/* DATA DESCRIPTION: Citation: Foster, Gavin L; Lear, Caroline H; Rae, James W B (2012): (Table S1) Boron isotope and trace element data and reconstructed carbonate system parameters, ODP Holes 122-761B and 154-926A. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.815855, Supplement to: Foster, GL et al. (2012): The evolution of pCO2, ice volume and climate during the middle Miocene. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 341-344, 243-254, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 Abstract: The middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (17-15 Ma; MCO) is a period of global warmth and relatively high CO2 and is thought to be associated with a significant retreat of the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS). We present here a new planktic foraminiferal d11B record from 16.6 to 11.8 Ma from two deep ocean sites currently in equilibrium with the atmosphere with respect to CO2. These new data demonstrate that the evolution of global climate during the middle Miocene (as reflected by changes in the cyrosphere) was well correlated to variations in the concentration of atmospheric CO2. What is more, within our sampling resolution (~1 sample per 300 kyr) there is no evidence of hysteresis in the response of ice volume to CO2 forcing during the middle Miocene, contrary to what is understood about the Antarctic Ice Sheet from ice sheet modelling studies. In agreement with previous data, we show that absolute levels of CO2 during the MCO were relatively modest (350-400 ppm) and levels either side of the MCO are similar or lower than the pre-industrial (200-260 ppm). These new data imply the presence of either a very dynamic AIS at relatively low CO2 during the middle Miocene or the advance and retreat of significant northern hemisphere ice. Recent drilling on the Antarctic margin and shore based studies indicate significant retreat and advance beyond the modern limits of the AIS did occur during the middle Miocene, but the complete loss of the AIS was unlikely. Consequently, it seems that ice volume and climate variations during the middle Miocene probably involved a more dynamic AIS than the modern but also some component of land-based ice in the northern hemisphere. Further details: Horita, Juske; Zimmermann, Heide; Holland, Heinrich D (2002): Chemical evolution of seawater during the Phanerozoic. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 66(21), 3733-3756, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00884-5 Project(s): Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) (URI: http://www-odp.tamu.edu/) Coverage: MEDIAN LATITUDE: -6.508950 * MEDIAN LONGITUDE: 36.313450 * SOUTH-BOUND LATITUDE: -16.737000 * WEST-BOUND LONGITUDE: -42.908100 * NORTH-BOUND LATITUDE: 3.719100 * EAST-BOUND LONGITUDE: 115.535000 DATE/TIME START: 1988-07-19T10:00:00 * DATE/TIME END: 1994-02-21T10:30:00 MINIMUM DEPTH, sediment/rock: 37.3 m * MAXIMUM DEPTH, sediment/rock: 290.8 m Event(s): 122-761B * LATITUDE: -16.737000 * LONGITUDE: 115.535000 * DATE/TIME START: 1988-07-19T10:00:00 * DATE/TIME END: 1988-07-21T09:00:00 * ELEVATION: -2179.0 m * Penetration: 286.7 m * Recovery: 199.08 m * LOCATION: South Indian Ridge, South Indian Ocean * CAMPAIGN: Leg122 (URI: https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.ir.122.1990) * BASIS: Joides Resolution (URI: http://www-odp.tamu.edu/resolutn.html) * METHOD/DEVICE: Drilling/drill rig (DRILL) * COMMENT: 33 cores; 286.7 m cored; 0 m drilled; 69.4 % recovery 154-926A * LATITUDE: 3.719100 * LONGITUDE: -42.908100 * DATE/TIME START: 1994-02-19T11:30:00 * DATE/TIME END: 1994-02-21T10:30:00 * ELEVATION: -3610.0 m * Penetration: 327 m * Recovery: 334.92 m * LOCATION: South Atlantic Ocean * CAMPAIGN: Leg154 (URI: https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.ir.154.1995) * BASIS: Joides Resolution (URI: http://www-odp.tamu.edu/resolutn.html) * METHOD/DEVICE: Drilling/drill rig (DRILL) * COMMENT: 35 cores; 327 m cored; 0 m drilled; 102.4 % recovery Comment: Sediment depth is given in mcd. Carbonate system parameters calculated using d11B(seawater) = 37.82 per mil and ALK(surface) = 1292 mmol/kg and ALK(deep) = 1392 mmol/kg. All carbonate system calculations were carried out accounting for the effect of changing [Ca] and [Mg] on K1, K2 and Ksp. Parameter(s): Event label (Event) Sample code/label (Sample label) * PI: Foster, Gavin L (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3688-9668, Gavin.Foster@noc.soton.ac.uk) * METHOD/DEVICE: DSDP/ODP/IODP sample designation (URI: hdl:10013/epic.27914.d001) DEPTH, sediment/rock [m] (Depth sed) * GEOCODE AGE [ka BP] (Age) * GEOCODE Species (Species) * PI: Foster, Gavin L (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3688-9668, Gavin.Foster@noc.soton.ac.uk) Globigerinoides sacculifer, Magnesium/Calcium ratio [mmol/mol] (G. sacculifer Mg/Ca) * PI: Foster, Gavin L (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3688-9668, Gavin.Foster@noc.soton.ac.uk) * METHOD/DEVICE: ICP-MS, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Element 2 Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi, Magnesium/Calcium ratio [mmol/mol] (C. wuellerstorfi Mg/Ca) * PI: Foster, Gavin L (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3688-9668, Gavin.Foster@noc.soton.ac.uk) * METHOD/DEVICE: ICP-MS, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Element 2 Cibicidoides mundulus, Magnesium/Calcium ratio [mmol/mol] (C. mundulus Mg/Ca) * PI: Foster, Gavin L (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3688-9668, Gavin.Foster@noc.soton.ac.uk) * METHOD/DEVICE: ICP-MS, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Element 2 δ11B [‰ SRM] (δ11B) * PI: Foster, Gavin L (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3688-9668, Gavin.Foster@noc.soton.ac.uk) * METHOD/DEVICE: MC-ICP-MS, Thermo Fisher Scientific NEPTUN * COMMENT: #1 Standard error [±] (Std e) * PI: Foster, Gavin L (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3688-9668, Gavin.Foster@noc.soton.ac.uk) * METHOD/DEVICE: MC-ICP-MS, Thermo Fisher Scientific NEPTUN * COMMENT: d11B 2 se, #1 Boron [mg/kg] (B) * PI: Foster, Gavin L (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3688-9668, Gavin.Foster@noc.soton.ac.uk) * METHOD/DEVICE: MC-ICP-MS, Thermo Fisher Scientific NEPTUN * COMMENT: #1 δ11B [‰ SRM] (δ11B) * PI: Foster, Gavin L (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3688-9668, Gavin.Foster@noc.soton.ac.uk) * METHOD/DEVICE: MC-ICP-MS, Thermo Fisher Scientific NEPTUN * COMMENT: #2 Standard error [±] (Std e) * PI: Foster, Gavin L (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3688-9668, Gavin.Foster@noc.soton.ac.uk) * METHOD/DEVICE: MC-ICP-MS, Thermo Fisher Scientific NEPTUN * COMMENT: d11B 2 se, #2 Boron [mg/kg] (B) * PI: Foster, Gavin L (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3688-9668, Gavin.Foster@noc.soton.ac.uk) * METHOD/DEVICE: MC-ICP-MS, Thermo Fisher Scientific NEPTUN * COMMENT: #2 δ11B [‰ SRM] (δ11B) * PI: Foster, Gavin L (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3688-9668, Gavin.Foster@noc.soton.ac.uk) * METHOD/DEVICE: MC-ICP-MS, Thermo Fisher Scientific NEPTUN * COMMENT: average of two repeat measurements δ11B, standard deviation [±] (δ11B std dev) * PI: Foster, Gavin L (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3688-9668, Gavin.Foster@noc.soton.ac.uk) * METHOD/DEVICE: MC-ICP-MS, Thermo Fisher Scientific NEPTUN * COMMENT: 2 sd of average of two repeat measurements Temperature, calculated [°C] (T cal) * PI: Foster, Gavin L (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3688-9668, Gavin.Foster@noc.soton.ac.uk) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated * COMMENT: from Mg/Ca using equations and the Mg/Ca ratio of seawater from Horita et al. (2002) pH (pH) * PI: Foster, Gavin L (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3688-9668, Gavin.Foster@noc.soton.ac.uk) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated * COMMENT: total scale Error (Error) * PI: Foster, Gavin L (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3688-9668, Gavin.Foster@noc.soton.ac.uk) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated * COMMENT: uncertainty due to measurement uncertainty on d11B determination Carbonate ion [µmol/kg] ([CO3]2-) * PI: Foster, Gavin L (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3688-9668, Gavin.Foster@noc.soton.ac.uk) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated Carbonate ion, standard deviation [±] ([CO3]2- std dev) * PI: Foster, Gavin L (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3688-9668, Gavin.Foster@noc.soton.ac.uk) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated * COMMENT: summed uncertainty due to ± 200 mmol/kg total alkalinity and ± uncertainty in d11B, for pCO2 this also includes an uncertainty due to temperature Carbon dioxide, partial pressure [ppmv] (pCO2) * PI: Foster, Gavin L (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3688-9668, Gavin.Foster@noc.soton.ac.uk) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated Carbon dioxide, partial pressure, standard deviation [±] (pCO2 std dev) * PI: Foster, Gavin L (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3688-9668, Gavin.Foster@noc.soton.ac.uk) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated * COMMENT: + 2 sigma Carbon dioxide, partial pressure, standard deviation [±] (pCO2 std dev) * PI: Foster, Gavin L (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3688-9668, Gavin.Foster@noc.soton.ac.uk) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated * COMMENT: - 2 sigma License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0) (URI: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) Size: 342 data points */ Event Sample label (DSDP/ODP/IODP sample designation) Depth sed [m] Age [ka BP] Species G. sacculifer Mg/Ca [mmol/mol] (ICP-MS, Thermo Fisher Scienti...) C. wuellerstorfi Mg/Ca [mmol/mol] (ICP-MS, Thermo Fisher Scienti...) C. mundulus Mg/Ca [mmol/mol] (ICP-MS, Thermo Fisher Scienti...) δ11B [‰ SRM] (#1, MC-ICP-MS, Thermo Fisher ...) Std e [±] (d11B 2 se, #1, MC-ICP-MS, The...) B [mg/kg] (#1, MC-ICP-MS, Thermo Fisher ...) δ11B [‰ SRM] (#2, MC-ICP-MS, Thermo Fisher ...) Std e [±] (d11B 2 se, #2, MC-ICP-MS, The...) B [mg/kg] (#2, MC-ICP-MS, Thermo Fisher ...) δ11B [‰ SRM] (average of two repeat measure...) δ11B std dev [±] (2 sd of average of two repeat...) T cal [°C] (from Mg/Ca using equations an...) pH (total scale, Calculated) Error (uncertainty due to measuremen...) [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated) [CO3]2- std dev [±] (summed uncertainty due to ± 2...) pCO2 [ppmv] (Calculated) pCO2 std dev [±] (+ 2 sigma, Calculated) pCO2 std dev [±] (- 2 sigma, Calculated) 122-761B 122-761B-5H-4,13-15 37.3 12280 Globigerinoides sacculifer (300-355 mm) 3.89 17.14 0.12 0.029 17.15 0.12 0.032 17.14 0.23 30.0 8.09 0.02 140 27 190 36 36 122-761B 122-761B-5H-4,123-125 38.4 12720 Globigerinoides sacculifer (300-355 mm) 4.00 16.50 0.08 0.050 16.73 0.07 0.055 16.62 0.23 30.4 8.03 0.02 129 24 223 42 41 122-761B 122-761B-5H-5,103-105 39.7 13250 Globigerinoides sacculifer (300-355 mm) 4.06 16.32 0.17 0.018 16.33 0.15 0.020 16.33 0.26 30.5 8.00 0.03 123 23 244 47 46 122-761B 122-761B-5H-6,8-10 40.3 13480 Globigerinoides sacculifer (300-355 mm) 4.12 16.30 0.22 0.016 16.42 0.16 0.018 16.36 0.27 30.7 8.00 0.03 123 23 243 47 46 122-761B 122-761B-5H-6,68-70 40.9 13720 Globigerinoides sacculifer (300-355 mm) 4.20 16.42 0.20 0.015 16.43 0.18 0.016 16.43 0.27 30.9 8.01 0.03 125 24 240 46 45 122-761B 122-761B-5H-6,98-100 41.2 13830 Globigerinoides sacculifer (300-355 mm) 4.44 16.26 0.22 0.014 16.25 0.18 0.015 16.25 0.28 31.5 7.98 0.03 122 23 257 50 49 122-761B 122-761B-5H-7,38-40 42.1 14170 Globigerinoides sacculifer (300-355 mm) 4.30 16.22 0.29 0.009 15.95 0.24 0.011 16.09 0.32 31.2 7.97 0.03 118 22 268 54 52 122-761B 122-761B-5H-cc,23-25 42.5 14310 Globigerinoides sacculifer (300-355 mm) 4.01 15.85 0.21 0.016 16.07 0.17 0.018 15.96 0.27 30.4 7.96 0.03 114 21 272 52 51 122-761B 122-761B-6H-1,133-135 43.5 14800 Globigerinoides sacculifer (300-355 mm) 4.17 14.91 0.37 0.008 15.18 0.29 0.008 15.04 0.37 30.8 7.85 0.05 95 17 374 82 76 122-761B 122-761B-6H-2,63-65 44.3 15040 Globigerinoides sacculifer (300-355 mm) 3.94 15.05 0.34 0.007 15.62 0.28 0.007 15.34 0.40 30.2 7.89 0.05 101 19 332 75 69 122-761B 122-761B-6H-3,103-105 46.2 15560 Globigerinoides sacculifer (300-355 mm) 4.69 15.75 0.26 0.011 15.93 0.26 0.013 15.84 0.29 32.1 7.93 0.03 113 21 298 59 57 122-761B 122-761B-6H-4,68-70 47.4 15870 Globigerinoides sacculifer (300-355 mm) 4.59 14.63 0.40 0.006 15.37 0.40 0.007 15.00 0.41 31.9 7.83 0.05 95 18 392 92 84 122-761B 122-761B-6H-5,93-95 49.1 16380 Globigerinoides sacculifer (300-355 mm) 4.19 16.47 0.22 0.018 16.81 0.19 0.020 16.64 0.26 30.9 8.03 0.03 130 25 225 43 42 122-761B 122-761B-5H-4,123-125 38.4 12720 Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi (>250 mm) 2.01 13.18 0.26 0.010 13.37 0.22 0.011 13.28 0.27 8.1 7.80 0.05 49 9 390 71 66 122-761B 122-761B-5H-4,123-125 38.4 12720 Cibicidoides mundulus (>250 mm) 2.12 12.93 0.09 0.030 13.09 0.09 0.032 13.01 0.23 8.5 7.75 0.04 45 8 446 78 73 154-926A 154-926A-26H-5,30-32 238.3 11800 Globigerinoides sacculifer (300-355 mm) 3.39 16.02 0.09 0.026 16.16 0.11 0.028 16.09 0.23 28.5 8.00 0.02 118 20 247 46 46 154-926A 154-926A-29H-5,31-33 266.8 13600 Globigerinoides sacculifer (300-355 mm) 3.77 16.32 0.08 0.041 16.51 0.06 0.045 16.42 0.23 29.7 8.02 0.02 127 21 232 43 43 154-926A 154-926A-32H-2,30-32 290.8 14940 Globigerinoides sacculifer (300-355 mm) 4.05 15.18 0.08 0.036 15.31 0.08 0.039 15.24 0.23 30.5 7.88 0.03 101 17 346 65 63