Citation:

2013JC009321

Name: Radon 222 and Radium 226 measured on water bottle samples during POLARSTERN cruise ARK-XXVI/3 (TransArc)
Published: 2014
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

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Abstract:

Air-sea gas exchange plays a key role in the cycling of greenhouse and other biogeochemically important gases. Although air-sea gas transfer is expected to change as a consequence of the rapid decline in summer Arctic sea ice cover, little is known about the effect of sea ice cover on gas exchange fluxes, especially in the marginal ice zone. During the Polarstern expedition ARK-XXVI/3 (TransArc, August/September 2011) to the central Arctic Ocean, we compared 222Rn/226Ra ratios in the upper 50 m of 14 ice-covered and 4 ice-free stations. At three of the ice-free stations, we find 222Rn-based gas transfer coefficients in good agreement with expectation based on published relationships between gas transfer and wind speed over open water when accounting for wind history from wind reanalysis data. We hypothesize that the low gas transfer rate at the fourth station results from reduced fetch due to the proximity of the ice edge, or lateral exchange across the front at the ice edge by restratification. No significant radon deficit could be observed at the ice-covered stations. At these stations, the average gas transfer velocity was less than 0.1 m/d (97.5% confidence), compared to 0.5-2.2 m/d expected for open water. Our results show that air-sea gas exchange in an ice-covered ocean is reduced by at least an order of magnitude compared to open water. In contrast to previous studies, we show that in partially ice-covered regions, gas exchange is lower than expected based on a linear scaling to percent ice cover.

Project(s):

Marine Geochemistry @ AWI (AWI_MarGeoChem)

Coverage:

Median Latitude: 84.383477 * Median Longitude: 138.579227 * South-bound Latitude: 78.493500 * West-bound Longitude: 58.974830 * North-bound Latitude: 89.965330 * East-bound Longitude: -128.323500

Date/Time Start: 2011-08-13T18:48:00 * Date/Time End: 2011-09-22T13:41:00

Minimum DEPTH, water: 1 m * Maximum DEPTH, water: 50 m

Event(s):

PS78/201-5 * Latitude Start: 85.519500 * Longitude Start: 59.682500 * Latitude End: 85.519500 * Longitude End: 59.682500 * Date/Time Start: 2011-08-13T18:48:00 * Date/Time End: 2011-08-13T18:48:00 * Elevation Start: -3784.0 m * Elevation End: -3784.0 m * Location: Arctic Ocean * Campaign: (PS78 TransArc) * Basis: * Method/Device: Water Multi Sampler (MUWS)

PS78/205-3 * Latitude Start: 86.328670 * Longitude Start: 59.289500 * Latitude End: 86.328670 * Longitude End: 59.290170 * Date/Time Start: 2011-08-15T15:01:00 * Date/Time End: 2011-08-15T15:02:00 * Elevation Start: -2112.3 m * Elevation End: -2114.0 m * Location: Arctic Ocean * Campaign: (PS78 TransArc) * Basis: * Method/Device: Water Multi Sampler (MUWS)

PS78/209-6 * Latitude Start: 86.982170 * Longitude Start: 58.974830 * Latitude End: 86.982500 * Longitude End: 59.007170 * Date/Time Start: 2011-08-17T19:31:00 * Date/Time End: 2011-08-17T19:48:00 * Elevation Start: -4636.4 m * Elevation End: -4617.4 m * Location: Arctic Ocean * Campaign: (PS78 TransArc) * Basis: * Method/Device: Water Multi Sampler (MUWS)

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Event label	Event
2	Date/Time of event	Date/Time
3	Latitude of event	Latitude
4	Longitude of event	Longitude
5	Elevation of event	Elevation	m
6	DEPTH, water	Depth water	m			Geocode
7	Radon-222	222Rn	dpm/100 l	Rutgers van der Loeff, Michiel M	Alpha-scintillation
8	Radon-222, standard deviation	222Rn std dev	±	Rutgers van der Loeff, Michiel M		1sigma
9	Radium-226	226Ra	dpm/100 l	Rutgers van der Loeff, Michiel M	Gamma-ray spectrometry
10	Radium-226, standard deviation	226Ra std dev	±	Rutgers van der Loeff, Michiel M		1sigma
11	Radon-222/Radium-226 activity ratio	(222Rn/226Ra)		Rutgers van der Loeff, Michiel M	Calculated	normalized to the average activity ratio at depths in excess of mixed layer depth at ice stations PS78/201-PS78/271
12	Radon-222/Radium-226 activity ratio, standard deviation	(222Ra/226Ra) std dev	±	Rutgers van der Loeff, Michiel M
13	Salinity	Sal		Rutgers van der Loeff, Michiel M
14	Radium-226, normalized to salinity 35	226Ra35	dpm/100 l	Rutgers van der Loeff, Michiel M	Calculated

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)

Size:

703 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Event	2 Date/Time	3 Latitude	4 Longitude	5 Elevation [m]	6 Depth water [m]	7 222Rn [dpm/100 l]	8 222Rn std dev [±]	9 226Ra [dpm/100 l]	10 226Ra std dev [±]	11 (222Rn/226Ra)	12 (222Ra/226Ra) std dev [±]	13 Sal	14 226Ra35 [dpm/100 l]
PS78/201-5	2011-08-13T18:48	85.5195	59.6825	-3784	10	7.51	0.40	8.32	0.81	0.92	0.10	33.24	8.76
PS78/201-5	2011-08-13T18:48	85.5195	59.6825	-3784	30	7.09	0.38	8.95	0.91	0.81	0.09	34.01	9.21
PS78/201-5	2011-08-13T18:48	85.5195	59.6825	-3784	40	7.56	0.40	8.67	0.85	0.89	0.10	34.10	8.89
PS78/201-5	2011-08-13T18:48	85.5195	59.6825	-3784	50	8.37	0.43	8.05	0.81	1.06	0.12		8.23
PS78/205-3	2011-08-15T15:01	86.3287	59.2895	-2112	1	7.83	0.41	8.83	0.82	0.90	0.10	32.90	9.39
PS78/205-3	2011-08-15T15:01	86.3287	59.2895	-2112	7	7.69	0.42	8.49	0.80	0.92	0.10	33.19	8.95
PS78/205-3	2011-08-15T15:01	86.3287	59.2895	-2112	17	8.54	0.46	8.28	0.91	1.05	0.13	33.80	8.58
PS78/205-3	2011-08-15T15:01	86.3287	59.2895	-2112	27	9.29	0.50	7.79	0.92	1.22	0.16	34.05	8.00
PS78/209-6	2011-08-17T19:31	86.9822	58.9748	-4636	2	6.32	0.34	8.35	0.84	0.77	0.09	32.80	8.91
PS78/209-6	2011-08-17T19:31	86.9822	58.9748	-4636	5	7.82	0.42	7.89	0.90	1.01	0.13	32.90	8.39
PS78/209-6	2011-08-17T19:31	86.9822	58.9748	-4636	10	9.10	0.48	7.64	0.84	1.21	0.15	32.85	8.14
PS78/212-8	2011-08-19T21:34	88.0225	59.4440	-4262	2	9.17	0.48	8.13	0.82	1.15	0.13	32.20	8.84
PS78/212-8	2011-08-19T21:34	88.0225	59.4440	-4262	5	8.92	0.47	10.20	0.84	0.89	0.09	32.30	11.05
PS78/212-8	2011-08-19T21:34	88.0225	59.4440	-4262	20	10.27	0.53	9.70	0.95	1.08	0.12	33.20	10.22
PS78/212-8	2011-08-19T21:34	88.0225	59.4440	-4262	30	8.66	0.45	9.90	0.82	0.89	0.09	33.30	10.41
PS78/212-8	2011-08-19T21:34	88.0225	59.4440	-4262	50	9.21	0.48	9.13	0.86	1.03	0.11	33.30	9.59
PS78/218-5	2011-08-22T13:16	89.9653	130.4107	-4121	5	12.31	0.64	12.30	0.88	1.02	0.09	32.00	13.45
PS78/218-5	2011-08-22T13:16	89.9653	130.4107	-4121	10	12.05	0.62	11.83	0.89	1.04	0.09	31.95	12.96
PS78/218-5	2011-08-22T13:16	89.9653	130.4107	-4121	20	10.47	0.54	12.59	0.89	0.85	0.07	32.55	13.54
PS78/218-5	2011-08-22T13:16	89.9653	130.4107	-4121	30	11.36	0.58	11.83	0.81	0.98	0.08	32.55	12.72
PS78/218-5	2011-08-22T13:16	89.9653	130.4107	-4121	50	11.39	0.58	12.58	0.86	0.92	0.08	32.98	13.35
PS78/222-7	2011-08-26T11:54	88.7410	-128.3235	-3852	5	10.59	0.55	10.00	0.84	1.08	0.11	30.57	11.45
PS78/222-7	2011-08-26T11:54	88.7410	-128.3235	-3852	10	11.37	0.59	10.40	0.86	1.11	0.11	30.79	11.82
PS78/222-7	2011-08-26T11:54	88.7410	-128.3235	-3852	20	11.33	0.59	9.11	0.85	1.27	0.14	31.96	9.98
PS78/222-7	2011-08-26T11:54	88.7410	-128.3235	-3852	30	8.88	0.46	9.16	0.84	0.99	0.10	31.96	10.03
PS78/222-7	2011-08-26T11:54	88.7410	-128.3235	-3852	50	9.95	0.52	9.45	0.93	1.07	0.12	32.92	10.05
PS78/227-6	2011-08-29T11:28	86.8615	-155.0977	-3786	2	8.85	0.45	9.65	0.85	0.93	0.10	30.72	10.99
PS78/227-6	2011-08-29T11:28	86.8615	-155.0977	-3786	10	9.66	0.50	9.32	0.83	1.06	0.11	30.77	10.60
PS78/227-6	2011-08-29T11:28	86.8615	-155.0977	-3786	20	9.72	0.51	9.15	0.86	1.08	0.12	32.15	9.96
PS78/227-6	2011-08-29T11:28	86.8615	-155.0977	-3786	30	9.09	0.47	9.53	0.85	0.97	0.10	32.15	10.37
PS78/230-4	2011-08-31T20:06	85.0617	-137.2822	-1838	2	10.98	0.57	10.71	0.91	1.04	0.10	28.96	12.94
PS78/230-4	2011-08-31T20:06	85.0617	-137.2822	-1838	5	11.69	0.60	9.92	0.82	1.20	0.12	28.96	11.99
PS78/230-4	2011-08-31T20:06	85.0617	-137.2822	-1838	20	10.73	0.56	10.70	0.86	1.02	0.10	29.89	12.53
PS78/230-4	2011-08-31T20:06	85.0617	-137.2822	-1838	30	11.24	0.58	10.99	0.86	1.04	0.10	30.54	12.59
PS78/230-4	2011-08-31T20:06	85.0617	-137.2822	-1838	50	11.23	0.58	12.07	0.89	0.95	0.09	31.70	13.33
PS78/235-5	2011-09-02T23:12	83.0272	-130.0248	-3382	2	10.16	0.52	9.83	0.81	1.05	0.10	28.89	11.91
PS78/235-5	2011-09-02T23:12	83.0272	-130.0248	-3382	5	10.23	0.53	8.81	0.82	1.18	0.13	28.89	10.67
PS78/235-5	2011-09-02T23:12	83.0272	-130.0248	-3382	20	10.92	0.56	9.05	0.82	1.23	0.13	29.71	10.66
PS78/235-5	2011-09-02T23:12	83.0272	-130.0248	-3382	30	8.35	0.43	9.83	0.84	0.87	0.09	29.71	11.58
PS78/235-5	2011-09-02T23:12	83.0272	-130.0248	-3382	50	10.55	0.54	9.75	0.83	1.10	0.11	31.04	10.99
PS78/239-4	2011-09-05T23:58	84.0738	-164.2157	-1980	2	9.97	0.52	10.05	0.85	1.01	0.10	28.53	12.33
PS78/239-4	2011-09-05T23:58	84.0738	-164.2157	-1980	10	10.12	0.53	10.34	0.83	1.00	0.09	28.73	12.60
PS78/239-4	2011-09-05T23:58	84.0738	-164.2157	-1980	20	9.08	0.47	10.26	0.81	0.90	0.08	31.04	11.57
PS78/239-4	2011-09-05T23:58	84.0738	-164.2157	-1980	50	10.36	0.54	9.90	0.84	1.07	0.11	32.08	10.80
PS78/245-3	2011-09-08T22:40	84.7950	166.4087	-3379	2	7.92	0.42	8.85	0.81	0.91	0.10	29.32	10.56
PS78/245-3	2011-09-08T22:40	84.7950	166.4087	-3379	4	8.35	0.44	8.76	0.84	0.97	0.11	29.32	10.45
PS78/245-3	2011-09-08T22:40	84.7950	166.4087	-3379	20	9.50	0.49	7.48	0.81	1.29	0.15	30.49	8.58
PS78/245-3	2011-09-08T22:40	84.7950	166.4087	-3379	30	8.19	0.42	8.54	0.85	0.98	0.11	32.45	9.22
PS78/245-3	2011-09-08T22:40	84.7950	166.4087	-3379	50	8.63	0.45	8.71	0.83	1.01	0.11	32.45	9.39
PS78/250-4	2011-09-11T11:41	84.3785	139.8800	-3678	4	7.94	0.42	7.89	0.82	1.02	0.12	29.74	9.28
PS78/250-4	2011-09-11T11:41	84.3785	139.8800	-3678	10	7.05	0.38	6.78	0.82	1.06	0.14	29.74	7.98
PS78/250-4	2011-09-11T11:41	84.3785	139.8800	-3678	20	7.15	0.38	7.55	0.81	0.96	0.12	31.11	8.50
PS78/250-4	2011-09-11T11:41	84.3785	139.8800	-3678	50	8.05	0.42	7.63	0.83	1.07	0.13	32.59	8.19
PS78/257-3	2011-09-13T18:01	83.3387	124.8795	-4218	2	7.30	0.38	8.22	0.84	0.90	0.10	30.47	9.45
PS78/257-3	2011-09-13T18:01	83.3387	124.8795	-4218	4	7.57	0.39	7.60	0.79	1.01	0.12	30.47	8.72
PS78/257-3	2011-09-13T18:01	83.3387	124.8795	-4218	10	7.26	0.39	7.25	0.83	1.02	0.13	30.47	8.33
PS78/257-3	2011-09-13T18:01	83.3387	124.8795	-4218	30	8.01	0.43	8.73	0.80	0.93	0.10	32.51	9.39
PS78/257-3	2011-09-13T18:01	83.3387	124.8795	-4218	50	9.46	0.50	8.40	0.84	1.15	0.13	33.29	8.83
PS78/271-3	2011-09-19T04:37	82.1645	119.1825	-4334	2	6.45	0.35	7.02	0.81	0.94	0.12	31.66	7.76
PS78/271-3	2011-09-19T04:37	82.1645	119.1825	-4334	5	7.70	0.42	7.82	0.83	1.00	0.12	31.66	8.65
PS78/271-3	2011-09-19T04:37	82.1645	119.1825	-4334	10	7.95	0.42	7.16	0.82	1.13	0.14	31.65	7.91
PS78/271-3	2011-09-19T04:37	82.1645	119.1825	-4334	20	6.67	0.35	8.25	0.79	0.82	0.09	33.28	8.67
PS78/271-3	2011-09-19T04:37	82.1645	119.1825	-4334	30	8.07	0.42	9.03	0.84	0.91	0.10	33.28	9.50
PS78/271-3	2011-09-19T04:37	82.1645	119.1825	-4334	50	8.69	0.46	7.95	0.81	1.11	0.13	33.80	8.23
PS78/273-3	2011-09-19T21:15	81.3582	120.7967	-5142	2	6.04	0.32	8.09	0.84	0.76	0.09	31.16	9.08
PS78/273-3	2011-09-19T21:15	81.3582	120.7967	-5142	5	6.45	0.34	7.63	0.81	0.86	0.10	31.16	8.57
PS78/273-3	2011-09-19T21:15	81.3582	120.7967	-5142	10	6.27	0.33	7.76	0.83	0.82	0.10	31.22	8.70
PS78/273-3	2011-09-19T21:15	81.3582	120.7967	-5142	20	8.02	0.42	7.84	0.81	1.04	0.12	31.61	8.68
PS78/273-3	2011-09-19T21:15	81.3582	120.7967	-5142	30	7.56	0.39	7.18	0.89	1.07	0.14	32.50	7.73
PS78/273-3	2011-09-19T21:15	81.3582	120.7967	-5142	50	7.60	0.40	8.83	0.88	0.88	0.10	33.85	9.12
PS78/276-3	2011-09-20T06:46	80.6432	121.3322	-3495	2	4.71	0.26	7.91	0.81	0.61	0.07	30.84	8.98
PS78/276-3	2011-09-20T06:46	80.6432	121.3322	-3495	5	4.69	0.26	7.95	0.77	0.60	0.07	30.84	9.02
PS78/276-3	2011-09-20T06:46	80.6432	121.3322	-3495	10	5.55	0.29	8.40	0.83	0.67	0.08	30.87	9.53
PS78/276-3	2011-09-20T06:46	80.6432	121.3322	-3495	20	7.67	0.40	7.11	0.83	1.10	0.14	33.05	7.53
PS78/276-3	2011-09-20T06:46	80.6432	121.3322	-3495	30	8.87	0.47	7.84	0.81	1.15	0.13	33.05	8.30
PS78/276-3	2011-09-20T06:46	80.6432	121.3322	-3495	50	7.97	0.42	9.00	0.84	0.90	0.10	33.89	9.29
PS78/280-3	2011-09-21T06:50	79.1478	124.1093	-3125	2	4.43	0.24	7.60	0.81	0.59	0.07	30.56	8.70
PS78/280-3	2011-09-21T06:50	79.1478	124.1093	-3125	5	4.99	0.26	7.66	0.83	0.66	0.08	30.56	8.77
PS78/280-3	2011-09-21T06:50	79.1478	124.1093	-3125	10	5.19	0.28	8.84	0.85	0.60	0.07	30.59	10.11
PS78/280-3	2011-09-21T06:50	79.1478	124.1093	-3125	20	7.40	0.39	7.89	0.82	0.95	0.11	33.07	8.35
PS78/280-3	2011-09-21T06:50	79.1478	124.1093	-3125	30	7.27	0.38	8.46	0.83	0.88	0.10	33.07	8.96
PS78/280-3	2011-09-21T06:50	79.1478	124.1093	-3125	50	7.81	0.40	8.69	0.84	0.91	0.10	33.74	9.01
PS78/285-3	2011-09-22T13:39	78.4935	125.7842	-2764	2	4.87	0.26	7.29	0.82	0.68	0.08	30.52	8.35
PS78/285-3	2011-09-22T13:39	78.4935	125.7842	-2764	5	4.51	0.24	8.76	0.84	0.52	0.06	30.52	10.04
PS78/285-3	2011-09-22T13:39	78.4935	125.7842	-2764	10	5.00	0.27	8.80	0.84	0.58	0.06	30.54	10.09
PS78/285-3	2011-09-22T13:39	78.4935	125.7842	-2764	20	7.17	0.38	8.64	0.82	0.84	0.09	33.05	9.15
PS78/285-3	2011-09-22T13:39	78.4935	125.7842	-2764	30	7.14	0.37	8.84	0.84	0.82	0.09	33.05	9.36
PS78/285-3	2011-09-22T13:39	78.4935	125.7842	-2764	50	7.55	0.39	8.98	0.84	0.86	0.09	34.08	9.22