	148	2223	2.36	3.59
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5B	1	moderately elevated pCO2 / ambient T								731.00	7.84	0.52	24.5	0.2	34.3	0.0	7.84	0.01	2414.1	9.8	2221.5	12.9	742.2	21.7	2050.5	14.3	150.0	2.5	2.39	0.04	3.63	0.06	8	21	737	735	2054	148	2223	2.36	3.59
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5B	1	moderately elevated pCO2 / ambient T								743.20	7.84	0.54	24.5	0.2	34.3	0.0	7.84	0.01	2414.1	9.8	2221.5	12.9	742.2	21.7	2050.5	14.3	150.0	2.5	2.39	0.04	3.63	0.06	8	21	737	735	2054	148	2223	2.36	3.59
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5B	1	moderately elevated pCO2 / ambient T								722.35	7.85	0.46	24.5	0.2	34.3	0.0	7.84	0.01	2414.1	9.8	2221.5	12.9	742.2	21.7	2050.5	14.3	150.0	2.5	2.39	0.04	3.63	0.06	8	21	737	735	2054	148	2223	2.36	3.59
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5B	1	strongly elevated pCO2 / ambient T								1555.55	7.58	1.09	24.5	0.2	34.3	0.0	7.57	0.01	2614.0	25.3	2526.3	26.2	1594.7	53.5	2384.7	25.7	96.3	3.1	1.54	0.05	2.33	0.08	8	46	1599	1593	2392	93	2531	1.48	2.25
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5B	1	strongly elevated pCO2 / ambient T								1544.40	7.58	1.03	24.5	0.2	34.3	0.0	7.57	0.01	2614.0	25.3	2526.3	26.2	1594.7	53.5	2384.7	25.7	96.3	3.1	1.54	0.05	2.33	0.08	8	46	1599	1593	2392	93	2531	1.48	2.25
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5B	1	strongly elevated pCO2 / ambient T								1655.70	7.55	1.08	24.5	0.2	34.3	0.0	7.57	0.01	2614.0	25.3	2526.3	26.2	1594.7	53.5	2384.7	25.7	96.3	3.1	1.54	0.05	2.33	0.08	8	46	1599	1593	2392	93	2531	1.48	2.25
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5B	1	strongly elevated pCO2 / ambient T								1623.20	7.57	1.13	24.5	0.2	34.3	0.0	7.57	0.01	2614.0	25.3	2526.3	26.2	1594.7	53.5	2384.7	25.7	96.3	3.1	1.54	0.05	2.33	0.08	8	46	1599	1593	2392	93	2531	1.48	2.25
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5C	1	present-day pCO2 / warmer than ambient T								418.05	8.03	0.12	27.8	0.3	34.3	0.0	8.03	0.02	2283.2	10.0	1973.4	21.8	418.9	28.8	1741.4	28.8	221.0	8.0	3.58	0.13	5.39	0.19	8	11	412	410	1743	220	1975	3.56	5.36
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5C	1	present-day pCO2 / warmer than ambient T								383.10	8.06	0.10	27.8	0.3	34.3	0.0	8.03	0.02	2283.2	10.0	1973.4	21.8	418.9	28.8	1741.4	28.8	221.0	8.0	3.58	0.13	5.39	0.19	8	11	412	410	1743	220	1975	3.56	5.36
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5C	1	present-day pCO2 / warmer than ambient T								420.85	8.03	0.09	27.8	0.3	34.3	0.0	8.03	0.02	2283.2	10.0	1973.4	21.8	418.9	28.8	1741.4	28.8	221.0	8.0	3.58	0.13	5.39	0.19	8	11	412	410	1743	220	1975	3.56	5.36
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5C	1	present-day pCO2 / warmer than ambient T								453.55	8.00	0.07	27.8	0.3	34.3	0.0	8.03	0.02	2283.2	10.0	1973.4	21.8	418.9	28.8	1741.4	28.8	221.0	8.0	3.58	0.13	5.39	0.19	8	11	412	410	1743	220	1975	3.56	5.36
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5C	1	moderately elevated pCO2 / warmer than ambient T								816.85	7.80	0.32	27.9	0.3	34.3	0.0	7.81	0.02	2359.0	20.7	2157.2	26.5	773.8	42.9	1981.8	29.0	155.2	4.6	2.52	0.08	3.78	0.11	8	21	780	778	1990	152	2162	2.46	3.70
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5C	1	moderately elevated pCO2 / warmer than ambient T								725.60	7.83	0.18	27.9	0.3	34.3	0.0	7.81	0.02	2359.0	20.7	2157.2	26.5	773.8	42.9	1981.8	29.0	155.2	4.6	2.52	0.08	3.78	0.11	8	21	780	778	1990	152	2162	2.46	3.70
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5C	1	moderately elevated pCO2 / warmer than ambient T								802.25	7.80	0.23	27.9	0.3	34.3	0.0	7.81	0.02	2359.0	20.7	2157.2	26.5	773.8	42.9	1981.8	29.0	155.2	4.6	2.52	0.08	3.78	0.11	8	21	780	778	1990	152	2162	2.46	3.70
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5C	1	moderately elevated pCO2 / warmer than ambient T								750.50	7.83	0.28	27.9	0.3	34.3	0.0	7.81	0.02	2359.0	20.7	2157.2	26.5	773.8	42.9	1981.8	29.0	155.2	4.6	2.52	0.08	3.78	0.11	8	21	780	778	1990	152	2162	2.46	3.70
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5C	1	strongly elevated pCO2 / warmer than ambient T								1641.70	7.56	1.01	27.9	0.3	34.3	0.0	7.55	0.02	2583.5	20.2	2487.5	14.0	1676.8	67.1	2342.9	11.6	100.9	4.6	1.64	0.08	2.46	0.11	8	44	1676	1670	2348	99	2491	1.59	2.40
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5C	1	strongly elevated pCO2 / warmer than ambient T								1599.00	7.57	1.00	27.9	0.3	34.3	0.0	7.55	0.02	2583.5	20.2	2487.5	14.0	1676.8	67.1	2342.9	11.6	100.9	4.6	1.64	0.08	2.46	0.11	8	44	1676	1670	2348	99	2491	1.59	2.40
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5C	1	strongly elevated pCO2 / warmer than ambient T								1748.60	7.53	0.96	27.9	0.3	34.3	0.0	7.55	0.02	2583.5	20.2	2487.5	14.0	1676.8	67.1	2342.9	11.6	100.9	4.6	1.64	0.08	2.46	0.11	8	44	1676	1670	2348	99	2491	1.59	2.40
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5C	1	strongly elevated pCO2 / warmer than ambient T								1709.75	7.54	0.83	27.9	0.3	34.3	0.0	7.55	0.02	2583.5	20.2	2487.5	14.0	1676.8	67.1	2342.9	11.6	100.9	4.6	1.64	0.08	2.46	0.11	8	44	1676	1670	2348	99	2491	1.59	2.40
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5D	1	present-day pCO2 / stress T								395.10	8.06	0.15	30.9	0.1	34.8	0.0	8.07	0.01	2350.2	16.9	1974.6	24.1	380.0	21.4	1699.2	27.6	266.0	4.1	4.36	0.07	6.50	0.10	8	9	372	371	1700	266	1975	4.36	6.49
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5D	1	present-day pCO2 / stress T								364.85	8.08	0.10	30.9	0.1	34.8	0.0	8.07	0.01	2350.2	16.9	1974.6	24.1	380.0	21.4	1699.2	27.6	266.0	4.1	4.36	0.07	6.50	0.10	8	9	372	371	1700	266	1975	4.36	6.49
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5D	1	moderately elevated pCO2 / stress T								605.80	7.91	0.25	30.8	0.1	34.9	0.0	7.92	0.01	2403.7	13.4	2120.4	8.9	598.6	8.8	1897.3	6.6	208.3	3.8	3.41	0.06	5.08	0.09	8	14	585	583	1894	210	2119	3.43	5.11
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5D	1	moderately elevated pCO2 / stress T								588.78	7.92	0.25	30.8	0.1	34.9	0.0	7.92	0.01	2403.7	13.4	2120.4	8.9	598.6	8.8	1897.3	6.6	208.3	3.8	3.41	0.06	5.08	0.09	8	14	585	583	1894	210	2119	3.43	5.11
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5D	1	moderately elevated pCO2 / stress T								601.31	7.92	0.33	30.8	0.1	34.9	0.0	7.92	0.01	2403.7	13.4	2120.4	8.9	598.6	8.8	1897.3	6.6	208.3	3.8	3.41	0.06	5.08	0.09	8	14	585	583	1894	210	2119	3.43	5.11
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5D	1	strongly elevated pCO2 / stress T								1756.88	7.55	1.36	30.8	0.1	34.9	0.0	7.56	0.01	2705.9	86.7	2581.5	86.5	1710.8	65.2	2417.4	82.5	122.1	2.4	2.00	0.04	2.98	0.06	8	42	1716	1711	2428	117	2587	1.92	2.86
Cliona orientalis (sponge)	5D	1	strongly elevated pCO2 / stress T								1664.68	7.56	1.00	30.8	0.1	34.9	0.0	7.56	0.01	2705.9	86.7	2581.5	86.5	1710.8	65.2	2417.4	82.5	122.1	2.4	2.00	0.04	2.98	0.06	8	42	1716	1711	2428	117	2587	1.92	2.86