Citation:

j.cbpa.2012.09.016

Name: Differential acid-base regulation in various gills of the green crab Carcinus maenas: Effects of elevated environmental pCO2
Published: 2013-11-21
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Keywords: Acid-base regulation; Animalia; Arthropoda; Benthic animals; Benthos; Carcinus maenas; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or < 1 m**2); Gene expression (incl. proteomics); Laboratory experiment; Laboratory strains; Not applicable; Other metabolic rates; Single species

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Abstract:

Euryhaline decapod crustaceans possess an efficient regulation apparatus located in the gill epithelia, providing a high adaptation potential to varying environmental abiotic conditions. Even though many studies focussed on the osmoregulatory capacity of the gills, acid-base regulatory mechanisms have obtained much less attention. In the present study, underlying principles and effects of elevated pCO2 on acid-base regulatory patterns were investigated in the green crab Carcinus maenas acclimated to diluted seawater. In gill perfusion experiments, all investigated gills 4-9 were observed to up-regulate the pH of the hemolymph by 0.1-0.2 units. Anterior gills, especially gill 4, were identified to be most efficient in the equivalent proton excretion rate. Ammonia excretion rates mirrored this pattern among gills, indicating a linkage between both processes. In specimen exposed to elevated pCO2 levels for at least 7 days, mimicking a future ocean scenario as predicted until the year 2300, hemolymph K+ and ammonia concentrations were significantly elevated, and an increased ammonia excretion rate was observed. A detailed quantitative gene expression analysis revealed that upon elevated pCO2 exposure, mRNA levels of transcripts hypothesized to be involved in ammonia and acid-base regulation (Rhesus-like protein, membrane-bound carbonic anhydrase, Na+/K+-ATPase) were affected predominantly in the non-osmoregulating anterior gills.

Keyword(s):

Acid-base regulation; Animalia; Arthropoda; Benthic animals; Benthos; Carcinus maenas; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or < 1 m**2); Gene expression (incl. proteomics); Laboratory experiment; Laboratory strains; Not applicable; Other metabolic rates; Single species

Further details:

Lavigne, Héloïse; Gattuso, Jean-Pierre (2011): seacarb: seawater carbonate chemistry with R. R package version 2.4. https://cran.r-project.org/package=seacarb

Project(s):

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)

Comment:

In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Lavigne and Gattuso, 2011) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). The date of carbonate chemistry calculation by seacarb is 2013-11-20.

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Species	Species		Fehsenfeld, Sandra
2	Identification	ID		Fehsenfeld, Sandra
3	Sample code/label	Sample label		Fehsenfeld, Sandra
4	Treatment	Treat		Fehsenfeld, Sandra
5	pH	pH		Fehsenfeld, Sandra		perfusion pH
6	Haemolymph, pH	pH (ha)		Fehsenfeld, Sandra
7	Haemolymph, pH, standard deviation	pH (ha) std dev	±	Fehsenfeld, Sandra
8	Decrease of haemolymph proton concentration	Decrease ha H+	nmol/l	Fehsenfeld, Sandra
9	Decrease of haemolymph proton concentration, standard deviation	Decrease ha H+ std dev	±	Fehsenfeld, Sandra
10	Ammonia excretion	NH3/[NH4]+ exc	nmol/g/h	Fehsenfeld, Sandra
11	Ammonia excretion, standard deviation	NH3/[NH4]+ exc std dev	±	Fehsenfeld, Sandra
12	Decrease of haemolymph proton concentration, relative	Decrease ha H+		Fehsenfeld, Sandra
13	Decrease of haemolymph proton concentration, relative, standard deviation	Decrease ha H+ std dev	±	Fehsenfeld, Sandra
14	Ammonia excretion, relative	NH3/[NH4]+ exc		Fehsenfeld, Sandra
15	Ammonia excretion, relative, standard deviation	NH3/[NH4]+ exc std dev	±	Fehsenfeld, Sandra
16	Protein name	Protein		Fehsenfeld, Sandra
17	Gene expression, fold change, relative	Gene expression		Fehsenfeld, Sandra
18	Gene expression, fold change, relative, standard deviation	Gene expression std dev	±	Fehsenfeld, Sandra
19	Salinity	Sal		Fehsenfeld, Sandra
20	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Fehsenfeld, Sandra
21	pH	pH		Fehsenfeld, Sandra		NBS
22	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Fehsenfeld, Sandra	Coulometric titration
23	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation	DIC std dev	±	Fehsenfeld, Sandra	Coulometric titration
24	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	Pa	Fehsenfeld, Sandra
25	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation	pCO2 std dev	±	Fehsenfeld, Sandra	Calculated using CO2SYS
26	Carbonate system computation flag	CSC flag		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
27	pH	pH		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	total scale
28	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
29	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
30	Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	fCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
31	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
32	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
33	Alkalinity, total	AT	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
34	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
35	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)

Status:

Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)

Size:

3407 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Species	2 ID	3 Sample label	4 Treat	5 pH (perfusion pH)	6 pH (ha)	7 pH (ha) std dev [±]	8 Decrease ha H+ [nmol/l]	9 Decrease ha H+ std dev [±]	10 NH3/[NH4]+ exc [nmol/g/h]	11 NH3/[NH4]+ exc std dev [±]	12 Decrease ha H+	13 Decrease ha H+ std dev [±]	14 NH3/[NH4]+ exc	15 NH3/[NH4]+ exc std dev [±]	16 Protein	17 Gene expression	18 Gene expression std dev [±]	19 Sal	20 Temp [°C]	21 pH (NBS)	22 DIC [µmol/kg] (Coulometric titration)	23 DIC std dev [±] (Coulometric titration)	24 pCO2water_SST_wet [Pa]	25 pCO2 std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	26 CSC flag (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	27 pH (total scale, Calculated using...)	28 CO2 [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	29 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	30 fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	31 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	32 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	33 AT [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	34 Omega Arg (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	35 Omega Cal (Calculated using seacarb afte...)
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 3, 4	Perfusion solution			7.90	0.01
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 3, 4	gill 4	Control		8.06	0.02	38.91	4.31	61.33	23.58								10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 3, 4	gill 5	Control		8.07	0.02	20.09	1.67	23.73	6.91								10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 3, 4	gill 6	Control		8.05	0.01	15.69	3.00	14.99	3.09								10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 3, 4	gill 7	Control		8.01	0.02	7.38	4.37	8.04	2.44								10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 3, 4	gill 8	Control		8.01	0.01	9.00	2.00	10.30	2.45								10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 3, 4	gill 9	Control		8.03	0.03	25.57	9.13	17.15	6.09								10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 4	Control	7.8							1.00	0.11	1.00	0.24				10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 4	Control	7.4							0.59	0.12	1.14	0.33				10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 4	Control	8.6							0.72	0.21	0.87	0.10				10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 5	Control	7.8							1.00	0.08	1.00	0.18				10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 5	Control	7.4							0.72	0.05	0.71	0.15				10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 5	Control	8.6							0.99	0.09	1.13	0.15				10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 6	Control	7.8							1.00	0.19	1.00	0.06				10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 6	Control	7.4							0.68	0.01	1.13	0.15				10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 6	Control	8.6							0.58	0.14	0.95	0.10				10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 7	Control	7.8							1.00	0.06	1.00	0.13				10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 7	Control	7.4							0.66	0.12	1.00	0.22				10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 7	Control	8.6							1.92	0.64	1.41	0.44				10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 8	Control	7.8							1.00	0.17	1.00	0.07				10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 8	Control	7.4							0.68	0.15	0.81	0.21				10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 8	Control	8.6							0.92	0.46	0.66	0.08				10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 9	Control	7.8							1.00	0.36	1.00	0.23				10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 9	Control	7.4							1.17	0.46	1.24	0.53				10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 9	Control	8.6							2.00	0.32	1.21	0.40				10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 4	High pCO2	7.8							1.00	0.16	1.00	0.14				10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 4	High pCO2	7.4							0.77	0.13	0.87	0.10				10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 4	High pCO2	8.6							0.84	0.23	0.89	0.14				10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 5	High pCO2	7.8							0.00	0.24	1.00	0.08				10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 5	High pCO2	7.4							0.93	0.07	0.83	0.09				10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 5	High pCO2	8.6							0.99	0.23	0.67	0.10				10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 6	High pCO2	7.8							1.00	0.56	1.00	0.24				10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 6	High pCO2	7.4							1.23	0.48	0.89	0.33				10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 6	High pCO2	8.6							1.47	0.36	1.08	0.42				10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 7	High pCO2	7.8							1.00	0.25	1.00	0.23				10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 7	High pCO2	7.4							0.86	0.08	0.97	0.18				10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 7	High pCO2	8.6							0.49	0.18	1.16	0.14				10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 8	High pCO2	7.8							1.00	0.26	1.00	0.20				10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 8	High pCO2	7.4							0.93	0.15	0.88	0.18				10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 8	High pCO2	8.6							0.80	0.19	1.13	0.11				10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 9	High pCO2	7.8							1.00	0.13	1.00	0.13				10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 9	High pCO2	7.4							1.14	0.15	0.89	0.15				10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 5, 6	gill 9	High pCO2	8.6							0.90	0.32	1.34	0.17				10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 4	Control												NHE	1.00	0.13	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 4	High pCO2												NHE	0.65	0.11	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 4	Control												Rh	1.00	0.36	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 4	High pCO2												Rh	0.36	0.09	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 4	Control												HAT	1.00	0.06	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 4	High pCO2												HAT	0.82	0.16	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 4	Control												AE	1.00	0.15	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 4	High pCO2												AE	0.75	0.04	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 4	Control												NKA	1.00	0.25	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 4	High pCO2												NKA	0.96	0.28	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 4	Control												NBC	1.00	0.16	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 4	High pCO2												NBC	0.71	0.12	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 4	Control												CA-1	1.00	0.15	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 4	High pCO2												CA-1	0.96	0.19	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 4	Control												CA-2	1.00	0.15	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 4	High pCO2												CA-2	0.60	0.13	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 5	Control												NHE	1.00	0.18	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 5	High pCO2												NHE	0.68	0.04	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 5	Control												Rh	1.00	0.55	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 5	High pCO2												Rh	0.54	0.27	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 5	Control												HAT	1.00	0.25	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 5	High pCO2												HAT	0.63	0.14	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 5	Control												AE	1.00	0.47	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 5	High pCO2												AE	0.30	0.03	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 5	Control												NKA	1.00	0.33	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 5	High pCO2												NKA	1.18	0.40	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 5	Control												NBC	1.00	0.26	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 5	High pCO2												NBC	1.12	0.25	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 5	Control												CA-1	1.00	0.16	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 5	High pCO2												CA-1	2.34	0.56	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 5	Control												CA-2	1.00	0.30	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 5	High pCO2												CA-2	0.92	0.28	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 6	Control												NHE	1.00	0.16	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 6	High pCO2												NHE	1.06	0.20	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 6	Control												Rh	1.00	0.34	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 6	High pCO2												Rh	0.91	0.36	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 6	Control												HAT	1.00	0.05	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 6	High pCO2												HAT	0.91	0.16	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 6	Control												AE	1.00	0.19	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 6	High pCO2												AE	1.13	0.22	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 6	Control												NKA	1.00	0.31	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 6	High pCO2												NKA	2.10	0.34	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 6	Control												NBC	1.00	0.13	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 6	High pCO2												NBC	1.32	0.23	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 6	Control												CA-1	1.00	0.15	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 6	High pCO2												CA-1	1.25	0.20	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 6	Control												CA-2	1.00	0.12	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 6	High pCO2												CA-2	1.22	0.22	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 7	Control												NHE	1.00	0.07	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 7	High pCO2												NHE	1.03	0.11	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 7	Control												Rh	1.00	0.29	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 7	High pCO2												Rh	0.66	0.22	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 7	Control												HAT	1.00	0.07	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 7	High pCO2												HAT	0.85	0.05	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 7	Control												AE	1.00	0.16	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 7	High pCO2												AE	1.13	0.07	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 7	Control												NKA	1.00	0.30	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 7	High pCO2												NKA	0.52	0.12	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 7	Control												NBC	1.00	0.27	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 7	High pCO2												NBC	1.28	0.27	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 7	Control												CA-1	1.00	0.26	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 7	High pCO2												CA-1	0.79	0.05	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 7	Control												CA-2	1.00	0.18	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 7	High pCO2												CA-2	1.19	0.13	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 8	Control												NHE	1.00	0.06	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 8	High pCO2												NHE	1.19	0.08	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 8	Control												Rh	1.00	0.34	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 8	High pCO2												Rh	1.15	0.55	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 8	Control												HAT	1.00	0.14	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 8	High pCO2												HAT	1.30	0.15	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 8	Control												AE	1.00	0.14	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 8	High pCO2												AE	1.05	0.14	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 8	Control												NKA	1.00	0.31	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 8	High pCO2												NKA	1.06	0.21	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 8	Control												NBC	1.00	0.14	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 8	High pCO2												NBC	1.36	0.20	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 8	Control												CA-1	1.00	0.15	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 8	High pCO2												CA-1	1.43	0.14	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 8	Control												CA-2	1.00	0.15	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 8	High pCO2												CA-2	1.51	0.33	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 9	Control												NHE	1.00	0.06	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 9	High pCO2												NHE	1.03	0.06	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 9	Control												Rh	1.00	0.36	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 9	High pCO2												Rh	0.65	0.26	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 9	Control												HAT	1.00	0.06	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 9	High pCO2												HAT	1.30	0.14	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 9	Control												AE	1.00	0.15	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 9	High pCO2												AE	0.71	0.06	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 9	Control												NKA	1.00	0.36	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 9	High pCO2												NKA	0.65	0.05	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 9	Control												NBC	1.00	0.18	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 9	High pCO2												NBC	1.01	0.13	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 9	Control												CA-1	1.00	0.10	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 9	High pCO2												CA-1	1.24	0.14	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 9	Control												CA-2	1.00	0.10	10	14	7.7	664	25	53.5	2.1	27	7.56	22.6	509.4	507.6	633.6	7.9	654.4	0.12	0.22
Carcinus maenas (crustacean)	Figure 8	gill 9	High pCO2												CA-2	1.32	0.19	10	14	7.0	1013	49	324.3	20.0	27	6.86	153.0	3455.2	3442.7	857.8	2.1	863.0	0.03	0.06