Citation:

2011JD016650

Name: (Table 1) Characteristics of marine snow and ice samples at Barrow, Alaska
Published: 2012
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

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Abstract:

We measured light absorption in 42 marine snow, sea ice, seawater, brine, and frost flower samples collected during the OASIS field campaign between February 27 and April 15, 2009. Samples represented multiple sites between landfast ice and open pack ice in coastal areas approximately 5 km west of Barrow, Alaska. The chromophores that are most commonly measured in snow, H2O2, NO3-, and NO2-, on average account for less than 1% of sunlight absorption in our samples. Instead, light absorption is dominated by unidentified "residual" species, likely organic compounds. Light absorption coefficients for the frost flowers on first-year sea ice are, on average, 40 times larger than values for terrestrial snow samples at Barrow, suggesting very large rates of photochemical reactions in frost flowers. For our marine samples the calculated rates of sunlight absorption and OH production from known chromophores are (0.1-1.4) x 10**14 (photons/cm**3/s) and (5-70) x 10**-12 (mol/L/s), respectively. Our residual spectra are similar to spectra of marine chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), suggesting that CDOM is the dominant chromophore in our samples. Based on our light absorption measurements we estimate dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in Barrow seawater and frost flowers as approximately 130 and 360 µM C, respectively. We expect that CDOM is a major source of OH in our marine samples, and it is likely to have other significant photochemistry as well.

Project(s):

International Polar Year (2007-2008) (IPY)

Coverage:

Latitude: 71.323250 * Longitude: -156.661420

Date/Time Start: 2009-02-01T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2009-05-31T00:00:00

Event(s):

Barrow2009_OASIS * Latitude: 71.323250 * Longitude: -156.661420 * Date/Time Start: 2009-02-01T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2009-05-31T00:00:00 * Location: Barrow, Alaska, USA * Method/Device: Snow/ice sample (SNOW) * Comment: Ocean-Atmosphere-Sea Ice-Snow (OASIS) 2009 field campaign

Comment:

Nitrite comments: (d) This value was not measured, but was considered to be equal to the average Barrow terrestrial surface snow value during our campaign (Beine et al., 2011, doi:10.1029/2011JD016181). (e) This value was not measured, but was considered to be 1% of the nitrate value, as was typical for surface seawater in the Beaufort Sea (Simpson et al., 2007, doi:10.5194/acp-7-4375-2007). (f) This value was not measured, but was estimated by applying the average NO2- / NO3- ratio from our other marine samples (0.036; rel. std. deviation 82%, N = 14). Data extracted in the frame of a joint ICSTI/PANGAEA IPY effort, see http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.150150

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Comment
1	Sample type	Samp type		Beine, Harry J
2	Sample amount	N	#	Beine, Harry J
3	Hydrogen peroxide, water	H2O2	µmol/l	Beine, Harry J
4	Hydrogen peroxide, standard deviation	H2O2 std dev	±	Beine, Harry J
5	Chloride	Cl-	mmol/l	Beine, Harry J
6	Chloride, standard deviation	Cl std dev	±	Beine, Harry J
7	Bromide	Br-	mmol/l	Beine, Harry J
8	Bromide, standard deviation	Br- std dev	±	Beine, Harry J
9	Nitrate	[NO3]-	µmol/l	Beine, Harry J
10	Nitrate, standard deviation	NO3 std dev	±	Beine, Harry J
11	Nitrite	[NO2]-	µmol/l	Beine, Harry J	values are likely lower limits
12	Comment	Comment		Beine, Harry J
13	Nitrite, standard deviation	[NO2]- std dev	±	Beine, Harry J
14	Sulfate	[SO4]2-	mmol/l	Beine, Harry J
15	Sulfate, standard deviation	SO4 std dev	±	Beine, Harry J
16	Absorption coefficient, 220-600 nm	ac220-600	1/m	Beine, Harry J
17	Absorption coefficient, standard deviation	ac std dev	±	Beine, Harry J	220-600 nm
18	Absorption coefficient, 300-450 nm	ac300-450	1/m	Beine, Harry J
19	Absorption coefficient, standard deviation	ac std dev	±	Beine, Harry J	300-450 nm
20	Carbon, organic, dissolved	DOC	µmol/l	Beine, Harry J

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)

Size:

137 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Samp type	2 N [#]	3 H2O2 [µmol/l]	4 H2O2 std dev [±]	5 Cl- [mmol/l]	6 Cl std dev [±]	7 Br- [mmol/l]	8 Br- std dev [±]	9 [NO3]- [µmol/l]	10 NO3 std dev [±]	11 [NO2]- [µmol/l] (values are likely lower limits)	12 Comment	13 [NO2]- std dev [±]	14 [SO4]2- [mmol/l]	15 SO4 std dev [±]	16 ac220-600 [1/m]	17 ac std dev [±] (220-600 nm)	18 ac300-450 [1/m]	19 ac std dev [±] (300-450 nm)	20 DOC [µmol/l]
Surface snows	15	1.10	1.60	1.9	2.8	0.0022	0.0026	3.6	3.2	0.02	NO2 value not measured, see dataset comment d		0.16	0.2	12.8	13.2	2.0	1.6	20
Seawater	3	0.63	0.04	570.0	69.0	0.6900	0.0430	2.0	0.3	0.02	NO2 value not measured, see dataset comment e		20.90	3.6	97.6	1.1	18.4	0.3	130
Nilas	1	0.31						3.7		0.22					115.0		21.3		170
Sea Ice	10	0.12	0.04					0.6	0.4	0.02	NO2 value not measured, see dataset comment f				22.2	5.3	3.9	1.1	26
Brine 1	2	0.44	0.10	1640.0	210.0	2.1800	0.0010	26.0	5.6	0.47		0.1	70.30	12.3	178.0	3.2	44.8	0.1	330
Brine 2	1	0.37		1540.0		1.6400	0.0000	9.0		0.33			69.30		133.0		31.2		210
Frost flowers - wet	3	1.50	0.20					22.1	11.2	0.99		0.5	0.22	0.2	200.0	11.0	49.8	1.4	360
Frost flowers - aged	5	0.59	0.30	1690.0	790.0	2.6500	0.4900	23.9	5.7	2.10		0.6	39.80	22.4	194.0	12.3	48.9	5.2	360
Frost flowers - old	2	4.50	0.00					15.2	5.4	0.37		0.1			160.0	45.0	37.5	16.7	350