Alsterberg, Christian; Eklöf, Johan S; Gamfeldt, Lars; Havenhand, Jonathan N; Sundbäck, Kristina (2013): Consumers mediate the effects of experimental ocean acidification and warming on primary producers [dataset]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.830714, Supplement to: Alsterberg, C et al. (2013): Consumers mediate the effects of experimental ocean acidification and warming on primary producers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(21), 8603-8608, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1303797110
Always quote citation above when using data! You can download the citation in several formats below.
Abstract:
It is well known that ocean acidification can have profound impacts on marine organisms. However, we know little about the direct and indirect effects of ocean acidification and also how these effects interact with other features of environmental change such as warming and declining consumer pressure. In this study, we tested whether the presence of consumers (invertebrate mesograzers) influenced the interactive effects of ocean acidification and warming on benthic microalgae in a seagrass community mesocosm experiment. Net effects of acidification and warming on benthic microalgal biomass and production, as assessed by analysis of variance, were relatively weak regardless of grazer presence. However, partitioning these net effects into direct and indirect effects using structural equation modeling revealed several strong relationships. In the absence of grazers, benthic microalgae were negatively and indirectly affected by sediment-associated microalgal grazers and macroalgal shading, but directly and positively affected by acidification and warming. Combining indirect and direct effects yielded no or weak net effects. In the presence of grazers, almost all direct and indirect climate effects were nonsignificant. Our analyses highlight that (i) indirect effects of climate change may be at least as strong as direct effects, (ii) grazers are crucial in mediating these effects, and (iii) effects of ocean acidification may be apparent only through indirect effects and in combination with other variables (e.g., warming). These findings highlight the importance of experimental designs and statistical analyses that allow us to separate and quantify the direct and indirect effects of multiple climate variables on natural communities.
Keyword(s):
Further details:
Lavigne, Héloïse; Gattuso, Jean-Pierre (2011): seacarb: seawater carbonate chemistry with R. R package version 2.4. https://cran.r-project.org/package=seacarb
Project(s):
Coverage:
Latitude: 58.250000 * Longitude: 11.450000
Date/Time Start: 2010-07-20T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2010-08-24T00:00:00
Event(s):
Comment:
In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Lavigne and Gattuso, 2011) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). The date of carbonate chemistry calculation by seacarb is 2014-03-18.
Parameter(s):
License:
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)
Status:
Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)
Size:
1520 data points
Data
1 Treat | 2 pH (treatment, NBS scale) | 3 Chl a conc [mg/m2] (sediment) | 4 PP C [mg/m2] (by benthic microalgae) | 5 Biom dm [g] (macroalgal biomass) | 6 Dry m [g] (sediment fauna) | 7 Sal (day 28) | 8 Sal std dev [±] (day 28) | 9 Temp [°C] (day 28) | 10 Temp std dev [±] (day 28) | 11 AT [µmol/kg] (day 28, Calculated using CO2SYS) | 12 AT std dev [±] (day 28, Calculated using CO2SYS) | 13 DIC [µmol/kg] (day 28) | 14 DIC std dev [±] (day 28) | 15 pH (day 28, NBS scale) | 16 pH std dev [±] (day 28, NBS scale) | 17 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (day 28, Calculated using CO2SYS) | 18 [HCO3]- std dev [±] (day 28, Calculated using CO2SYS) | 19 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (day 28, Calculated using CO2SYS) | 20 [CO3]2- std dev [±] (day 28, Calculated using CO2SYS) | 21 CO2 [µmol/kg] (day 28, Calculated using CO2SYS) | 22 CO2 std dev [±] (day 28, Calculated using CO2SYS) | 23 Omega Cal (day 28, Calculated using CO2SYS) | 24 Omega Cal std dev [±] (day 28, Calculated using CO2SYS) | 25 Omega Arg (day 28, Calculated using CO2SYS) | 26 Omega Arg std dev [±] (day 28, Calculated using CO2SYS) | 27 pCO2water_SST_wet [ppmv] (day 28, Calculated using CO2SYS) | 28 pCO2 std dev [±] (day 28, Calculated using CO2SYS) | 29 CSC flag (Calculated using seacarb afte...) | 30 pH (total scale, Calculated using...) | 31 CO2 [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) | 32 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) | 33 fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) | 34 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) | 35 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) | 36 DIC [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) | 37 Omega Arg (Calculated using seacarb afte...) | 38 Omega Cal (Calculated using seacarb afte...) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
no warming-no mesograzers | 8.1 | 26 | 8.813 | 4.050 | 0.403 | 28.65 | 0.2 | 17.95 | 0.2 | 1441 | 46 | 1280 | 36 | 8.07 | 0.02 | 1169 | 33 | 102 | 5 | 8 | 0 | 2.54 | 0.1 | 1.62 | 0.07 | 233 | 11 | 26 | 7.94 | 12 | 334 | 333 | 1194 | 74 | 1393 | 1.18 | 1.85 |
no warming-no mesograzers | 8.1 | 60 | 10.445 | 3.165 | 0.233 | 28.65 | 0.2 | 17.95 | 0.2 | 1441 | 46 | 1280 | 36 | 8.07 | 0.02 | 1169 | 33 | 102 | 5 | 8 | 0 | 2.54 | 0.1 | 1.62 | 0.07 | 233 | 11 | 26 | 7.94 | 12 | 334 | 333 | 1194 | 74 | 1393 | 1.18 | 1.85 |
no warming-no mesograzers | 8.1 | 32 | 11.506 | 1.808 | 0.494 | 28.65 | 0.2 | 17.95 | 0.2 | 1441 | 46 | 1280 | 36 | 8.07 | 0.02 | 1169 | 33 | 102 | 5 | 8 | 0 | 2.54 | 0.1 | 1.62 | 0.07 | 233 | 11 | 26 | 7.94 | 12 | 334 | 333 | 1194 | 74 | 1393 | 1.18 | 1.85 |
no warming-no mesograzers | 8.1 | 64 | 13.330 | 4.098 | 0.286 | 28.65 | 0.2 | 17.95 | 0.2 | 1441 | 46 | 1280 | 36 | 8.07 | 0.02 | 1169 | 33 | 102 | 5 | 8 | 0 | 2.54 | 0.1 | 1.62 | 0.07 | 233 | 11 | 26 | 7.94 | 12 | 334 | 333 | 1194 | 74 | 1393 | 1.18 | 1.85 |
no warming-no mesograzers | 8.1 | 65 | 17.949 | 4.537 | 0.238 | 28.65 | 0.2 | 17.95 | 0.2 | 1441 | 46 | 1280 | 36 | 8.07 | 0.02 | 1169 | 33 | 102 | 5 | 8 | 0 | 2.54 | 0.1 | 1.62 | 0.07 | 233 | 11 | 26 | 7.94 | 12 | 334 | 333 | 1194 | 74 | 1393 | 1.18 | 1.85 |
no warming-no mesograzers | 7.7 | 35 | 20.836 | 3.120 | 0.400 | 28.55 | 0.4 | 17.92 | 0.2 | 1524 | 115 | 1440 | 112 | 7.80 | 0.05 | 1358 | 107 | 63 | 7 | 18 | 2 | 1.57 | 0.2 | 1.00 | 0.10 | 514 | 69 | 26 | 7.67 | 25 | 714 | 711 | 1369 | 46 | 1489 | 0.72 | 1.13 |
no warming-no mesograzers | 7.7 | 48 | 18.198 | 2.168 | 0.376 | 28.55 | 0.4 | 17.92 | 0.2 | 1524 | 115 | 1440 | 112 | 7.80 | 0.05 | 1358 | 107 | 63 | 7 | 18 | 2 | 1.57 | 0.2 | 1.00 | 0.10 | 514 | 69 | 26 | 7.67 | 25 | 714 | 711 | 1369 | 46 | 1489 | 0.72 | 1.13 |
no warming-no mesograzers | 7.7 | 64 | 1.254 | 1.322 | 0.258 | 28.55 | 0.4 | 17.92 | 0.2 | 1524 | 115 | 1440 | 112 | 7.80 | 0.05 | 1358 | 107 | 63 | 7 | 18 | 2 | 1.57 | 0.2 | 1.00 | 0.10 | 514 | 69 | 26 | 7.67 | 25 | 714 | 711 | 1369 | 46 | 1489 | 0.72 | 1.13 |
no warming-no mesograzers | 7.7 | 72 | 7.877 | 3.491 | 0.199 | 28.55 | 0.4 | 17.92 | 0.2 | 1524 | 115 | 1440 | 112 | 7.80 | 0.05 | 1358 | 107 | 63 | 7 | 18 | 2 | 1.57 | 0.2 | 1.00 | 0.10 | 514 | 69 | 26 | 7.67 | 25 | 714 | 711 | 1369 | 46 | 1489 | 0.72 | 1.13 |
no warming-no mesograzers | 7.7 | 76 | 6.998 | 0.991 | 0.268 | 28.55 | 0.4 | 17.92 | 0.2 | 1524 | 115 | 1440 | 112 | 7.80 | 0.05 | 1358 | 107 | 63 | 7 | 18 | 2 | 1.57 | 0.2 | 1.00 | 0.10 | 514 | 69 | 26 | 7.67 | 25 | 714 | 711 | 1369 | 46 | 1489 | 0.72 | 1.13 |
warming-no mesograzers | 8.1 | 28 | 6.662 | 4.430 | 0.682 | 28.83 | 0.2 | 21.01 | 0.5 | 1496 | 81 | 1286 | 64 | 8.14 | 0.07 | 1154 | 53 | 131 | 22 | 6 | 2 | 3.64 | 1.4 | 2.33 | 0.90 | 206 | 30 | 26 | 8.01 | 9 | 290 | 289 | 1181 | 96 | 1436 | 1.54 | 2.40 |
warming-no mesograzers | 8.1 | 28 | 8.830 | 4.396 | 0.606 | 28.83 | 0.2 | 21.01 | 0.5 | 1496 | 81 | 1286 | 64 | 8.14 | 0.07 | 1154 | 53 | 131 | 22 | 6 | 2 | 3.64 | 1.4 | 2.33 | 0.90 | 206 | 30 | 26 | 8.01 | 9 | 290 | 289 | 1181 | 96 | 1436 | 1.54 | 2.40 |
warming-no mesograzers | 8.1 | 46 | 21.678 | 5.826 | 0.612 | 28.83 | 0.2 | 21.01 | 0.5 | 1496 | 81 | 1286 | 64 | 8.14 | 0.07 | 1154 | 53 | 131 | 22 | 6 | 2 | 3.64 | 1.4 | 2.33 | 0.90 | 206 | 30 | 26 | 8.01 | 9 | 290 | 289 | 1181 | 96 | 1436 | 1.54 | 2.40 |
warming-no mesograzers | 8.1 | 48 | 6.320 | 2.837 | 0.509 | 28.83 | 0.2 | 21.01 | 0.5 | 1496 | 81 | 1286 | 64 | 8.14 | 0.07 | 1154 | 53 | 131 | 22 | 6 | 2 | 3.64 | 1.4 | 2.33 | 0.90 | 206 | 30 | 26 | 8.01 | 9 | 290 | 289 | 1181 | 96 | 1436 | 1.54 | 2.40 |
warming-no mesograzers | 8.1 | 42 | 13.337 | 5.925 | 0.428 | 28.83 | 0.2 | 21.01 | 0.5 | 1496 | 81 | 1286 | 64 | 8.14 | 0.07 | 1154 | 53 | 131 | 22 | 6 | 2 | 3.64 | 1.4 | 2.33 | 0.90 | 206 | 30 | 26 | 8.01 | 9 | 290 | 289 | 1181 | 96 | 1436 | 1.54 | 2.40 |
warming-no mesograzers | 7.7 | 23 | 0.107 | 5.983 | 0.779 | 28.45 | 1.5 | 21.32 | 0.4 | 1561 | 103 | 1460 | 95 | 7.81 | 0.05 | 1369 | 88 | 74 | 10 | 17 | 2 | 1.85 | 0.2 | 1.19 | 0.20 | 518 | 54 | 26 | 7.67 | 24 | 733 | 730 | 1384 | 53 | 1521 | 0.85 | 1.32 |
warming-no mesograzers | 7.7 | 99 | 13.917 | 3.239 | 0.543 | 28.45 | 1.5 | 21.32 | 0.4 | 1561 | 103 | 1460 | 95 | 7.81 | 0.05 | 1369 | 88 | 74 | 10 | 17 | 2 | 1.85 | 0.2 | 1.19 | 0.20 | 518 | 54 | 26 | 7.67 | 24 | 733 | 730 | 1384 | 53 | 1521 | 0.85 | 1.32 |
warming-no mesograzers | 7.7 | 37 | 4.813 | 7.807 | 0.592 | 28.45 | 1.5 | 21.32 | 0.4 | 1561 | 103 | 1460 | 95 | 7.81 | 0.05 | 1369 | 88 | 74 | 10 | 17 | 2 | 1.85 | 0.2 | 1.19 | 0.20 | 518 | 54 | 26 | 7.67 | 24 | 733 | 730 | 1384 | 53 | 1521 | 0.85 | 1.32 |
warming-no mesograzers | 7.7 | 94 | 9.378 | 6.365 | 0.454 | 28.45 | 1.5 | 21.32 | 0.4 | 1561 | 103 | 1460 | 95 | 7.81 | 0.05 | 1369 | 88 | 74 | 10 | 17 | 2 | 1.85 | 0.2 | 1.19 | 0.20 | 518 | 54 | 26 | 7.67 | 24 | 733 | 730 | 1384 | 53 | 1521 | 0.85 | 1.32 |
warming-no mesograzers | 7.7 | 97 | 3.309 | 11.587 | 0.246 | 28.45 | 1.5 | 21.32 | 0.4 | 1561 | 103 | 1460 | 95 | 7.81 | 0.05 | 1369 | 88 | 74 | 10 | 17 | 2 | 1.85 | 0.2 | 1.19 | 0.20 | 518 | 54 | 26 | 7.67 | 24 | 733 | 730 | 1384 | 53 | 1521 | 0.85 | 1.32 |
no warming-mesograzers | 8.1 | 55 | 21.080 | 2.313 | 0.318 | 28.65 | 0.2 | 17.95 | 0.2 | 1441 | 46 | 1280 | 36 | 8.07 | 0.02 | 1169 | 33 | 102 | 5 | 8 | 0 | 2.54 | 0.1 | 1.62 | 0.07 | 233 | 11 | 26 | 7.94 | 12 | 334 | 333 | 1194 | 74 | 1393 | 1.18 | 1.85 |
no warming-mesograzers | 8.1 | 56 | 17.894 | 0.136 | 0.118 | 28.65 | 0.2 | 17.95 | 0.2 | 1441 | 46 | 1280 | 36 | 8.07 | 0.02 | 1169 | 33 | 102 | 5 | 8 | 0 | 2.54 | 0.1 | 1.62 | 0.07 | 233 | 11 | 26 | 7.94 | 12 | 334 | 333 | 1194 | 74 | 1393 | 1.18 | 1.85 |
no warming-mesograzers | 8.1 | 55 | 6.695 | 1.245 | 0.156 | 28.65 | 0.2 | 17.95 | 0.2 | 1441 | 46 | 1280 | 36 | 8.07 | 0.02 | 1169 | 33 | 102 | 5 | 8 | 0 | 2.54 | 0.1 | 1.62 | 0.07 | 233 | 11 | 26 | 7.94 | 12 | 334 | 333 | 1194 | 74 | 1393 | 1.18 | 1.85 |
no warming-mesograzers | 8.1 | 95 | 12.133 | 0.010 | 0.074 | 28.65 | 0.2 | 17.95 | 0.2 | 1441 | 46 | 1280 | 36 | 8.07 | 0.02 | 1169 | 33 | 102 | 5 | 8 | 0 | 2.54 | 0.1 | 1.62 | 0.07 | 233 | 11 | 26 | 7.94 | 12 | 334 | 333 | 1194 | 74 | 1393 | 1.18 | 1.85 |
no warming-mesograzers | 8.1 | 64 | 7.448 | 0.000 | 0.065 | 28.65 | 0.2 | 17.95 | 0.2 | 1441 | 46 | 1280 | 36 | 8.07 | 0.02 | 1169 | 33 | 102 | 5 | 8 | 0 | 2.54 | 0.1 | 1.62 | 0.07 | 233 | 11 | 26 | 7.94 | 12 | 334 | 333 | 1194 | 74 | 1393 | 1.18 | 1.85 |
no warming-mesograzers | 7.7 | 42 | 13.021 | 0.000 | 0.207 | 28.55 | 0.4 | 17.92 | 0.2 | 1524 | 115 | 1440 | 112 | 7.80 | 0.05 | 1358 | 107 | 63 | 7 | 18 | 2 | 1.57 | 0.2 | 1.00 | 0.10 | 514 | 69 | 26 | 7.67 | 25 | 714 | 711 | 1369 | 46 | 1489 | 0.72 | 1.13 |
no warming-mesograzers | 7.7 | 85 | 15.385 | 0.045 | 0.121 | 28.55 | 0.4 | 17.92 | 0.2 | 1524 | 115 | 1440 | 112 | 7.80 | 0.05 | 1358 | 107 | 63 | 7 | 18 | 2 | 1.57 | 0.2 | 1.00 | 0.10 | 514 | 69 | 26 | 7.67 | 25 | 714 | 711 | 1369 | 46 | 1489 | 0.72 | 1.13 |
no warming-mesograzers | 7.7 | 28 | 9.487 | 0.000 | 0.367 | 28.55 | 0.4 | 17.92 | 0.2 | 1524 | 115 | 1440 | 112 | 7.80 | 0.05 | 1358 | 107 | 63 | 7 | 18 | 2 | 1.57 | 0.2 | 1.00 | 0.10 | 514 | 69 | 26 | 7.67 | 25 | 714 | 711 | 1369 | 46 | 1489 | 0.72 | 1.13 |
no warming-mesograzers | 7.7 | 69 | 8.602 | 0.834 | 0.077 | 28.55 | 0.4 | 17.92 | 0.2 | 1524 | 115 | 1440 | 112 | 7.80 | 0.05 | 1358 | 107 | 63 | 7 | 18 | 2 | 1.57 | 0.2 | 1.00 | 0.10 | 514 | 69 | 26 | 7.67 | 25 | 714 | 711 | 1369 | 46 | 1489 | 0.72 | 1.13 |
no warming-mesograzers | 7.7 | 55 | 18.609 | 0.000 | 0.192 | 28.55 | 0.4 | 17.92 | 0.2 | 1524 | 115 | 1440 | 112 | 7.80 | 0.05 | 1358 | 107 | 63 | 7 | 18 | 2 | 1.57 | 0.2 | 1.00 | 0.10 | 514 | 69 | 26 | 7.67 | 25 | 714 | 711 | 1369 | 46 | 1489 | 0.72 | 1.13 |
warming-mesograzers | 8.1 | 67 | 19.069 | 0.251 | 0.177 | 28.83 | 0.2 | 21.01 | 0.5 | 1496 | 81 | 1286 | 64 | 8.14 | 0.07 | 1154 | 53 | 131 | 22 | 6 | 2 | 3.64 | 1.4 | 2.33 | 0.90 | 206 | 30 | 26 | 8.01 | 9 | 290 | 289 | 1181 | 96 | 1436 | 1.54 | 2.40 |
warming-mesograzers | 8.1 | 48 | 31.721 | 0.000 | 0.237 | 28.83 | 0.2 | 21.01 | 0.5 | 1496 | 81 | 1286 | 64 | 8.14 | 0.07 | 1154 | 53 | 131 | 22 | 6 | 2 | 3.64 | 1.4 | 2.33 | 0.90 | 206 | 30 | 26 | 8.01 | 9 | 290 | 289 | 1181 | 96 | 1436 | 1.54 | 2.40 |
warming-mesograzers | 8.1 | 104 | 7.295 | 1.156 | 0.223 | 28.83 | 0.2 | 21.01 | 0.5 | 1496 | 81 | 1286 | 64 | 8.14 | 0.07 | 1154 | 53 | 131 | 22 | 6 | 2 | 3.64 | 1.4 | 2.33 | 0.90 | 206 | 30 | 26 | 8.01 | 9 | 290 | 289 | 1181 | 96 | 1436 | 1.54 | 2.40 |
warming-mesograzers | 8.1 | 76 | 23.007 | 0.000 | 0.090 | 28.83 | 0.2 | 21.01 | 0.5 | 1496 | 81 | 1286 | 64 | 8.14 | 0.07 | 1154 | 53 | 131 | 22 | 6 | 2 | 3.64 | 1.4 | 2.33 | 0.90 | 206 | 30 | 26 | 8.01 | 9 | 290 | 289 | 1181 | 96 | 1436 | 1.54 | 2.40 |
warming-mesograzers | 8.1 | 104 | 20.113 | 1.214 | 0.305 | 28.83 | 0.2 | 21.01 | 0.5 | 1496 | 81 | 1286 | 64 | 8.14 | 0.07 | 1154 | 53 | 131 | 22 | 6 | 2 | 3.64 | 1.4 | 2.33 | 0.90 | 206 | 30 | 26 | 8.01 | 9 | 290 | 289 | 1181 | 96 | 1436 | 1.54 | 2.40 |
warming-mesograzers | 7.7 | 65 | 9.054 | 0.000 | 0.178 | 28.45 | 1.5 | 21.32 | 0.4 | 1561 | 103 | 1460 | 95 | 7.81 | 0.05 | 1369 | 88 | 74 | 10 | 17 | 2 | 1.85 | 0.2 | 1.19 | 0.20 | 518 | 54 | 26 | 7.67 | 24 | 733 | 730 | 1384 | 53 | 1521 | 0.85 | 1.32 |
warming-mesograzers | 7.7 | 51 | 12.556 | 0.512 | 0.362 | 28.45 | 1.5 | 21.32 | 0.4 | 1561 | 103 | 1460 | 95 | 7.81 | 0.05 | 1369 | 88 | 74 | 10 | 17 | 2 | 1.85 | 0.2 | 1.19 | 0.20 | 518 | 54 | 26 | 7.67 | 24 | 733 | 730 | 1384 | 53 | 1521 | 0.85 | 1.32 |
warming-mesograzers | 7.7 | 116 | 5.609 | 0.177 | 0.238 | 28.45 | 1.5 | 21.32 | 0.4 | 1561 | 103 | 1460 | 95 | 7.81 | 0.05 | 1369 | 88 | 74 | 10 | 17 | 2 | 1.85 | 0.2 | 1.19 | 0.20 | 518 | 54 | 26 | 7.67 | 24 | 733 | 730 | 1384 | 53 | 1521 | 0.85 | 1.32 |
warming-mesograzers | 7.7 | 34 | 3.539 | 4.492 | 0.056 | 28.45 | 1.5 | 21.32 | 0.4 | 1561 | 103 | 1460 | 95 | 7.81 | 0.05 | 1369 | 88 | 74 | 10 | 17 | 2 | 1.85 | 0.2 | 1.19 | 0.20 | 518 | 54 | 26 | 7.67 | 24 | 733 | 730 | 1384 | 53 | 1521 | 0.85 | 1.32 |
warming-mesograzers | 7.7 | 86 | 14.513 | 7.127 | 0.402 | 28.45 | 1.5 | 21.32 | 0.4 | 1561 | 103 | 1460 | 95 | 7.81 | 0.05 | 1369 | 88 | 74 | 10 | 17 | 2 | 1.85 | 0.2 | 1.19 | 0.20 | 518 | 54 | 26 | 7.67 | 24 | 733 | 730 | 1384 | 53 | 1521 | 0.85 | 1.32 |