Citation:

journal.pone.0058520.t002

Name: Elevated CO2 affects predator-prey interactions through altered performance
Published: 2013
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Keywords: Animalia; Behaviour; Chordata; Coast and continental shelf; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or < 1 m**2); Laboratory experiment; Nekton; Other; Pelagos; Pomacentrus amboinensis; Pseudochromis fuscus; South Pacific; Species interaction; Tropical

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Abstract:

Recent research has shown that exposure to elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) affects how fishes perceive their environment, affecting behavioral and cognitive processes leading to increased prey mortality. However, it is unclear if increased mortality results from changes in the dynamics of predator-prey interactions or due to prey increasing activity levels. Here we demonstrate that ocean pCO2 projected to occur by 2100 significantly effects the interactions of a predator-prey pair of common reef fish: the planktivorous damselfish Pomacentrus amboinensis and the piscivorous dottyback Pseudochromis fuscus. Prey exposed to elevated CO2 (880 µatm) or a present-day control (440 µatm) interacted with similarly exposed predators in a cross-factored design. Predators had the lowest capture success when exposed to elevated CO2 and interacting with prey exposed to present-day CO2. Prey exposed to elevated CO2 had reduced escape distances and longer reaction distances compared to prey exposed to present-day CO2 conditions, but this was dependent on whether the prey was paired with a CO2 exposed predator or not. This suggests that the dynamics of predator-prey interactions under future CO2 environments will depend on the extent to which the interacting species are affected and can adapt to the adverse effects of elevated CO2.

Keyword(s):

Animalia; Behaviour; Chordata; Coast and continental shelf; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or < 1 m**2); Laboratory experiment; Nekton; Other; Pelagos; Pomacentrus amboinensis; Pseudochromis fuscus; South Pacific; Species interaction; Tropical

Further details:

Lavigne, Héloïse; Gattuso, Jean-Pierre (2011): seacarb: seawater carbonate chemistry with R. R package version 2.4. https://cran.r-project.org/package=seacarb

Project(s):

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)

Comment:

In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Lavigne and Gattuso, 2011) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). The date of carbonate chemistry calculation by seacarb is 2014-03-21.

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Species	Species		Allan, Bridie J M
2	Treatment	Treat		Allan, Bridie J M
3	Predator success	Pred success	%	Allan, Bridie J M		per ten mins obs
4	Predation rate	Pred rate		Allan, Bridie J M		per ten mins obs
5	Predation rate, standard error	Pred rate std e	±	Allan, Bridie J M		per ten mins obs
6	Distance	Distance	m	Allan, Bridie J M		predator attack
7	Distance, standard error	Distance std e	±	Allan, Bridie J M		predator attack
8	Distance	Distance	m	Allan, Bridie J M		prey reaction
9	Distance, standard error	Distance std e	±	Allan, Bridie J M		prey reaction
10	Apparent looming threshold	ALT	rad/s	Allan, Bridie J M
11	Apparent looming threshold, standard error	ALT std e	±	Allan, Bridie J M
12	Distance	Distance	m	Allan, Bridie J M		prey escape
13	Distance, standard error	Distance std e	±	Allan, Bridie J M		prey escape
14	pH	pH		Allan, Bridie J M	Potentiometric	NBS scale, prey
15	pH, standard deviation	pH std dev	±	Allan, Bridie J M	Potentiometric	NBS scale, prey
16	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Allan, Bridie J M		prey
17	Temperature, water, standard deviation	Temp std dev	±	Allan, Bridie J M		prey
18	Salinity	Sal		Allan, Bridie J M		prey
19	Alkalinity, total	AT	µmol/kg	Allan, Bridie J M	Potentiometric titration	prey
20	Alkalinity, total, standard deviation	AT std dev	±	Allan, Bridie J M	Potentiometric titration	prey
21	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Allan, Bridie J M	Calculated using CO2SYS	prey
22	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation	pCO2 std dev	±	Allan, Bridie J M	Calculated using CO2SYS	prey
23	pH	pH		Allan, Bridie J M	Potentiometric	NBS scale, predator
24	pH, standard deviation	pH std dev	±	Allan, Bridie J M	Potentiometric	NBS scale, predator
25	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Allan, Bridie J M		predator
26	Temperature, water, standard deviation	Temp std dev	±	Allan, Bridie J M		predator
27	Salinity	Sal		Allan, Bridie J M		predator
28	Alkalinity, total	AT	µmol/kg	Allan, Bridie J M	Potentiometric titration	predator
29	Alkalinity, total, standard deviation	AT std dev	±	Allan, Bridie J M	Potentiometric titration	predator
30	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Allan, Bridie J M	Calculated using CO2SYS	predator
31	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation	pCO2 std dev	±	Allan, Bridie J M	Calculated using CO2SYS	predator
32	Carbonate system computation flag	CSC flag		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
33	pH	pH		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	total scale, prey
34	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	prey
35	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	prey
36	Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	fCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	prey
37	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	prey
38	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	prey
39	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	prey
40	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	prey
41	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	prey
42	pH	pH		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	total scale, prey
43	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	predator
44	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	predator
45	Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	fCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	predator
46	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	predator
47	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	predator
48	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	predator
49	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	predator
50	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	predator

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)

Status:

Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)

Size:

200 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Species	2 Treat	3 Pred success [%] (per ten mins obs)	4 Pred rate (per ten mins obs)	5 Pred rate std e [±] (per ten mins obs)	6 Distance [m] (predator attack)	7 Distance std e [±] (predator attack)	8 Distance [m] (prey reaction)	9 Distance std e [±] (prey reaction)	10 ALT [rad/s]	11 ALT std e [±]	12 Distance [m] (prey escape)	13 Distance std e [±] (prey escape)	14 pH (NBS scale, prey, Potentiometric)	15 pH std dev [±] (NBS scale, prey, Potentiometric)	16 Temp [°C] (prey)	17 Temp std dev [±] (prey)	18 Sal (prey)	19 AT [µmol/kg] (prey, Potentiometric titration)	20 AT std dev [±] (prey, Potentiometric titration)	21 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (prey, Calculated using CO2SYS)	22 pCO2 std dev [±] (prey, Calculated using CO2SYS)	23 pH (NBS scale, predator, Potentio...)	24 pH std dev [±] (NBS scale, predator, Potentio...)	25 Temp [°C] (predator)	26 Temp std dev [±] (predator)	27 Sal (predator)	28 AT [µmol/kg] (predator, Potentiometric titr...)	29 AT std dev [±] (predator, Potentiometric titr...)	30 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (predator, Calculated using CO...)	31 pCO2 std dev [±] (predator, Calculated using CO...)	32 CSC flag (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	33 pH (total scale, prey, Calculated...)	34 CO2 [µmol/kg] (prey, Calculated using seacar...)	35 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (prey, Calculated using seacar...)	36 fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (prey, Calculated using seacar...)	37 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (prey, Calculated using seacar...)	38 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (prey, Calculated using seacar...)	39 DIC [µmol/kg] (prey, Calculated using seacar...)	40 Omega Arg (prey, Calculated using seacar...)	41 Omega Cal (prey, Calculated using seacar...)	42 pH (total scale, prey, Calculated...)	43 CO2 [µmol/kg] (predator, Calculated using se...)	44 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (predator, Calculated using se...)	45 fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (predator, Calculated using se...)	46 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (predator, Calculated using se...)	47 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (predator, Calculated using se...)	48 DIC [µmol/kg] (predator, Calculated using se...)	49 Omega Arg (predator, Calculated using se...)	50 Omega Cal (predator, Calculated using se...)
Pomacentrus amboinensis and Pseudochromis fuscus (fishes)	Present day CO2 prey-Present day CO2 predator	52	0.14	0.05	0.071	0.009	0.060	0.006	5.50	1.00	0.089	0.0075	8.15	0.04	27.66	0.98	35	2269.66	15.01	440.53	44.46	8.15	0.04	27.66	0.98	35	2269.66	15.01	440.53	44.46	26	8.01	11.51	434.09	432.76	1748.61	211.79	1971.91	3.40	5.12	8.01	11.51	434.09	432.76	1748.61	211.79	1971.91	3.40	5.12
Pomacentrus amboinensis and Pseudochromis fuscus (fishes)	Elevated day CO2 prey-Present day CO2 predator	36	0.11	0.04	0.060	0.008	0.070	0.010	3.25	0.52	0.049	0.0080	7.89	0.06	27.74	0.99	35	2261.23	14.92	879.95	140.64	8.15	0.04	27.66	0.98	35	2269.66	15.01	440.53	44.46	26	7.75	23.25	878.51	875.83	1942.97	129.64	2095.86	2.08	3.13	8.01	11.51	434.09	432.76	1748.61	211.79	1971.91	3.40	5.12
Pomacentrus amboinensis and Pseudochromis fuscus (fishes)	Present day CO2 prey-Elevated CO2 predator	18	0.04	0.02	0.040	0.008	0.090	0.010	2.75	0.40	0.049	0.0040	8.15	0.04	27.66	0.98	35	2269.66	15.01	440.53	44.46	7.89	0.06	27.74	0.99	35	2261.23	14.92	879.95	140.64	26	8.01	11.51	434.09	432.76	1748.61	211.79	1971.91	3.40	5.12	7.75	23.25	878.51	875.83	1942.97	129.64	2095.86	2.08	3.13
Pomacentrus amboinensis and Pseudochromis fuscus (fishes)	Elevated day CO2 prey-Elevated CO2 predator	58	0.22	0.06	0.080	0.010	0.040	0.006	5.75	1.25	0.049	0.0064	7.89	0.06	27.74	0.99	35	2261.23	14.92	879.95	140.64	7.89	0.06	27.74	0.99	35	2261.23	14.92	879.95	140.64	26	7.75	23.25	878.51	875.83	1942.97	129.64	2095.86	2.08	3.13	7.75	23.25	878.51	875.83	1942.97	129.64	2095.86	2.08	3.13