Citation:

j.jembe.2012.11.013

Name: Seawater carbonate chemistry and calcification in the tropical urchin Echinometra viridis in a laboratory experiment
Published: 2013-12-18
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Keywords: Animalia; Benthic animals; Benthos; Calcification/Dissolution; Coast and continental shelf; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or < 1 m**2); Echinodermata; Echinometra viridis; Growth/Morphology; Laboratory experiment; North Atlantic; Single species; Temperate; Temperature

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Abstract:

Atmospheric carbon dioxide (pCO2) has risen from approximately 280 to 400 ppm since the Industrial Revolution, due mainly to the combustion of fossil fuels, deforestation, and cement production. It is predicted to reach as high as 900 ppm by the end of this century. Ocean acidification resulting from the release of anthropogenic CO2 has been shown to impair the ability of some marine calcifiers to build their shells and skeletons. Here, we present the results of ocean acidification experiments designed to assess the effects of an increase in atmospheric pCO2 from ca. 448 to 827 ppm on calcification rates of the tropical urchin Echinometra viridis. Experiments were conducted under the urchin's winter (20 °C) and summer (30 °C) water temperatures in order to identify seasonal differences in the urchin's response to ocean acidification. The experiments reveal that calcification rates decreased for urchins reared under elevated pCO2, with the decline being more pronounced under wintertime temperatures than under summertime temperatures. These results indicate that the urchin E. viridis will be negatively impacted by CO2-induced ocean acidification that is predicted to occur by the end of this century. These results also suggest that impact of CO2-induced ocean acidification on urchin calcification will be more severe in the winter and in cooler waters.

Keyword(s):

Animalia; Benthic animals; Benthos; Calcification/Dissolution; Coast and continental shelf; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or < 1 m**2); Echinodermata; Echinometra viridis; Growth/Morphology; Laboratory experiment; North Atlantic; Single species; Temperate; Temperature

Further details:

Lavigne, Héloïse; Gattuso, Jean-Pierre (2011): seacarb: seawater carbonate chemistry with R. R package version 2.4 [webpage]. https://cran.r-project.org/package=seacarb

Project(s):

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)

Comment:

In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Lavigne and Gattuso, 2011) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). The date of carbonate chemistry calculation by seacarb is 2013-12-18.

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Identification	ID		Ries, Justin B
2	Species	Species		Ries, Justin B
3	Treatment	Treat		Ries, Justin B
4	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Ries, Justin B
5	Temperature, water, standard error	T std e	±	Ries, Justin B
6	Buoyant mass	M buoyant	mg	Ries, Justin B		initial
7	Buoyant mass	M buoyant	mg	Ries, Justin B		final
8	Dry mass	Dry m	g	Ries, Justin B		initial
9	Dry mass	Dry m	g	Ries, Justin B		final
10	Calcification rate	Calc rate	%/day	Ries, Justin B
11	Salinity	Sal		Ries, Justin B
12	Salinity, standard error	Sal std e	±	Ries, Justin B
13	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Ries, Justin B	Coulometric titration
14	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard error	DIC std e	±	Ries, Justin B	Coulometric titration
15	Alkalinity, total	AT	µmol/kg	Ries, Justin B	Potentiometric titration
16	Alkalinity, total, standard error	AT std e	±	Ries, Justin B	Potentiometric titration
17	pH	pH		Ries, Justin B	Potentiometric	NBS scale
18	pH, standard error	pH std e	±	Ries, Justin B	Potentiometric	NBS scale
19	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Ries, Justin B	Calculated using CO2SYS
20	Bicarbonate ion, standard error	[HCO3]- std e	±	Ries, Justin B	Calculated using CO2SYS
21	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Ries, Justin B	Calculated using CO2SYS
22	Carbonate ion, standard error	[CO3]2- std e	±	Ries, Justin B	Calculated using CO2SYS
23	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Ries, Justin B	Calculated using CO2SYS
24	Carbon dioxide, standard error	CO2 std e	±	Ries, Justin B	Calculated using CO2SYS
25	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	ppmv	Ries, Justin B	Calculated using CO2SYS
26	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air), standard error	pCO2water_SST_wet std e	±	Ries, Justin B	Calculated using CO2SYS
27	pH	pH		Ries, Justin B	Calculated using CO2SYS	NBS scale
28	pH, standard error	pH std e	±	Ries, Justin B	Calculated using CO2SYS	NBS scale
29	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Ries, Justin B	Calculated using CO2SYS
30	Aragonite saturation state, standard error	Omega Arg std e	±	Ries, Justin B	Calculated using CO2SYS
31	Carbonate system computation flag	CSC flag		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
32	pH	pH		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	total scale
33	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
34	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
35	Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	fCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
36	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
37	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
38	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
39	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)

Status:

Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)

Size:

1204 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 ID	2 Species	3 Treat	4 Temp [°C]	5 T std e [±]	6 M buoyant [mg] (initial)	7 M buoyant [mg] (final)	8 Dry m [g] (initial)	9 Dry m [g] (final)	10 Calc rate [%/day]	11 Sal	12 Sal std e [±]	13 DIC [µmol/kg] (Coulometric titration)	14 DIC std e [±] (Coulometric titration)	15 AT [µmol/kg] (Potentiometric titration)	16 AT std e [±] (Potentiometric titration)	17 pH (NBS scale, Potentiometric)	18 pH std e [±] (NBS scale, Potentiometric)	19 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	20 [HCO3]- std e [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	21 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	22 [CO3]2- std e [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	23 CO2 [µmol/kg] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	24 CO2 std e [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	25 pCO2water_SST_wet [ppmv] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	26 pCO2water_SST_wet std e [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	27 pH (NBS scale, Calculated using C...)	28 pH std e [±] (NBS scale, Calculated using C...)	29 Omega Arg (Calculated using CO2SYS)	30 Omega Arg std e [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	31 CSC flag (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	32 pH (total scale, Calculated using...)	33 CO2 [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	34 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	35 fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	36 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	37 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	38 Omega Arg (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	39 Omega Cal (Calculated using seacarb afte...)
Figure 1	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=524 ppm-v	20.3	0.1	2345	2368	3.775	3.794		32.00	0.03	2979	17	3383	29	8.23	0.01	2632	21	330	16	17	1	524	33	8.25	0.02	5.2	0.3	15	8.16	15	445	444	2641	323	5.11	7.90
Figure 1	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=524 ppm-v	20.3	0.1	695	728	1.151	1.196		32.00	0.03	2979	17	3383	29	8.23	0.01	2632	21	330	16	17	1	524	33	8.25	0.02	5.2	0.3	15	8.16	15	445	444	2641	323	5.11	7.90
Figure 1	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=524 ppm-v	20.3	0.1	1250	1051	2.034	1.680		32.00	0.03	2979	17	3383	29	8.23	0.01	2632	21	330	16	17	1	524	33	8.25	0.02	5.2	0.3	15	8.16	15	445	444	2641	323	5.11	7.90
Figure 1	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=524 ppm-v	20.3	0.1	1380	1634	2.240	2.798		32.00	0.03	2979	17	3383	29	8.23	0.01	2632	21	330	16	17	1	524	33	8.25	0.02	5.2	0.3	15	8.16	15	445	444	2641	323	5.11	7.90
Figure 1	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=524 ppm-v	20.3	0.1	700	686	1.159	1.081		32.00	0.03	2979	17	3383	29	8.23	0.01	2632	21	330	16	17	1	524	33	8.25	0.02	5.2	0.3	15	8.16	15	445	444	2641	323	5.11	7.90
Figure 1	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=524 ppm-v	20.3	0.1	1617	1694	2.617	2.776		32.00	0.03	2979	17	3383	29	8.23	0.01	2632	21	330	16	17	1	524	33	8.25	0.02	5.2	0.3	15	8.16	15	445	444	2641	323	5.11	7.90
Figure 1	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=524 ppm-v	20.3	0.1	1520	1494	2.463	2.409		32.00	0.03	2979	17	3383	29	8.23	0.01	2632	21	330	16	17	1	524	33	8.25	0.02	5.2	0.3	15	8.16	15	445	444	2641	323	5.11	7.90
Figure 1	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=827 ppm-v	20.6	0.1	783	856	1.291	1.339		32.07	0.02	3304	18	3574	27	8.00	0.01	3031	20	241	14	32	2	827	37	8.04	0.03	3.8	0.2	15	7.95	27	836	834	3045	232	3.67	5.68
Figure 1	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=827 ppm-v	20.6	0.1	1305	802	2.121	1.365		32.07	0.02	3304	18	3574	27	8.00	0.01	3031	20	241	14	32	2	827	37	8.04	0.03	3.8	0.2	15	7.95	27	836	834	3045	232	3.67	5.68
Figure 1	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=827 ppm-v	20.6	0.1	1344	1212	2.183	1.982		32.07	0.02	3304	18	3574	27	8.00	0.01	3031	20	241	14	32	2	827	37	8.04	0.03	3.8	0.2	15	7.95	27	836	834	3045	232	3.67	5.68
Figure 1	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=827 ppm-v	20.6	0.1	834	585	1.372	0.967		32.07	0.02	3304	18	3574	27	8.00	0.01	3031	20	241	14	32	2	827	37	8.04	0.03	3.8	0.2	15	7.95	27	836	834	3045	232	3.67	5.68
Figure 1	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=827 ppm-v	20.6	0.1	1109	884	1.809	1.424		32.07	0.02	3304	18	3574	27	8.00	0.01	3031	20	241	14	32	2	827	37	8.04	0.03	3.8	0.2	15	7.95	27	836	834	3045	232	3.67	5.68
Figure 1	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=827 ppm-v	20.6	0.1	3750	3816	6.009	6.090		32.07	0.02	3304	18	3574	27	8.00	0.01	3031	20	241	14	32	2	827	37	8.04	0.03	3.8	0.2	15	7.95	27	836	834	3045	232	3.67	5.68
Figure 1	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=448 ppm-v	30.0	0.1	800	1042	1.318	1.720		32.12	0.06	2744	32	3289	35	8.34	0.01	2296	37	437	16	11	1	448	27	8.29	0.02	7.2	0.3	15	8.19	10	389	388	2306	428	7.10	10.67
Figure 1	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=448 ppm-v	30.0	0.1	1135	1407	1.851	2.302		32.12	0.06	2744	32	3289	35	8.34	0.01	2296	37	437	16	11	1	448	27	8.29	0.02	7.2	0.3	15	8.19	10	389	388	2306	428	7.10	10.67
Figure 1	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=448 ppm-v	30.0	0.1	1073	1071	1.752	1.807		32.12	0.06	2744	32	3289	35	8.34	0.01	2296	37	437	16	11	1	448	27	8.29	0.02	7.2	0.3	15	8.19	10	389	388	2306	428	7.10	10.67
Figure 1	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=448 ppm-v	30.0	0.1	1240	1548	2.018	2.456		32.12	0.06	2744	32	3289	35	8.34	0.01	2296	37	437	16	11	1	448	27	8.29	0.02	7.2	0.3	15	8.19	10	389	388	2306	428	7.10	10.67
Figure 1	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=448 ppm-v	30.0	0.1	1975	2117	3.186	3.438		32.12	0.06	2744	32	3289	35	8.34	0.01	2296	37	437	16	11	1	448	27	8.29	0.02	7.2	0.3	15	8.19	10	389	388	2306	428	7.10	10.67
Figure 1	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=448 ppm-v	30.0	0.1	945	1072	1.549	1.746		32.12	0.06	2744	32	3289	35	8.34	0.01	2296	37	437	16	11	1	448	27	8.29	0.02	7.2	0.3	15	8.19	10	389	388	2306	428	7.10	10.67
Figure 1	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=448 ppm-v	30.0	0.1	1252	1396	2.037	2.221		32.12	0.06	2744	32	3289	35	8.34	0.01	2296	37	437	16	11	1	448	27	8.29	0.02	7.2	0.3	15	8.19	10	389	388	2306	428	7.10	10.67
Figure 1	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=783 ppm-v	29.9	0.1	975	1219	1.596	1.991		32.07	0.04	2951	37	3335	44	8.11	0.01	2611	34	320	13	20	1	783	45	8.10	0.02	5.3	0.2	15	7.99	18	687	685	2622	312	5.17	7.77
Figure 1	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=783 ppm-v	29.9	0.1	872	972	1.432	1.580		32.07	0.04	2951	37	3335	44	8.11	0.01	2611	34	320	13	20	1	783	45	8.10	0.02	5.3	0.2	15	7.99	18	687	685	2622	312	5.17	7.77
Figure 1	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=783 ppm-v	29.9	0.1	1449	1585	2.350	2.617		32.07	0.04	2951	37	3335	44	8.11	0.01	2611	34	320	13	20	1	783	45	8.10	0.02	5.3	0.2	15	7.99	18	687	685	2622	312	5.17	7.77
Figure 1	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=783 ppm-v	29.9	0.1	895	911	1.469	1.585		32.07	0.04	2951	37	3335	44	8.11	0.01	2611	34	320	13	20	1	783	45	8.10	0.02	5.3	0.2	15	7.99	18	687	685	2622	312	5.17	7.77
Figure 1	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=783 ppm-v	29.9	0.1	1147	1167	1.870	1.880		32.07	0.04	2951	37	3335	44	8.11	0.01	2611	34	320	13	20	1	783	45	8.10	0.02	5.3	0.2	15	7.99	18	687	685	2622	312	5.17	7.77
Figure 1	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=783 ppm-v	29.9	0.1	1833	1449	2.960	2.357		32.07	0.04	2951	37	3335	44	8.11	0.01	2611	34	320	13	20	1	783	45	8.10	0.02	5.3	0.2	15	7.99	18	687	685	2622	312	5.17	7.77
Figure 1	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=783 ppm-v	29.9	0.1	1113	1054	1.816	1.717		32.07	0.04	2951	37	3335	44	8.11	0.01	2611	34	320	13	20	1	783	45	8.10	0.02	5.3	0.2	15	7.99	18	687	685	2622	312	5.17	7.77
Figure 1	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=783 ppm-v	29.9	0.1	1573	1697	2.547	2.779		32.07	0.04	2951	37	3335	44	8.11	0.01	2611	34	320	13	20	1	783	45	8.10	0.02	5.3	0.2	15	7.99	18	687	685	2622	312	5.17	7.77
Figure 2	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=524 ppm-v	20.3	0.1					1.3	32.00	0.03	2979	17	3383	29	8.23	0.01	2632	21	330	16	17	1	524	33	8.25	0.02	5.2	0.3	15	8.16	15	445	444	2641	323	5.11	7.90
Figure 2	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=448 ppm-v	30.0	0.1					15.9	32.12	0.06	2744	32	3289	35	8.34	0.01	2296	37	437	16	11	1	448	27	8.29	0.02	7.2	0.3	15	8.19	10	389	388	2306	428	7.10	10.67
Figure 2	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=827 ppm-v	20.6	0.1					-14.6	32.07	0.02	3304	18	3574	27	8.00	0.01	3031	20	241	14	32	2	827	37	8.04	0.03	3.8	0.2	15	7.95	27	836	834	3045	232	3.67	5.68
Figure 2	Echinometra viridis (echinoderm)	pCO2=783 ppm-v	29.9	0.1					3.9	32.07	0.04	2951	37	3335	44	8.11	0.01	2611	34	320	13	20	1	783	45	8.10	0.02	5.3	0.2	15	7.99	18	687	685	2622	312	5.17	7.77