Citation:

pnas.1216153110

Name: Seawater carbonate chemistry, tissue-skeleton interface and calcification in reef corals in a laboratory experiment
Published: 2013
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Keywords: Calcification/Dissolution; Laboratory experiment; Laboratory strains; Micro-nutrients; Not applicable; Stylophora pistillata

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Abstract:

Insight into the response of reef corals and other major marine calcifiers to ocean acidification is limited by a lack of knowledge about how seawater pH and carbonate chemistry impact the physiological processes that drive biomineralization. Ocean acidification is proposed to reduce calcification rates in corals by causing declines in internal pH at the calcifying tissue-skeleton interface where biomineralization takes place. Here, we performed an in vivo study on how partial-pressure CO(2)-driven seawater acidification impacts intracellular pH in coral calcifying cells and extracellular pH in the fluid at the tissue-skeleton interface [subcalicoblastic medium (SCM)] in the coral Stylophora pistillata. We also measured calcification in corals grown under the same conditions of seawater acidification by measuring lateral growth of colonies and growth of aragonite crystals under the calcifying tissue. Our findings confirm that seawater acidification decreases pH of the SCM, but this decrease is gradual relative to the surrounding seawater, leading to an increasing pH gradient between the SCM and seawater. Reductions in calcification rate, both at the level of crystals and whole colonies, were only observed in our lowest pH treatment when pH was significantly depressed in the calcifying cells in addition to the SCM. Overall, our findings suggest that reef corals may mitigate the effects of seawater acidification by regulating pH in the SCM, but they also highlight the role of calcifying cell pH homeostasis in determining the response of reef corals to changes in external seawater pH and carbonate chemistry.

Keyword(s):

Calcification/Dissolution; Laboratory experiment; Laboratory strains; Micro-nutrients; Not applicable; Stylophora pistillata

Further details:

Lavigne, Héloïse; Gattuso, Jean-Pierre (2011): seacarb: seawater carbonate chemistry with R. R package version 2.4. https://cran.r-project.org/package=seacarb

Project(s):

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)

Comment:

In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Lavigne and Gattuso, 2011) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). The date of carbonate chemistry calculation by seacarb is 2014-03-21.

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Species	Species		Venn, Alexander A
2	Identification	ID		Venn, Alexander A
3	Replicate	Repl		Venn, Alexander A
4	Treatment	Treat		Venn, Alexander A
5	Surface area	SA	cm²	Venn, Alexander A		incraese in lateral surface area of whole colonies growth
6	Change	Change	%	Venn, Alexander A		mean change in cross sectional area of aragonite crystals (% of original size of crystal)
7	Location	Location		Venn, Alexander A
8	Group	Group		Venn, Alexander A
9	pH	pH		Venn, Alexander A		NBS scale, shown in table 2
10	pH, standard deviation	pH std dev	±	Venn, Alexander A		NBS scale, shown in table 2
11	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Venn, Alexander A
12	Salinity	Sal		Venn, Alexander A
13	pH	pH		Venn, Alexander A		NBS scale
14	pH, standard deviation	pH std dev	±	Venn, Alexander A		NBS scale
15	pH	pH		Venn, Alexander A		total scale
16	pH, standard deviation	pH std dev	±	Venn, Alexander A		total scale
17	Alkalinity, total	AT	µmol/kg	Venn, Alexander A	Potentiometric titration
18	Alkalinity, total, standard deviation	AT std dev	±	Venn, Alexander A	Potentiometric titration
19	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Venn, Alexander A	Calculated using CO2SYS
20	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation	pCO2 std dev	±	Venn, Alexander A	Calculated using CO2SYS
21	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Venn, Alexander A	Calculated using CO2SYS
22	Bicarbonate ion, standard deviation	[HCO3]- std dev	±	Venn, Alexander A	Calculated using CO2SYS
23	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Venn, Alexander A	Calculated using CO2SYS
24	Carbonate ion, standard deviation	[CO3]2- std dev	±	Venn, Alexander A	Calculated using CO2SYS
25	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Venn, Alexander A	Calculated using CO2SYS
26	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation	DIC std dev	±	Venn, Alexander A	Calculated using CO2SYS
27	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Venn, Alexander A	Calculated using CO2SYS
28	Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation	Omega Arg std dev	±	Venn, Alexander A	Calculated using CO2SYS
29	Carbonate system computation flag	CSC flag		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
30	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
31	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
32	Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	fCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
33	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
34	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
35	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
36	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
37	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)

Status:

Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)

Size:

2880 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Species	2 ID	3 Repl	4 Treat	5 SA [cm²] (incraese in lateral surface a...)	6 Change [%] (mean change in cross sectiona...)	7 Location	8 Group	9 pH (NBS scale, shown in table 2)	10 pH std dev [±] (NBS scale, shown in table 2)	11 Temp [°C]	12 Sal	13 pH (NBS scale)	14 pH std dev [±] (NBS scale)	15 pH (total scale)	16 pH std dev [±] (total scale)	17 AT [µmol/kg] (Potentiometric titration)	18 AT std dev [±] (Potentiometric titration)	19 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	20 pCO2 std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	21 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	22 [HCO3]- std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	23 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	24 [CO3]2- std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	25 DIC [µmol/kg] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	26 DIC std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	27 Omega Arg (Calculated using CO2SYS)	28 Omega Arg std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	29 CSC flag (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	30 CO2 [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	31 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	32 fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	33 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	34 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	35 DIC [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	36 Omega Arg (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	37 Omega Cal (Calculated using seacarb afte...)
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP1	pH 7.2	1.8152250						25	38	7.23	0.08	7.16	0.10	2577.4	60.6	4321	1383	2474.4	70.0	43.6	11.6	2638.4	91.5	0.68	0.18	8	118	4233	4220	2477	41	2637	0.64	0.97
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP1	pH 7.4	4.4546039						25	38	7.49	0.10	7.40	0.16	2544.3	52.8	2538	1085	2372.7	71.0	70.7	18.8	2514.2	79.5	1.10	0.29	8	65	2337	2330	2377	69	2511	1.07	1.62
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP1	pH 7.8	5.9071583						25	38	7.84	0.09	7.76	0.10	2493.0	67.0	925	246	2131.2	93.2	148.3	31.9	2305.2	79.3	2.30	0.50	8	26	921	918	2145	143	2313	2.21	3.35
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP1	pH 8.0	6.7354342						25	38	8.03	0.07	7.93	0.04	2502.5	47.1	573	53	2007.9	53.5	202.6	15.1	2226.4	49.3	3.14	0.23	8	16	586	584	2018	199	2233	3.08	4.66
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP2	pH 7.2	4.6291662						25	38	7.23	0.08	7.16	0.10	2577.4	60.6	4321	1383	2474.4	70.0	43.6	11.6	2638.4	91.5	0.68	0.18	8	118	4233	4220	2477	41	2637	0.64	0.97
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP2	pH 7.4	3.0722104						25	38	7.49	0.10	7.40	0.16	2544.3	52.8	2538	1085	2372.7	71.0	70.7	18.8	2514.2	79.5	1.10	0.29	8	65	2337	2330	2377	69	2511	1.07	1.62
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP2	pH 7.8	4.0821281						25	38	7.84	0.09	7.76	0.10	2493.0	67.0	925	246	2131.2	93.2	148.3	31.9	2305.2	79.3	2.30	0.50	8	26	921	918	2145	143	2313	2.21	3.35
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP2	pH 8.0	4.2318144						25	38	8.03	0.07	7.93	0.04	2502.5	47.1	573	53	2007.9	53.5	202.6	15.1	2226.4	49.3	3.14	0.23	8	16	586	584	2018	199	2233	3.08	4.66
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP3	pH 7.2	3.4225226						25	38	7.23	0.08	7.16	0.10	2577.4	60.6	4321	1383	2474.4	70.0	43.6	11.6	2638.4	91.5	0.68	0.18	8	118	4233	4220	2477	41	2637	0.64	0.97
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP3	pH 7.4	5.4891445						25	38	7.49	0.10	7.40	0.16	2544.3	52.8	2538	1085	2372.7	71.0	70.7	18.8	2514.2	79.5	1.10	0.29	8	65	2337	2330	2377	69	2511	1.07	1.62
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP3	pH 7.8	5.5047718						25	38	7.84	0.09	7.76	0.10	2493.0	67.0	925	246	2131.2	93.2	148.3	31.9	2305.2	79.3	2.30	0.50	8	26	921	918	2145	143	2313	2.21	3.35
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP3	pH 8.0	5.6395091						25	38	8.03	0.07	7.93	0.04	2502.5	47.1	573	53	2007.9	53.5	202.6	15.1	2226.4	49.3	3.14	0.23	8	16	586	584	2018	199	2233	3.08	4.66
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP4	pH 7.2	3.6230000						25	38	7.23	0.08	7.16	0.10	2577.4	60.6	4321	1383	2474.4	70.0	43.6	11.6	2638.4	91.5	0.68	0.18	8	118	4233	4220	2477	41	2637	0.64	0.97
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP4	pH 7.4	4.6740000						25	38	7.49	0.10	7.40	0.16	2544.3	52.8	2538	1085	2372.7	71.0	70.7	18.8	2514.2	79.5	1.10	0.29	8	65	2337	2330	2377	69	2511	1.07	1.62
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP4	pH 7.8	4.9180000						25	38	7.84	0.09	7.76	0.10	2493.0	67.0	925	246	2131.2	93.2	148.3	31.9	2305.2	79.3	2.30	0.50	8	26	921	918	2145	143	2313	2.21	3.35
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP4	pH 8.0	5.7280000						25	38	8.03	0.07	7.93	0.04	2502.5	47.1	573	53	2007.9	53.5	202.6	15.1	2226.4	49.3	3.14	0.23	8	16	586	584	2018	199	2233	3.08	4.66
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP5	pH 7.2	1.4130000						25	38	7.23	0.08	7.16	0.10	2577.4	60.6	4321	1383	2474.4	70.0	43.6	11.6	2638.4	91.5	0.68	0.18	8	118	4233	4220	2477	41	2637	0.64	0.97
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP5	pH 7.4	2.4920000						25	38	7.49	0.10	7.40	0.16	2544.3	52.8	2538	1085	2372.7	71.0	70.7	18.8	2514.2	79.5	1.10	0.29	8	65	2337	2330	2377	69	2511	1.07	1.62
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP5	pH 7.8	3.4760000						25	38	7.84	0.09	7.76	0.10	2493.0	67.0	925	246	2131.2	93.2	148.3	31.9	2305.2	79.3	2.30	0.50	8	26	921	918	2145	143	2313	2.21	3.35
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP5	pH 8.0	3.9900000						25	38	8.03	0.07	7.93	0.04	2502.5	47.1	573	53	2007.9	53.5	202.6	15.1	2226.4	49.3	3.14	0.23	8	16	586	584	2018	199	2233	3.08	4.66
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP6	pH 7.2	3.3040000						25	38	7.23	0.08	7.16	0.10	2577.4	60.6	4321	1383	2474.4	70.0	43.6	11.6	2638.4	91.5	0.68	0.18	8	118	4233	4220	2477	41	2637	0.64	0.97
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP6	pH 7.4	4.7970000						25	38	7.49	0.10	7.40	0.16	2544.3	52.8	2538	1085	2372.7	71.0	70.7	18.8	2514.2	79.5	1.10	0.29	8	65	2337	2330	2377	69	2511	1.07	1.62
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP6	pH 7.8	5.6110000						25	38	7.84	0.09	7.76	0.10	2493.0	67.0	925	246	2131.2	93.2	148.3	31.9	2305.2	79.3	2.30	0.50	8	26	921	918	2145	143	2313	2.21	3.35
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP6	pH 8.0	6.6080000						25	38	8.03	0.07	7.93	0.04	2502.5	47.1	573	53	2007.9	53.5	202.6	15.1	2226.4	49.3	3.14	0.23	8	16	586	584	2018	199	2233	3.08	4.66
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP7	pH 7.2	0.8967473						25	38	7.23	0.08	7.16	0.10	2577.4	60.6	4321	1383	2474.4	70.0	43.6	11.6	2638.4	91.5	0.68	0.18	8	118	4233	4220	2477	41	2637	0.64	0.97
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP7	pH 7.4	1.6609024						25	38	7.49	0.10	7.40	0.16	2544.3	52.8	2538	1085	2372.7	71.0	70.7	18.8	2514.2	79.5	1.10	0.29	8	65	2337	2330	2377	69	2511	1.07	1.62
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP7	pH 7.8	4.4436960						25	38	7.84	0.09	7.76	0.10	2493.0	67.0	925	246	2131.2	93.2	148.3	31.9	2305.2	79.3	2.30	0.50	8	26	921	918	2145	143	2313	2.21	3.35
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP7	pH 8.0	3.8894131						25	38	8.03	0.07	7.93	0.04	2502.5	47.1	573	53	2007.9	53.5	202.6	15.1	2226.4	49.3	3.14	0.23	8	16	586	584	2018	199	2233	3.08	4.66
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP8	pH 7.2	2.5378364						25	38	7.23	0.08	7.16	0.10	2577.4	60.6	4321	1383	2474.4	70.0	43.6	11.6	2638.4	91.5	0.68	0.18	8	118	4233	4220	2477	41	2637	0.64	0.97
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP8	pH 7.4	2.1430783						25	38	7.49	0.10	7.40	0.16	2544.3	52.8	2538	1085	2372.7	71.0	70.7	18.8	2514.2	79.5	1.10	0.29	8	65	2337	2330	2377	69	2511	1.07	1.62
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP8	pH 7.8	4.1470683						25	38	7.84	0.09	7.76	0.10	2493.0	67.0	925	246	2131.2	93.2	148.3	31.9	2305.2	79.3	2.30	0.50	8	26	921	918	2145	143	2313	2.21	3.35
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP8	pH 8.0	3.6702607						25	38	8.03	0.07	7.93	0.04	2502.5	47.1	573	53	2007.9	53.5	202.6	15.1	2226.4	49.3	3.14	0.23	8	16	586	584	2018	199	2233	3.08	4.66
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP9	pH 7.2	0.7701187						25	38	7.23	0.08	7.16	0.10	2577.4	60.6	4321	1383	2474.4	70.0	43.6	11.6	2638.4	91.5	0.68	0.18	8	118	4233	4220	2477	41	2637	0.64	0.97
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP9	pH 7.4	1.4978407						25	38	7.49	0.10	7.40	0.16	2544.3	52.8	2538	1085	2372.7	71.0	70.7	18.8	2514.2	79.5	1.10	0.29	8	65	2337	2330	2377	69	2511	1.07	1.62
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP9	pH 7.8	2.5402147						25	38	7.84	0.09	7.76	0.10	2493.0	67.0	925	246	2131.2	93.2	148.3	31.9	2305.2	79.3	2.30	0.50	8	26	921	918	2145	143	2313	2.21	3.35
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 D	STP9	pH 8.0	2.9561394						25	38	8.03	0.07	7.93	0.04	2502.5	47.1	573	53	2007.9	53.5	202.6	15.1	2226.4	49.3	3.14	0.23	8	16	586	584	2018	199	2233	3.08	4.66
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 C	rep 3	pH 7.2		2.007627927					25	38	7.23	0.08	7.16	0.10	2577.4	60.6	4321	1383	2474.4	70.0	43.6	11.6	2638.4	91.5	0.68	0.18	8	118	4233	4220	2477	41	2637	0.64	0.97
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 C	rep 3	pH 7.4		40.591835730					25	38	7.49	0.10	7.40	0.16	2544.3	52.8	2538	1085	2372.7	71.0	70.7	18.8	2514.2	79.5	1.10	0.29	8	65	2337	2330	2377	69	2511	1.07	1.62
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 C	rep 3	pH 7.8		30.527946460					25	38	7.84	0.09	7.76	0.10	2493.0	67.0	925	246	2131.2	93.2	148.3	31.9	2305.2	79.3	2.30	0.50	8	26	921	918	2145	143	2313	2.21	3.35
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 C	rep 3	pH 8.0		51.887426190					25	38	8.03	0.07	7.93	0.04	2502.5	47.1	573	53	2007.9	53.5	202.6	15.1	2226.4	49.3	3.14	0.23	8	16	586	584	2018	199	2233	3.08	4.66
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 C	rep 4	pH 7.2		11.679715710					25	38	7.23	0.08	7.16	0.10	2577.4	60.6	4321	1383	2474.4	70.0	43.6	11.6	2638.4	91.5	0.68	0.18	8	118	4233	4220	2477	41	2637	0.64	0.97
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 C	rep 4	pH 7.4		19.573533880					25	38	7.49	0.10	7.40	0.16	2544.3	52.8	2538	1085	2372.7	71.0	70.7	18.8	2514.2	79.5	1.10	0.29	8	65	2337	2330	2377	69	2511	1.07	1.62
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 C	rep 4	pH 7.8		82.976311410					25	38	7.84	0.09	7.76	0.10	2493.0	67.0	925	246	2131.2	93.2	148.3	31.9	2305.2	79.3	2.30	0.50	8	26	921	918	2145	143	2313	2.21	3.35
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 C	rep 4	pH 8.0		38.820591300					25	38	8.03	0.07	7.93	0.04	2502.5	47.1	573	53	2007.9	53.5	202.6	15.1	2226.4	49.3	3.14	0.23	8	16	586	584	2018	199	2233	3.08	4.66
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 C	rep 5	pH 7.2		12.802072920					25	38	7.23	0.08	7.16	0.10	2577.4	60.6	4321	1383	2474.4	70.0	43.6	11.6	2638.4	91.5	0.68	0.18	8	118	4233	4220	2477	41	2637	0.64	0.97
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 C	rep 5	pH 7.4		37.050000000					25	38	7.49	0.10	7.40	0.16	2544.3	52.8	2538	1085	2372.7	71.0	70.7	18.8	2514.2	79.5	1.10	0.29	8	65	2337	2330	2377	69	2511	1.07	1.62
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 C	rep 5	pH 7.8		60.180830180					25	38	7.84	0.09	7.76	0.10	2493.0	67.0	925	246	2131.2	93.2	148.3	31.9	2305.2	79.3	2.30	0.50	8	26	921	918	2145	143	2313	2.21	3.35
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 C	rep 5	pH 8.0		57.106952620					25	38	8.03	0.07	7.93	0.04	2502.5	47.1	573	53	2007.9	53.5	202.6	15.1	2226.4	49.3	3.14	0.23	8	16	586	584	2018	199	2233	3.08	4.66
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 C	rep1	pH 7.2		4.491044552					25	38	7.23	0.08	7.16	0.10	2577.4	60.6	4321	1383	2474.4	70.0	43.6	11.6	2638.4	91.5	0.68	0.18	8	118	4233	4220	2477	41	2637	0.64	0.97
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 C	rep1	pH 7.4		58.581279540					25	38	7.49	0.10	7.40	0.16	2544.3	52.8	2538	1085	2372.7	71.0	70.7	18.8	2514.2	79.5	1.10	0.29	8	65	2337	2330	2377	69	2511	1.07	1.62
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 C	rep1	pH 7.8		26.930853430					25	38	7.84	0.09	7.76	0.10	2493.0	67.0	925	246	2131.2	93.2	148.3	31.9	2305.2	79.3	2.30	0.50	8	26	921	918	2145	143	2313	2.21	3.35
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 C	rep1	pH 8.0		38.447517680					25	38	8.03	0.07	7.93	0.04	2502.5	47.1	573	53	2007.9	53.5	202.6	15.1	2226.4	49.3	3.14	0.23	8	16	586	584	2018	199	2233	3.08	4.66
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 C	rep2	pH 7.2		15.019366250					25	38	7.23	0.08	7.16	0.10	2577.4	60.6	4321	1383	2474.4	70.0	43.6	11.6	2638.4	91.5	0.68	0.18	8	118	4233	4220	2477	41	2637	0.64	0.97
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 C	rep2	pH 7.4		30.400718090					25	38	7.49	0.10	7.40	0.16	2544.3	52.8	2538	1085	2372.7	71.0	70.7	18.8	2514.2	79.5	1.10	0.29	8	65	2337	2330	2377	69	2511	1.07	1.62
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 C	rep2	pH 7.8		48.568226290					25	38	7.84	0.09	7.76	0.10	2493.0	67.0	925	246	2131.2	93.2	148.3	31.9	2305.2	79.3	2.30	0.50	8	26	921	918	2145	143	2313	2.21	3.35
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Figure 2 C	rep2	pH 8.0		43.513004400					25	38	8.03	0.07	7.93	0.04	2502.5	47.1	573	53	2007.9	53.5	202.6	15.1	2226.4	49.3	3.14	0.23	8	16	586	584	2018	199	2233	3.08	4.66
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 7.2			in the exterior seawater at 5 mm from the sample	short-term (24 h)	7.28	0.07	25	38	7.23	0.08	7.16	0.10	2577.4	60.6	4321	1383	2474.4	70.0	43.6	11.6	2638.4	91.5	0.68	0.18	8	118	4233	4220	2477	41	2637	0.64	0.97
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 7.2			in the exterior seawater at 5 mm from the sample	long-term (1 year)	7.26	0.36	25	38	7.23	0.08	7.16	0.10	2577.4	60.6	4321	1383	2474.4	70.0	43.6	11.6	2638.4	91.5	0.68	0.18	8	118	4233	4220	2477	41	2637	0.64	0.97
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 7.2			in the exterior seawater at 0.1 mm from the sample	short-term (24 h)	7.26	0.36	25	38	7.23	0.08	7.16	0.10	2577.4	60.6	4321	1383	2474.4	70.0	43.6	11.6	2638.4	91.5	0.68	0.18	8	118	4233	4220	2477	41	2637	0.64	0.97
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 7.2			in the exterior seawater at 0.1 mm from the sample	long-term (1 year)	7.15	0.10	25	38	7.23	0.08	7.16	0.10	2577.4	60.6	4321	1383	2474.4	70.0	43.6	11.6	2638.4	91.5	0.68	0.18	8	118	4233	4220	2477	41	2637	0.64	0.97
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 7.2			in calicoblastic epithelium	short-term (24 h)	7.26	0.02	25	38	7.23	0.08	7.16	0.10	2577.4	60.6	4321	1383	2474.4	70.0	43.6	11.6	2638.4	91.5	0.68	0.18	8	118	4233	4220	2477	41	2637	0.64	0.97
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 7.2			in calicoblastic epithelium	long-term (1 year)	7.19	0.05	25	38	7.23	0.08	7.16	0.10	2577.4	60.6	4321	1383	2474.4	70.0	43.6	11.6	2638.4	91.5	0.68	0.18	8	118	4233	4220	2477	41	2637	0.64	0.97
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 7.2			in the subcalicoblastic medium	short-term (24 h)	7.82	0.07	25	38	7.23	0.08	7.16	0.10	2577.4	60.6	4321	1383	2474.4	70.0	43.6	11.6	2638.4	91.5	0.68	0.18	8	118	4233	4220	2477	41	2637	0.64	0.97
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 7.2			in the subcalicoblastic medium	long-term (1 year)	7.93	0.05	25	38	7.23	0.08	7.16	0.10	2577.4	60.6	4321	1383	2474.4	70.0	43.6	11.6	2638.4	91.5	0.68	0.18	8	118	4233	4220	2477	41	2637	0.64	0.97
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 7.4			in the exterior seawater at 5 mm from the sample	short-term (24 h)	7.43	0.05	25	38	7.49	0.10	7.40	0.16	2544.3	52.8	2538	1085	2372.7	71.0	70.7	18.8	2514.2	79.5	1.10	0.29	8	65	2337	2330	2377	69	2511	1.07	1.62
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 7.4			in the exterior seawater at 5 mm from the sample	long-term (1 year)	7.40	0.02	25	38	7.49	0.10	7.40	0.16	2544.3	52.8	2538	1085	2372.7	71.0	70.7	18.8	2514.2	79.5	1.10	0.29	8	65	2337	2330	2377	69	2511	1.07	1.62
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 7.4			in the exterior seawater at 0.1 mm from the sample	short-term (24 h)	7.41	0.09	25	38	7.49	0.10	7.40	0.16	2544.3	52.8	2538	1085	2372.7	71.0	70.7	18.8	2514.2	79.5	1.10	0.29	8	65	2337	2330	2377	69	2511	1.07	1.62
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 7.4			in the exterior seawater at 0.1 mm from the sample	long-term (1 year)	7.37	0.04	25	38	7.49	0.10	7.40	0.16	2544.3	52.8	2538	1085	2372.7	71.0	70.7	18.8	2514.2	79.5	1.10	0.29	8	65	2337	2330	2377	69	2511	1.07	1.62
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 7.4			in calicoblastic epithelium	short-term (24 h)	7.32	0.03	25	38	7.49	0.10	7.40	0.16	2544.3	52.8	2538	1085	2372.7	71.0	70.7	18.8	2514.2	79.5	1.10	0.29	8	65	2337	2330	2377	69	2511	1.07	1.62
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 7.4			in calicoblastic epithelium	long-term (1 year)	7.26	0.01	25	38	7.49	0.10	7.40	0.16	2544.3	52.8	2538	1085	2372.7	71.0	70.7	18.8	2514.2	79.5	1.10	0.29	8	65	2337	2330	2377	69	2511	1.07	1.62
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 7.4			in the subcalicoblastic medium	short-term (24 h)	8.01	0.06	25	38	7.49	0.10	7.40	0.16	2544.3	52.8	2538	1085	2372.7	71.0	70.7	18.8	2514.2	79.5	1.10	0.29	8	65	2337	2330	2377	69	2511	1.07	1.62
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 7.4			in the subcalicoblastic medium	long-term (1 year)	8.02	0.03	25	38	7.49	0.10	7.40	0.16	2544.3	52.8	2538	1085	2372.7	71.0	70.7	18.8	2514.2	79.5	1.10	0.29	8	65	2337	2330	2377	69	2511	1.07	1.62
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 7.8			in the exterior seawater at 5 mm from the sample	short-term (24 h)	7.93	0.07	25	38	7.84	0.09	7.76	0.10	2493.0	67.0	925	246	2131.2	93.2	148.3	31.9	2305.2	79.3	2.30	0.50	8	26	921	918	2145	143	2313	2.21	3.35
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 7.8			in the exterior seawater at 5 mm from the sample	long-term (1 year)	7.79	0.07	25	38	7.84	0.09	7.76	0.10	2493.0	67.0	925	246	2131.2	93.2	148.3	31.9	2305.2	79.3	2.30	0.50	8	26	921	918	2145	143	2313	2.21	3.35
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 7.8			in the exterior seawater at 0.1 mm from the sample	short-term (24 h)	7.85	0.09	25	38	7.84	0.09	7.76	0.10	2493.0	67.0	925	246	2131.2	93.2	148.3	31.9	2305.2	79.3	2.30	0.50	8	26	921	918	2145	143	2313	2.21	3.35
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 7.8			in the exterior seawater at 0.1 mm from the sample	long-term (1 year)	7.78	0.10	25	38	7.84	0.09	7.76	0.10	2493.0	67.0	925	246	2131.2	93.2	148.3	31.9	2305.2	79.3	2.30	0.50	8	26	921	918	2145	143	2313	2.21	3.35
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 7.8			in calicoblastic epithelium (calcifying cell layer)	short-term (24 h)	7.36	0.03	25	38	7.84	0.09	7.76	0.10	2493.0	67.0	925	246	2131.2	93.2	148.3	31.9	2305.2	79.3	2.30	0.50	8	26	921	918	2145	143	2313	2.21	3.35
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 7.8			in calicoblastic epithelium (calcifying cell layer)	long-term (1 year)	7.29	0.02	25	38	7.84	0.09	7.76	0.10	2493.0	67.0	925	246	2131.2	93.2	148.3	31.9	2305.2	79.3	2.30	0.50	8	26	921	918	2145	143	2313	2.21	3.35
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 7.8			in calicoblastic epithelium	short-term (24 h)	8.18	0.04	25	38	7.84	0.09	7.76	0.10	2493.0	67.0	925	246	2131.2	93.2	148.3	31.9	2305.2	79.3	2.30	0.50	8	26	921	918	2145	143	2313	2.21	3.35
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 7.8			in calicoblastic epithelium	long-term (1 year)	8.14	0.05	25	38	7.84	0.09	7.76	0.10	2493.0	67.0	925	246	2131.2	93.2	148.3	31.9	2305.2	79.3	2.30	0.50	8	26	921	918	2145	143	2313	2.21	3.35
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 8.0			in the subcalicoblastic medium	short-term (24 h)	8.13	0.07	25	38	8.03	0.07	7.93	0.04	2502.5	47.1	573	53	2007.9	53.5	202.6	15.1	2226.4	49.3	3.14	0.23	8	16	586	584	2018	199	2233	3.08	4.66
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 8.0			in the subcalicoblastic medium	long-term (1 year)	8.12	0.03	25	38	8.03	0.07	7.93	0.04	2502.5	47.1	573	53	2007.9	53.5	202.6	15.1	2226.4	49.3	3.14	0.23	8	16	586	584	2018	199	2233	3.08	4.66
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 8.0			in the exterior seawater at 0.1 mm from the sample	short-term (24 h)	8.03	0.09	25	38	8.03	0.07	7.93	0.04	2502.5	47.1	573	53	2007.9	53.5	202.6	15.1	2226.4	49.3	3.14	0.23	8	16	586	584	2018	199	2233	3.08	4.66
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 8.0			in the exterior seawater at 0.1 mm from the sample	long-term (1 year)	8.06	0.08	25	38	8.03	0.07	7.93	0.04	2502.5	47.1	573	53	2007.9	53.5	202.6	15.1	2226.4	49.3	3.14	0.23	8	16	586	584	2018	199	2233	3.08	4.66
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 8.0			in calicoblastic epithelium	short-term (24 h)	7.41	0.02	25	38	8.03	0.07	7.93	0.04	2502.5	47.1	573	53	2007.9	53.5	202.6	15.1	2226.4	49.3	3.14	0.23	8	16	586	584	2018	199	2233	3.08	4.66
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 8.0			in calicoblastic epithelium	long-term (1 year)	7.38	0.03	25	38	8.03	0.07	7.93	0.04	2502.5	47.1	573	53	2007.9	53.5	202.6	15.1	2226.4	49.3	3.14	0.23	8	16	586	584	2018	199	2233	3.08	4.66
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 8.0			in the subcalicoblastic medium	short-term (24 h)	8.42	0.04	25	38	8.03	0.07	7.93	0.04	2502.5	47.1	573	53	2007.9	53.5	202.6	15.1	2226.4	49.3	3.14	0.23	8	16	586	584	2018	199	2233	3.08	4.66
Stylophora pistillata (coral)	Table 2		pH 8.0			in the subcalicoblastic medium	long-term (1 year)	8.36	0.08	25	38	8.03	0.07	7.93	0.04	2502.5	47.1	573	53	2007.9	53.5	202.6	15.1	2226.4	49.3	3.14	0.23	8	16	586	584	2018	199	2233	3.08	4.66