Citation:

s10152-014-0385-4

Name: Sponge bioerosion accelerated by ocean acidification across species and latitudes?
Published: 2014-04-10
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Keywords: Animalia; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (<20 L); Calcification/Dissolution; Cliona celata; Coast and continental shelf; Laboratory experiment; North Atlantic; Polar; Porifera; Single species

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Abstract:

In many marine biogeographic realms, bioeroding sponges dominate the internal bioerosion of calcareous substrates such as mollusc beds and coral reef framework. They biochemically dissolve part of the carbonate and liberate so-called sponge chips, a process that is expected to be facilitated and accelerated in a more acidic environment inherent to the present global change. The bioerosion capacity of the demosponge Cliona celata Grant, 1826 in subfossil oyster shells was assessed via alkalinity anomaly technique based on 4 days of experimental exposure to three different levels of carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) at ambient temperature in the cold-temperate waters of Helgoland Island, North Sea. The rate of chemical bioerosion at present-day pCO2 was quantified with 0.08-0.1 kg/m**2/year. Chemical bioerosion was positively correlated with increasing pCO2, with rates more than doubling at carbon dioxide levels predicted for the end of the twenty-first century, clearly confirming that C. celata bioerosion can be expected to be enhanced with progressing ocean acidification (OA). Together with previously published experimental evidence, the present results suggest that OA accelerates sponge bioerosion (1) across latitudes and biogeographic areas, (2) independent of sponge growth form, and (3) for species with or without photosymbionts alike. A general increase in sponge bioerosion with advancing OA can be expected to have a significant impact on global carbonate (re)cycling and may result in widespread negative effects, e.g. on the stability of wild and farmed shellfish populations, as well as calcareous framework builders in tropical and cold-water coral reef ecosystems.

Keyword(s):

Animalia; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (<20 L); Calcification/Dissolution; Cliona celata; Coast and continental shelf; Laboratory experiment; North Atlantic; Polar; Porifera; Single species

Further details:

Lavigne, Héloïse; Gattuso, Jean-Pierre (2011): seacarb: seawater carbonate chemistry with R. R package version 2.4. https://cran.r-project.org/package=seacarb

Project(s):

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)

Comment:

In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Lavigne and Gattuso, 2011) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). The date of carbonate chemistry calculation by seacarb is 2014-04-04.

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Species	Species		Wisshak, Max
2	Figure	Fig		Wisshak, Max
3	Table	Tab		Wisshak, Max
4	Treatment	Treat		Wisshak, Max
5	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Wisshak, Max
6	pH	pH		Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS	total scale
7	Bioerosion rate	Bioerosion	kg/m²/a	Wisshak, Max		chemical
8	Calcium carbonate, dissolved	CaCO3 diss	%	Wisshak, Max		percentage of baseline
9	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Wisshak, Max
10	Temperature, water, standard deviation	Temp std dev	±	Wisshak, Max
11	Salinity	Sal		Wisshak, Max
12	Salinity, standard deviation	Sal std dev	±	Wisshak, Max
13	pH	pH		Wisshak, Max	Potentiometric	mean, NBS ccale
14	pH, standard deviation	pH std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Potentiometric	NBS ccale
15	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Wisshak, Max	Coulometric titration
16	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation	DIC std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Coulometric titration
17	Alkalinity, total	AT	µmol/kg	Wisshak, Max	Potentiometric titration
18	Alkalinity, total, standard deviation	AT std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Potentiometric titration
19	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
20	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, respiration, standard deviation	pCO2 resp std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
21	pH	pH		Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS	mean total scale
22	pH, standard deviation	pH std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS	total scale
23	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
24	Bicarbonate ion, standard deviation	[HCO3]- std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
25	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
26	Carbonate ion, standard deviation	[CO3]2- std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
27	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
28	Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation	Omega Arg std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
29	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
30	Calcite saturation state, standard deviation	Omega Cal std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
31	Nitrate	[NO3]-	µmol/l	Wisshak, Max	Spectrophotometric
32	Nitrate, standard deviation	NO3 std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Spectrophotometric
33	Nitrite	[NO2]-	µmol/l	Wisshak, Max	Spectrophotometric
34	Nitrite, standard deviation	[NO2]- std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Spectrophotometric
35	Ammonium	[NH4]+	µmol/l	Wisshak, Max	Spectrophotometric
36	Ammonium, standard deviation	[NH4]+ std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Spectrophotometric
37	Phosphate	[PO4]3-	µmol/l	Wisshak, Max	Spectrophotometric
38	Phosphate, standard deviation	[PO4]3- std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Spectrophotometric
39	Surface area	SA	cm²	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS	infested oyster
40	Surface area, standard deviation	SA std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS	infested oyster
41	Calcium carbonate, dissolved mass	CaCO3 diss	mg	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
42	Calcium carbonate, dissolved, standard deviation	CaCO3 diss std dev	±	Wisshak, Max	Calculated using CO2SYS
43	Carbonate system computation flag	CSC flag		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
44	pH	pH		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	total scale
45	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
46	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
47	Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	fCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
48	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
49	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
50	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
51	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)

Status:

Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)

Size:

1515 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Species	2 Fig	3 Tab	4 Treat	5 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm]	6 pH (total scale, Calculated using...)	7 Bioerosion [kg/m²/a] (chemical)	8 CaCO3 diss [%] (percentage of baseline)	9 Temp [°C]	10 Temp std dev [±]	11 Sal	12 Sal std dev [±]	13 pH (mean, NBS ccale, Potentiometric)	14 pH std dev [±] (NBS ccale, Potentiometric)	15 DIC [µmol/kg] (Coulometric titration)	16 DIC std dev [±] (Coulometric titration)	17 AT [µmol/kg] (Potentiometric titration)	18 AT std dev [±] (Potentiometric titration)	19 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	20 pCO2 resp std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	21 pH (mean total scale, Calculated ...)	22 pH std dev [±] (total scale, Calculated using...)	23 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	24 [HCO3]- std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	25 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	26 [CO3]2- std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	27 Omega Arg (Calculated using CO2SYS)	28 Omega Arg std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	29 Omega Cal (Calculated using CO2SYS)	30 Omega Cal std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	31 [NO3]- [µmol/l] (Spectrophotometric)	32 NO3 std dev [±] (Spectrophotometric)	33 [NO2]- [µmol/l] (Spectrophotometric)	34 [NO2]- std dev [±] (Spectrophotometric)	35 [NH4]+ [µmol/l] (Spectrophotometric)	36 [NH4]+ std dev [±] (Spectrophotometric)	37 [PO4]3- [µmol/l] (Spectrophotometric)	38 [PO4]3- std dev [±] (Spectrophotometric)	39 SA [cm²] (infested oyster, Calculated u...)	40 SA std dev [±] (infested oyster, Calculated u...)	41 CaCO3 diss [mg] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	42 CaCO3 diss std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	43 CSC flag (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	44 pH (total scale, Calculated using...)	45 CO2 [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	46 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	47 fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	48 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	49 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	50 Omega Arg (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	51 Omega Cal (Calculated using seacarb afte...)
Cliona celata (sponge)	3A	1	A1 = present-day pCO2	451	8.022	0.08		14.98	0.08	30.28	0.04	8.01	0.01	2162.8	12.3	2340.2	8.1	469.5	18.8	8.01	0.01	2007.7	14.3	137.1	3.0	2.14	0.05	3.37	0.07	3.73	0.07	0.52	0.65	1.30	0.80	0.82	0.11	73.78	9.65	1.94	0.48	15	8.01	18	466	464	2009	136	2.12	3.34
Cliona celata (sponge)	3A	1	A1 = present-day pCO2	498	7.990	0.10		14.98	0.08	30.28	0.04	8.01	0.01	2162.8	12.3	2340.2	8.1	469.5	18.8	8.01	0.01	2007.7	14.3	137.1	3.0	2.14	0.05	3.37	0.07	3.73	0.07	0.52	0.65	1.30	0.80	0.82	0.11	73.78	9.65	1.94	0.48	15	8.01	18	466	464	2009	136	2.12	3.34
Cliona celata (sponge)	3A	1	A1 = present-day pCO2	461	8.018	0.08		14.98	0.08	30.28	0.04	8.01	0.01	2162.8	12.3	2340.2	8.1	469.5	18.8	8.01	0.01	2007.7	14.3	137.1	3.0	2.14	0.05	3.37	0.07	3.73	0.07	0.52	0.65	1.30	0.80	0.82	0.11	73.78	9.65	1.94	0.48	15	8.01	18	466	464	2009	136	2.12	3.34
Cliona celata (sponge)	3A	1	A1 = present-day pCO2	478	8.003	0.15		14.98	0.08	30.28	0.04	8.01	0.01	2162.8	12.3	2340.2	8.1	469.5	18.8	8.01	0.01	2007.7	14.3	137.1	3.0	2.14	0.05	3.37	0.07	3.73	0.07	0.52	0.65	1.30	0.80	0.82	0.11	73.78	9.65	1.94	0.48	15	8.01	18	466	464	2009	136	2.12	3.34
Cliona celata (sponge)	3A	1	A1 = present-day pCO2	460	8.014	0.08		14.98	0.08	30.28	0.04	8.01	0.01	2162.8	12.3	2340.2	8.1	469.5	18.8	8.01	0.01	2007.7	14.3	137.1	3.0	2.14	0.05	3.37	0.07	3.73	0.07	0.52	0.65	1.30	0.80	0.82	0.11	73.78	9.65	1.94	0.48	15	8.01	18	466	464	2009	136	2.12	3.34
Cliona celata (sponge)	3A	1	B1 = present-day pCO2	484	7.998	0.07		15.08	0.03	30.37	0.03	7.99	0.02	2179.1	15.8	2350.1	16.1	496.1	27.6	7.99	0.02	2026.8	16.3	133.3	5.2	2.08	0.08	3.27	0.13	5.25	3.25	0.18	0.06	1.75	1.17	0.91	0.35	79.73	5.94	1.84	0.41	15	7.99	19	492	490	2028	132	2.07	3.25
Cliona celata (sponge)	3A	1	B1 = present-day pCO2	466	8.009	0.06		15.08	0.03	30.37	0.03	7.99	0.02	2179.1	15.8	2350.1	16.1	496.1	27.6	7.99	0.02	2026.8	16.3	133.3	5.2	2.08	0.08	3.27	0.13	5.25	3.25	0.18	0.06	1.75	1.17	0.91	0.35	79.73	5.94	1.84	0.41	15	7.99	19	492	490	2028	132	2.07	3.25
Cliona celata (sponge)	3A	1	B1 = present-day pCO2	483	8.000	0.11		15.08	0.03	30.37	0.03	7.99	0.02	2179.1	15.8	2350.1	16.1	496.1	27.6	7.99	0.02	2026.8	16.3	133.3	5.2	2.08	0.08	3.27	0.13	5.25	3.25	0.18	0.06	1.75	1.17	0.91	0.35	79.73	5.94	1.84	0.41	15	7.99	19	492	490	2028	132	2.07	3.25
Cliona celata (sponge)	3A	1	B1 = present-day pCO2	536	7.959	0.09		15.08	0.03	30.37	0.03	7.99	0.02	2179.1	15.8	2350.1	16.1	496.1	27.6	7.99	0.02	2026.8	16.3	133.3	5.2	2.08	0.08	3.27	0.13	5.25	3.25	0.18	0.06	1.75	1.17	0.91	0.35	79.73	5.94	1.84	0.41	15	7.99	19	492	490	2028	132	2.07	3.25
Cliona celata (sponge)	3A	1	B1 = present-day pCO2	512	7.992	0.09		15.08	0.03	30.37	0.03	7.99	0.02	2179.1	15.8	2350.1	16.1	496.1	27.6	7.99	0.02	2026.8	16.3	133.3	5.2	2.08	0.08	3.27	0.13	5.25	3.25	0.18	0.06	1.75	1.17	0.91	0.35	79.73	5.94	1.84	0.41	15	7.99	19	492	490	2028	132	2.07	3.25
Cliona celata (sponge)	3A	1	C1 = present-day pCO2	390	8.076	0.03		15.14	0.00	31.10	0.02	8.07	0.01	2130.2	18.2	2340.6	14.9	403.1	19.5	8.07	0.01	1957.3	19.8	157.5	3.4	2.45	0.05	3.85	0.08	9.12	6.74	0.20	0.05	5.10	3.80	1.59	0.66	102.15	4.49	2.55	0.96	15	8.07	15	396	395	1959	156	2.43	3.81
Cliona celata (sponge)	3A	1	C1 = present-day pCO2	381	8.085	0.10		15.14	0.00	31.10	0.02	8.07	0.01	2130.2	18.2	2340.6	14.9	403.1	19.5	8.07	0.01	1957.3	19.8	157.5	3.4	2.45	0.05	3.85	0.08	9.12	6.74	0.20	0.05	5.10	3.80	1.59	0.66	102.15	4.49	2.55	0.96	15	8.07	15	396	395	1959	156	2.43	3.81
Cliona celata (sponge)	3A	1	C1 = present-day pCO2	400	8.066	0.11		15.14	0.00	31.10	0.02	8.07	0.01	2130.2	18.2	2340.6	14.9	403.1	19.5	8.07	0.01	1957.3	19.8	157.5	3.4	2.45	0.05	3.85	0.08	9.12	6.74	0.20	0.05	5.10	3.80	1.59	0.66	102.15	4.49	2.55	0.96	15	8.07	15	396	395	1959	156	2.43	3.81
Cliona celata (sponge)	3A	1	C1 = present-day pCO2	430	8.048	0.12		15.14	0.00	31.10	0.02	8.07	0.01	2130.2	18.2	2340.6	14.9	403.1	19.5	8.07	0.01	1957.3	19.8	157.5	3.4	2.45	0.05	3.85	0.08	9.12	6.74	0.20	0.05	5.10	3.80	1.59	0.66	102.15	4.49	2.55	0.96	15	8.07	15	396	395	1959	156	2.43	3.81
Cliona celata (sponge)	3A	1	C1 = present-day pCO2	414	8.062	0.10		15.14	0.00	31.10	0.02	8.07	0.01	2130.2	18.2	2340.6	14.9	403.1	19.5	8.07	0.01	1957.3	19.8	157.5	3.4	2.45	0.05	3.85	0.08	9.12	6.74	0.20	0.05	5.10	3.80	1.59	0.66	102.15	4.49	2.55	0.96	15	8.07	15	396	395	1959	156	2.43	3.81
Cliona celata (sponge)	3B-C	2	A2 = present-day pCO2	408	8.060	0.04	36.84	15.14	0.00	31.06	0.03	8.11	0.01	2119.1	11.0	2330.3	7.6	392.3	15.6	8.07	0.01	1946.6	13.0	157.6	3.3	2.46	0.05	3.85	0.08	16.28	4.51	0.29	0.07	1.33	0.61	0.73	0.17	73.78	9.65	0.84	0.31	15	8.07	15	389	388	1947	157	2.44	3.83
Cliona celata (sponge)	3B-C	2	A2 = present-day pCO2	403	8.060	0.05	53.22	15.14	0.00	31.06	0.03	8.11	0.01	2119.1	11.0	2330.3	7.6	392.3	15.6	8.07	0.01	1946.6	13.0	157.6	3.3	2.46	0.05	3.85	0.08	16.28	4.51	0.29	0.07	1.33	0.61	0.73	0.17	73.78	9.65	0.84	0.31	15	8.07	15	389	388	1947	157	2.44	3.83
Cliona celata (sponge)	3B-C	2	A2 = present-day pCO2	383	8.080	0.02	18.82	15.14	0.00	31.06	0.03	8.11	0.01	2119.1	11.0	2330.3	7.6	392.3	15.6	8.07	0.01	1946.6	13.0	157.6	3.3	2.46	0.05	3.85	0.08	16.28	4.51	0.29	0.07	1.33	0.61	0.73	0.17	73.78	9.65	0.84	0.31	15	8.07	15	389	388	1947	157	2.44	3.83
Cliona celata (sponge)	3B-C	2	A2 = present-day pCO2	397	8.070	0.06	55.60	15.14	0.00	31.06	0.03	8.11	0.01	2119.1	11.0	2330.3	7.6	392.3	15.6	8.07	0.01	1946.6	13.0	157.6	3.3	2.46	0.05	3.85	0.08	16.28	4.51	0.29	0.07	1.33	0.61	0.73	0.17	73.78	9.65	0.84	0.31	15	8.07	15	389	388	1947	157	2.44	3.83
Cliona celata (sponge)	3B-C	2	A2 = present-day pCO2	370	8.090	0.04	53.32	15.14	0.00	31.06	0.03	8.11	0.01	2119.1	11.0	2330.3	7.6	392.3	15.6	8.07	0.01	1946.6	13.0	157.6	3.3	2.46	0.05	3.85	0.08	16.28	4.51	0.29	0.07	1.33	0.61	0.73	0.17	73.78	9.65	0.84	0.31	15	8.07	15	389	388	1947	157	2.44	3.83
Cliona celata (sponge)	3B-C	2	B2 = moderately elevated pCO2	623	7.900	0.03	36.68	15.12	0.01	31.07	0.03	7.98	0.02	2219.0	13.3	2352.1	13.0	643.5	25.5	7.89	0.02	2084.5	14.0	110.0	3.8	1.71	0.06	2.69	0.09	21.51	5.07	0.41	0.08	2.56	1.30	1.17	0.35	79.73	5.94	1.50	0.55	15	7.89	24	642	639	2086	109	1.70	2.66
Cliona celata (sponge)	3B-C	2	B2 = moderately elevated pCO2	625	7.900	0.06	68.62	15.12	0.01	31.07	0.03	7.98	0.02	2219.0	13.3	2352.1	13.0	643.5	25.5	7.89	0.02	2084.5	14.0	110.0	3.8	1.71	0.06	2.69	0.09	21.51	5.07	0.41	0.08	2.56	1.30	1.17	0.35	79.73	5.94	1.50	0.55	15	7.89	24	642	639	2086	109	1.70	2.66
Cliona celata (sponge)	3B-C	2	B2 = moderately elevated pCO2	629	7.900	0.09	114.12	15.12	0.01	31.07	0.03	7.98	0.02	2219.0	13.3	2352.1	13.0	643.5	25.5	7.89	0.02	2084.5	14.0	110.0	3.8	1.71	0.06	2.69	0.09	21.51	5.07	0.41	0.08	2.56	1.30	1.17	0.35	79.73	5.94	1.50	0.55	15	7.89	24	642	639	2086	109	1.70	2.66
Cliona celata (sponge)	3B-C	2	B2 = moderately elevated pCO2	661	7.880	0.08	93.46	15.12	0.01	31.07	0.03	7.98	0.02	2219.0	13.3	2352.1	13.0	643.5	25.5	7.89	0.02	2084.5	14.0	110.0	3.8	1.71	0.06	2.69	0.09	21.51	5.07	0.41	0.08	2.56	1.30	1.17	0.35	79.73	5.94	1.50	0.55	15	7.89	24	642	639	2086	109	1.70	2.66
Cliona celata (sponge)	3B-C	2	B2 = moderately elevated pCO2	680	7.860	0.09	95.92	15.12	0.01	31.07	0.03	7.98	0.02	2219.0	13.3	2352.1	13.0	643.5	25.5	7.89	0.02	2084.5	14.0	110.0	3.8	1.71	0.06	2.69	0.09	21.51	5.07	0.41	0.08	2.56	1.30	1.17	0.35	79.73	5.94	1.50	0.55	15	7.89	24	642	639	2086	109	1.70	2.66
Cliona celata (sponge)	3B-C	2	C2 = strongly elevated pCO2	1167	7.650	0.14	144.96	15.02	0.01	31.69	0.02	7.78	0.00	2344.4	4.5	2403.0	7.5	1134.9	31.1	7.67	0.01	2229.9	4.0	71.3	2.1	1.11	0.03	1.74	0.05	30.91	7.85	0.43	0.11	4.06	3.43	1.47	0.38	102.15	4.49	4.38	0.72	15	7.66	44	1146	1142	2230	70	1.09	1.71
Cliona celata (sponge)	3B-C	2	C2 = strongly elevated pCO2	1137	7.670	0.16	172.18	15.02	0.01	31.69	0.02	7.78	0.00	2344.4	4.5	2403.0	7.5	1134.9	31.1	7.67	0.01	2229.9	4.0	71.3	2.1	1.11	0.03	1.74	0.05	30.91	7.85	0.43	0.11	4.06	3.43	1.47	0.38	102.15	4.49	4.38	0.72	15	7.66	44	1146	1142	2230	70	1.09	1.71
Cliona celata (sponge)	3B-C	2	C2 = strongly elevated pCO2	1164	7.660	0.17	182.31	15.02	0.01	31.69	0.02	7.78	0.00	2344.4	4.5	2403.0	7.5	1134.9	31.1	7.67	0.01	2229.9	4.0	71.3	2.1	1.11	0.03	1.74	0.05	30.91	7.85	0.43	0.11	4.06	3.43	1.47	0.38	102.15	4.49	4.38	0.72	15	7.66	44	1146	1142	2230	70	1.09	1.71
Cliona celata (sponge)	3B-C	2	C2 = strongly elevated pCO2	1100	7.680	0.13	146.17	15.02	0.01	31.69	0.02	7.78	0.00	2344.4	4.5	2403.0	7.5	1134.9	31.1	7.67	0.01	2229.9	4.0	71.3	2.1	1.11	0.03	1.74	0.05	30.91	7.85	0.43	0.11	4.06	3.43	1.47	0.38	102.15	4.49	4.38	0.72	15	7.66	44	1146	1142	2230	70	1.09	1.71
Cliona celata (sponge)	3B-C	2	C2 = strongly elevated pCO2	1106	7.680	0.18	213.32	15.02	0.01	31.69	0.02	7.78	0.00	2344.4	4.5	2403.0	7.5	1134.9	31.1	7.67	0.01	2229.9	4.0	71.3	2.1	1.11	0.03	1.74	0.05	30.91	7.85	0.43	0.11	4.06	3.43	1.47	0.38	102.15	4.49	4.38	0.72	15	7.66	44	1146	1142	2230	70	1.09	1.71