Citation:

ngeo1608

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Abstract:

The strength and geometry of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation is tightly coupled to climate on glacial-interglacial and millennial timescales, but has proved difficult to reconstruct, particularly for the Last Glacial Maximum. Today, the return flow from the northern North Atlantic to lower latitudes associated with the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation reaches down to approximately 4,000 m. In contrast, during the Last Glacial Maximum this return flow is thought to have occurred primarily at shallower depths. Measurements of sedimentary 231Pa/230Th have been used to reconstruct the strength of circulation in the North Atlantic Ocean, but the effects of biogenic silica on 231Pa/230Th-based estimates remain controversial. Here we use measurements of 231Pa/230Th ratios and biogenic silica in Holocene-aged Atlantic sediments and simulations with a two-dimensional scavenging model to demonstrate that the geometry and strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation are the primary controls of 231Pa/230Th ratios in modern Atlantic sediments. For the glacial maximum, a simulation of Atlantic overturning with a shallow, but vigorous circulation and bulk water transport at around 2,000 m depth best matched observed glacial Atlantic 231Pa/230Th values. We estimate that the transport of intermediate water during the Last Glacial Maximum was at least as strong as deep water transport today.

Related to:

Anderson, Robert F; Ali, S; Bradtmiller, Louisa I; Nielsen, Simon Harder Holm; Fleisher, Martin Q; Burckle, Lloyd H (2009): Wind-driven upwelling in the Southern Ocean and the deglacial rise in atmospheric CO2. Science, 323(5920), 1443-1448, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1167441

Bradtmiller, Louisa I; Anderson, Robert F; Fleisher, Martin Q; Burckle, Lloyd H (2007): Opal burial in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean over the last 30 ka: Implications for glacial-interglacial changes in the ocean silicon cycle. Paleoceanography, 22(4), PA4216, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007PA001443

Channell, James E T; Hodell, David A; Lehman, Benoît (1997): Relative geomagnetic paleointensity and d18O at ODP Site 983 (Gardar Drift, North Atlantic) since 350 ka. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 153(1-2), 103-118, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00164-7

Chapman, Mark R; Shackleton, Nicholas J; Duplessy, Jean-Claude (2000): Sea surface temperature variability during the last glacial-interglacial cycle: assessing the magnitude and pattern of climate change in the North Atlantic. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 157(1-2), 1-25, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00168-6

Christl, Marcus; Lippold, Jörg; Hofmann, Alexander; Wacker, Lukas; Lahaye, Yann; Synal, Hans-Arno (2010): 231Pa/230Th: A proxy for upwelling off the coast of West Africa. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 268(7-8), 1159-1162, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2009.10.123

Francois, Roger; Bacon, Michael P; Suman, Daniel O (1990): Thorium 230 profiling in deep-sea sediments: high resolution records of flux and dissolution of carbonate in the equatorial Atlantic during the last 24,000 years. Paleoceanography, 5(5), 761-787, https://doi.org/10.1029/PA005i005p00761

Gherardi, Jeanne-Marie; Labeyrie, Laurent D; McManus, Jerry F; Francois, Roger; Skinner, Luke C; Cortijo, Elsa (2005): Evidence from the Northeastern Atlantic basin for variability in the rate of the meridional overturning circulation through the last deglaciation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 240(3-4), 710-723, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.09.061

Gherardi, Jeanne-Marie; Labeyrie, Laurent D; Nave, Silvia Osorio; Francois, Roger; McManus, Jerry F; Cortijo, Elsa (2009): Glacial-interglacial circulation changes inferred from 231Pa/230Th sedimentary record in the North Atlantic region. Paleoceanography, 24(2), PA2204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008PA001696

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Gutjahr, Marcus; Frank, Martin; Stirling, C H; Keigwin, Lloyd D; Halliday, Alex N (2008): Tracing the Nd isotope evolution of North Atlantic Deep and Intermediate Waters in the western North Atlantic since the Last Glacial Maximum from Blake Ridge sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 266(1-2), 61-77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.10.037

Hall, Ian R; Moran, S Bradley; Zahn, Rainer; Knutz, Paul Cornils; Shen, Chuan Chou; Edwards, R Lawrence (2006): Accelerated drawdown of meridional overturning in the late-glacial Atlantic triggered by transient pre-H event freshwater perturbation. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L16616, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026239

Heil, Gerrit M N (2006): Abrupt Climate Shifts in the Western Tropical to Subtropical Atlantic Region during the Last Glacial. Berichte aus dem Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Universität Bremen, 250, 121 pp, urn:nbn:de:gbv:46-diss000103939

Heinrich, Hartmut (1988): Origin and consequences of cyclic ice rafting in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean during the past 130,000 years. Quaternary Research, 29(2), 142-152, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(88)90057-9

Labeyrie, Laurent D; Labracherie, Monique; Gorfti, N; Pichon, Jean-Jacques; Vautravers, Maryline J; Arnold, Maurice; Duplessy, Jean-Claude; Paterne, Martine; Michel, Elisabeth; Duprat, Josette M; Caralp, M; Turon, Jean-Louis (1996): Hydrographic changes of the Southern Ocean (southeast Indian sector) over the last 230 kyr. Paleoceanography, 11(1), 57-76, https://doi.org/10.1029/95PA02255

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Lippold, Jörg; Gherardi, Jeanne-Marie; Luo, Yiming (2011): Testing the 231Pa/230Th paleocirculation proxy: A data versus 2D model comparison. Geophysical Research Letters, 38, L20603, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL049282

Lippold, Jörg; Gruetzner, Jens; Winter, Diane M; Lahaye, Yann; Mangini, Augusto; Christl, Marcus (2009): Does sedimentary 231Pa/230Th from the Bermuda Rise monitor past Atlantic Meridional Overtuning Circulation? Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L12601, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038068

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Vidal, Laurence; Schneider, Ralph R; Marchal, Olivier; Bickert, Torsten; Stocker, Thomas F; Wefer, Gerold (1999): Link between the North and South Atlantic during the Heinrich events of the last galcial period. Climate Dynamics, 15(12), 909-919, https://doi.org/10.1007/s003820050321

Vogelsang, Elke; Sarnthein, Michael; Pflaumann, Uwe (2001): d18O Stratigraphy, chronology, and sea surface temperatures of Atlantic sediment records (GLAMAP-2000 Kiel). Berichte-Reports, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Kiel, 13, 13+244 pp., https://doi.org/10.2312/reports-ifg.2001.13

Project(s):

Ocean Drilling Program (ODP)

Coverage:

Median Latitude: 10.149037 * Median Longitude: -31.158027 * South-bound Latitude: -53.300000 * West-bound Longitude: -76.330020 * North-bound Latitude: 60.582167 * East-bound Longitude: 25.500000

Date/Time Start: 1966-05-17T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2005-06-15T13:51:00

Minimum DEPTH, sediment/rock: 0.0000 m * Maximum DEPTH, sediment/rock: 8.7050 m

Event(s):

38GGC * Latitude: 4.900000 * Longitude: -20.500000 * Elevation: -2937.0 m * Location: South Atlantic * Method/Device: Piston corer (PC)

55GGC * Latitude: 4.900000 * Longitude: -42.900000 * Elevation: -4556.0 m * Location: South Atlantic * Method/Device: Piston corer (PC)

58GGC * Latitude: 4.800000 * Longitude: -43.000000 * Elevation: -4341.0 m * Location: South Atlantic * Method/Device: Piston corer (PC)

Comment:

231Pa/230Th and biogenic opal compilation of new and published data from the Holocene (in the range of 0 - 7 ka) and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in the range of 19 - 24 ka. References for age models and published data are indicated in the last columns according to the list of references. Only 231Pa/230Th measurements by ICP-MS (or AMS) have been considered.

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Event label	Event
2	Latitude of event	Latitude
3	Longitude of event	Longitude
4	AGE	Age	ka BP			Geocode
5	DEPTH, sediment/rock	Depth sed	m			Geocode
6	Depth, top/min	Depth top	m	Lippold, Jörg
7	Depth, bottom/max	Depth bot	m	Lippold, Jörg
8	Sample code/label	Sample label		Lippold, Jörg	DSDP/ODP/IODP sample designation
9	Protactinium-231/Thorium-230 ratio	231Pa/230Th		Lippold, Jörg
10	Protactinium-231/Thorium-230, error, relative	231Pa/230Th e rel	%	Lippold, Jörg
11	Opal, biogenic silica	bSiO2	%	Lippold, Jörg		wt. %
12	Opal, biogenic silica, error, relative	bSiO2 e	%	Lippold, Jörg		wt. %
13	Accumulation rate, opal	Acc rate opal	g/cm²/ka	Lippold, Jörg
14	Accumulation rate, opal, error, relative	Acc rate opal e rel	%	Lippold, Jörg
15	Reference/source	Reference		Lippold, Jörg		Pa/Th values
16	Reference/source	Reference		Lippold, Jörg		age model

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)

Size:

1444 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Event	2 Latitude	3 Longitude	4 Age [ka BP]	5 Depth sed [m]	6 Depth top [m]	7 Depth bot [m]	8 Sample label	9 231Pa/230Th	10 231Pa/230Th e rel [%]	11 bSiO2 [%] (wt. %)	12 bSiO2 e [%] (wt. %)	13 Acc rate opal [g/cm²/ka]	14 Acc rate opal e rel [%]	15 Reference (Pa/Th values)	16 Reference (age model)
38GGC	4.9000	-20.5000	2.30	0.0300				0.0530	2.4	2.6	10.1	0.0400	10.4	S. Pichat et al. in prep.	Francois et al. 1990
38GGC	4.9000	-20.5000	4.30	0.0550				0.0520	2.3	2.6	10.1	0.0350	10.3	S. Pichat et al. in prep.	Francois et al. 1990
38GGC	4.9000	-20.5000	19.20	0.2750				0.0470	5.7	6.0	10.1	0.0760	11.6	S. Pichat et al. in prep.	Francois et al. 1990
38GGC	4.9000	-20.5000	22.20	0.3350				0.0880	7.8	6.1	10.1	0.1300	12.8	S. Pichat et al. in prep.	Francois et al. 1990
38GGC	4.9000	-20.5000	23.80	0.3650				0.0700	5.6	5.9	10.1	0.0750	11.6	S. Pichat et al. in prep.	Francois et al. 1990
55GGC	4.9000	-42.9000	2.60	0.0650				0.0430	3.5	3.3	10.1	0.0440	10.7	S. Pichat et al. in prep.	Francois et al. 1990
55GGC	4.9000	-42.9000	5.00	0.1250				0.0460	5.3	3.3	10.1	0.0590	11.4	S. Pichat et al. in prep.	Francois et al. 1990
55GGC	4.9000	-42.9000	19.50	0.5825				0.0690	5.5	4.0	10.1	0.0790	11.5	S. Pichat et al. in prep.	Francois et al. 1990
55GGC	4.9000	-42.9000	21.70	0.7100				0.0740	8.2	5.0	10.1	0.1700	13.0	S. Pichat et al. in prep.	Francois et al. 1990
55GGC	4.9000	-42.9000	22.90	0.7850				0.0580	5.4	4.3	10.1	0.0850	11.4	S. Pichat et al. in prep.	Francois et al. 1990
58GGC	4.8000	-43.0000	1.80	0.0350				0.0450	3.9	2.7	10.1	0.0460	10.8	S. Pichat et al. in prep.	Francois et al. 1990
58GGC	4.8000	-43.0000	2.90	0.0550				0.0540	3.8	3.0	10.1	0.0530	10.8	S. Pichat et al. in prep.	Francois et al. 1990
58GGC	4.8000	-43.0000	5.00	0.0950				0.0360	4.2	2.5	10.1	0.0570	11.0	S. Pichat et al. in prep.	Francois et al. 1990
58GGC	4.8000	-43.0000	19.10	0.5650				0.0610	5.6	3.8	10.1	0.0760	11.5	S. Pichat et al. in prep.	Francois et al. 1990
58GGC	4.8000	-43.0000	20.90	0.6850				0.0680	5.2	3.2	10.1	0.0660	11.3	S. Pichat et al. in prep.	Francois et al. 1990
58GGC	4.8000	-43.0000	22.20	0.7850				0.0860	5.3	3.3	10.1	0.1200	11.4	S. Pichat et al. in prep.	Francois et al. 1990
71GGC	4.4000	-43.7000	1.70	0.0250				0.0580	5.3	2.5	10.1	0.0450	11.4	S. Pichat et al. in prep.	Francois et al. 1990
71GGC	4.4000	-43.7000	2.50	0.0450				0.0590	3.6	2.1	10.1	0.0370	10.7	S. Pichat et al. in prep.	Francois et al. 1990
71GGC	4.4000	-43.7000	22.10	0.6450				0.0530	5.5	3.9	10.1	0.0890	11.5	S. Pichat et al. in prep.	Francois et al. 1990
82GGC	4.3000	-43.5000	1.40	0.0250				0.0530	3.6	2.1	10.1	0.0330	10.7	S. Pichat et al. in prep.	Francois et al. 1990
82GGC	4.3000	-43.5000	4.70	0.0850				0.0490	2.6	2.7	10.1	0.0340	10.4	S. Pichat et al. in prep.	Francois et al. 1990
82GGC	4.3000	-43.5000	6.90	0.1250				0.0450	3.8	2.3	10.1	0.0320	10.8	S. Pichat et al. in prep.	Francois et al. 1990
82GGC	4.3000	-43.5000	21.20	0.7750				0.0510	5.2	3.1	10.1	0.0680	11.4	S. Pichat et al. in prep.	Francois et al. 1990
82GGC	4.3000	-43.5000	23.80	0.9350				0.0560	5.1	3.5	10.1	0.0810	11.3	S. Pichat et al. in prep.	Francois et al. 1990
C1_PC-ENG111	-22.5000	-40.1000	19.00	1.7700				0.1020	8.3	2.1	10.1	0.0310	10.3	this study	M. Ruckelshausen unpubl. data
C1_PC-ENG111	-22.5000	-40.1000	7.00	0.2500				0.0910	6.8	1.2	10.1	0.0160	10.2	this study	M. Ruckelshausen unpubl. data
C2_PC-21210009	-24.3000	-43.2000	8.00	0.0700				0.0950	7.7					this study	M. Ruckelshausen unpubl. data
DAPC2	59.0000	-9.6000	3.70					0.0940	5.0					Hall et al. 2006
DAPC2	59.0000	-9.6000	5.00					0.0900	5.0					Hall et al. 2006
DAPC2	59.0000	-9.6000	6.10					0.0920	5.0					Hall et al. 2006
DAPC2	59.0000	-9.6000	19.00					0.0800	5.0					Hall et al. 2006
DAPC2	59.0000	-9.6000	19.10					0.0660	5.0					Hall et al. 2006
DAPC2	59.0000	-9.6000	19.20					0.0620	5.0					Hall et al. 2006
DAPC2	59.0000	-9.6000	19.20					0.0580	5.0					Hall et al. 2006
DAPC2	59.0000	-9.6000	19.30					0.0630	5.0					Hall et al. 2006
DAPC2	59.0000	-9.6000	19.40					0.0680	5.0					Hall et al. 2006
DAPC2	59.0000	-9.6000	19.50					0.0550	5.0					Hall et al. 2006
DAPC2	59.0000	-9.6000	19.60					0.0550	5.0					Hall et al. 2006
DAPC2	59.0000	-9.6000	19.60					0.0520	5.0					Hall et al. 2006
DAPC2	59.0000	-9.6000	19.70					0.0600	5.0					Hall et al. 2006
GeoB1515-1	4.2383	-43.6667	0.60	0.0100				0.0590	2.4	0.7	10.3	0.0110	5.0	Lippold et al. 2011	Ruehlemann et al. 1996
GeoB1515-1	4.2383	-43.6667	4.40	0.0800				0.0450	4.0	0.9	10.3	0.0110	10.9	Lippold et al. 2011	Ruehlemann et al. 1996
GeoB1515-1	4.2383	-43.6667	19.00	0.6100				0.0770	5.0	1.8	10.3	0.0370	11.2	this study	Ruehlemann et al. 1996
GeoB1515-1	4.2383	-43.6667	20.90	0.7200				0.0710	5.1	1.5	10.3	0.0310	11.1	this study	Ruehlemann et al. 1996
GeoB1515-1	4.2383	-43.6667	24.00	0.8600				0.0760	4.4	2.3	10.3	0.0440	11.0	this study	Ruehlemann et al. 1996
GeoB1523-1	3.8317	-41.6217	0.50	0.0100				0.0600	0.9	1.2	10.3	0.0300	10.3	Lippold et al. 2011	Vidal et al. 1999
GeoB1523-1	3.8317	-41.6217	3.30	0.0800				0.0640	4.1	0.6	10.3	0.0080	10.9	Lippold et al. 2011	Vidal et al. 1999
GeoB1523-1	3.8317	-41.6217	6.50	0.1600				0.0460	4.2	1.3	10.3	0.0200	10.9	Lippold et al. 2011	Vidal et al. 1999
GeoB1523-1	3.8317	-41.6217	19.80	0.5300				0.0730	4.2					this study	Vidal et al. 1999
GeoB1523-1	3.8317	-41.6217	23.50	0.6400				0.0700	4.1	2.3	10.3	0.0370	10.9	this study	Vidal et al. 1999
GeoB1711-4	-23.3150	12.3767	0.90	0.0500				0.1310	9.2					Lippold et al. 2012
GeoB1711-4	-23.3150	12.3767	3.40	0.2000				0.1230	2.0	2.4	50.0	0.0320	50.0	Lippold et al. 2012
GeoB1711-4	-23.3150	12.3767	6.10	0.3500				0.1190	10.1					Lippold et al. 2012
GeoB1711-4	-23.3150	12.3767	19.70	1.8000				0.1040	3.5	3.3	50.0	0.0360	50.0	Lippold et al. 2012
GeoB1711-4	-23.3150	12.3767	20.20	1.9100				0.0990	3.6					Lippold et al. 2012
GeoB1711-4	-23.3150	12.3767	20.30	1.9600				0.1120	6.5					Lippold et al. 2012
GeoB1711-4	-23.3150	12.3767	20.50	2.0100				0.1010	3.5					Lippold et al. 2012
GeoB1711-4	-23.3150	12.3767	20.80	2.1050				0.0970	3.5	0.3	50.0	0.0033	50.0	Lippold et al. 2012
GeoB1711-4	-23.3150	12.3767	21.40	2.2700				0.0940	3.5					Lippold et al. 2012
GeoB1711-4	-23.3150	12.3767	21.80	2.4000				0.0940	3.8	1.2	50.0	0.0100	50.0	Lippold et al. 2012
GeoB1711-4	-23.3150	12.3767	22.80	2.5000				0.0920	3.9					Lippold et al. 2012
GeoB1711-4	-23.3150	12.3767	23.40	2.5550				0.0870	3.7					Lippold et al. 2012
GeoB2104-3	-27.2850	-46.3733	21.50	1.4200	1.27	1.570		0.0760	5.3	3.8	15.0			B. Hickey in prep.
GeoB2104-3	-27.2850	-46.3733	5.00	0.2900	0.01	0.570		0.0790	5.2	3.6	15.0			B. Hickey in prep.
GeoB2107-3	-27.1767	-46.4517	20.90	1.3850	1.26	1.510		0.0590	7.9	2.4	15.0			B. Hickey in prep.	Heil 2006
GeoB2107-3	-27.1767	-46.4517	5.70	0.3100	0.01	0.610		0.0790	4.7	2.8	15.0			B. Hickey in prep.	Heil 2006
GeoB2109-1	-27.9117	-45.8817	21.20	0.6650	0.64	0.690		0.0640	6.1	3.4	11.0			B. Hickey in prep.
GeoB2109-1	-27.9117	-45.8817	4.50	0.0800	0.01	0.150		0.0530	6.4	2.8	11.0			B. Hickey in prep.
GeoB2112-3	-29.1300	-43.3767	20.20	0.1600	0.14	0.180		0.0650	5.6	3.1	4.0			B. Hickey in prep.
GeoB2112-3	-29.1300	-43.3767	7.10	0.0400	0.01	0.070		0.0500	4.4	3.4	4.0			B. Hickey in prep.
GeoB3722-2	-25.2500	12.0217	0.39	0.0100				0.0640	5.0					Christl et al. 2009	Lippold et al. 2012
GeoB3722-2	-25.2500	12.0217	3.95	0.1000				0.0650	3.0	2.3	50.0	0.0350	50.0	Christl et al. 2009	Lippold et al. 2012
GeoB3722-2	-25.2500	12.0217	19.60	0.6650				0.1120	4.5					Christl et al. 2009	Lippold et al. 2012
GeoB3722-2	-25.2500	12.0217	20.00	0.6800				0.1110	3.6	4.2	30.0	0.0450	34.3	Christl et al. 2009	Lippold et al. 2012
GeoB3722-2	-25.2500	12.0217	20.80	0.7100				0.1030	1.9					Christl et al. 2009	Lippold et al. 2012
GeoB3722-2	-25.2500	12.0217	21.30	0.7300				0.1080	4.6					Christl et al. 2009	Lippold et al. 2012
GeoB3722-2	-25.2500	12.0217	22.70	0.8000				0.1120	4.5	4.4	30.0	0.0430	33.4	Christl et al. 2009	Lippold et al. 2012
GeoB3935-2	12.6133	-59.3867	2.10	0.0300				0.0870	5.2	4.0	10.1	0.0400	7.1	Lippold et al. 2011	Schluenz et al. 2000
GeoB3936-1	12.7183	-59.0017	2.50	0.0400				0.0800	4.5	5.3	10.1	0.0510	6.5	Lippold et al. 2011	Frederichs et al. 1996
GeoB3937-2	12.5567	-58.7650	2.50	0.0300				0.0820	4.5	4.0	10.1	0.0300	6.1	Lippold et al. 2011	Frederichs et al. 1996
GeoB9508-5	15.4983	-17.9480	2.00	0.1900				0.1200	7.0	1.6	10.3	0.0360	11.7	Lippold et al. 2012
GeoB9508-5	15.4983	-17.9480	4.30	0.4400				0.1200	2.8	1.1	10.3	0.0160	11.2	Lippold et al. 2012
GeoB9508-5	15.4983	-17.9480	6.00	0.6200				0.1000	4.0	0.5	10.3	0.0076	11.0	Lippold et al. 2012
GeoB9508-5	15.4983	-17.9480	19.00	3.0100				0.0600	6.0	1.4	10.3	0.0270	11.3	Lippold et al. 2012
GeoB9508-5	15.4983	-17.9480	19.90	3.1350				0.0610	4.2	1.7	10.3	0.0270	11.0	Lippold et al. 2012
GeoB9508-5	15.4983	-17.9480	22.00	3.3500				0.0630	4.2	1.7	10.3	0.0350	11.6	Lippold et al. 2012
GS06-144-02	57.5000	-48.6000	0.10	0.0100				0.1100	2.9	9.8	10.1	0.1800	10.4	this study	H. Kleiven unpubl. data
KNR140-12JPC	29.0800	-72.9000	2.50	0.2000				0.0590	2.8	1.1	10.3	0.0190	10.4	this study	Gutjahr et al. 2008
KNR140-12JPC	29.0800	-72.9000	3.80	0.3000				0.0600	3.9	1.1	10.3	0.0190	10.3	this study	Gutjahr et al. 2008
KNR140-12JPC	29.0800	-72.9000	19.40	2.5100				0.0720	3.7	1.9	10.3	0.0660	10.4	this study	Gutjahr et al. 2008
KNR140-12JPC	29.0800	-72.9000	19.90	2.6300				0.0730	4.9	1.7	10.3	0.0600	10.4	this study	Gutjahr et al. 2008
M35003-4	12.0900	-61.2433	0.20	0.0600				0.0950	3.6	2.1	10.3	0.0200	10.7	Lippold et al. 2011	Vogelsang and Sarnthein 2004
M35003-4	12.0900	-61.2433	3.90	0.6900				0.0970	2.0	2.3	10.3	0.0520	10.4	Lippold et al. 2011	Vogelsang and Sarnthein 2004
M35003-4	12.0900	-61.2433	20.30	3.3400				0.0780	3.1	1.6	10.3	0.0350	10.4	this study	Vogelsang and Sarnthein 2004
M35003-4	12.0900	-61.2433	21.20	3.4500				0.0800	3.3					this study	Vogelsang and Sarnthein 2004
M45/5_86	43.3700	-22.4880	20.00	0.2200				0.0650	6.5	2.0	10.1	0.0830	10.4	this study	H. Schulz unpubl. data
M45/5_90	31.6120	-28.0150	20.00	0.2200				0.0480	2.1	1.4	10.1	0.0320	10.3	this study	Schiebel 2002
MD02-2588	-41.2000	25.5000	1.50					0.0480	8.5			0.0330		Negre et al. 2010
MD02-2588	-41.2000	25.5000	5.00					0.0510	8.5			0.0290		Negre et al. 2010
MD02-2588	-41.2000	25.5000	19.00					0.0520				0.0380		Negre et al. 2010
MD02-2588	-41.2000	25.5000	20.50					0.0530				0.0420		Negre et al. 2010
MD02-2588	-41.2000	25.5000	22.00					0.0550				0.0390		Negre et al. 2010
MD02-2588	-41.2000	25.5000	22.50					0.0570				0.0400		Negre et al. 2010
MD02-2588	-41.2000	25.5000	23.00					0.0590				0.0370		Negre et al. 2010
MD02-2588	-41.2000	25.5000	23.50					0.0650				0.0400		Negre et al. 2010
MD02-2594	-34.7100	17.3380	0.30	0.0550	0.05	0.060		0.0620	6.5			0.0330		Negre et al. 2010
MD02-2594	-34.7100	17.3380	0.80	0.1550	0.15	0.160		0.0640	21.9					Negre et al. 2010
MD02-2594	-34.7100	17.3380	1.40	0.2550	0.25	0.260		0.0650	9.2			0.0350		Negre et al. 2010
MD02-2594	-34.7100	17.3380	2.00	0.3550	0.35	0.360		0.0720	16.9					Negre et al. 2010
MD02-2594	-34.7100	17.3380	2.80	0.5050	0.50	0.510		0.0780	13.0			0.0370		Negre et al. 2010
MD02-2594	-34.7100	17.3380	3.90	0.6550	0.65	0.660		0.0670	14.7					Negre et al. 2010
MD02-2594	-34.7100	17.3380	4.60	0.7550	0.75	0.760		0.0730	11.0			0.0300		Negre et al. 2010
MD02-2594	-34.7100	17.3380	5.30	0.8550	0.85	0.860		0.0670	20.6			0.0330		Negre et al. 2010
MD02-2594	-34.7100	17.3380	6.30	0.8850	0.88	0.890		0.0620	9.4			0.0340		Negre et al. 2010
MD02-2594	-34.7100	17.3380	20.80	3.0550	3.05	3.060		0.0450	13.3			0.0320		Negre et al. 2010
MD02-2594	-34.7100	17.3380	22.70	3.1550	3.15	3.160		0.0430	18.6			0.0330		Negre et al. 2010
MD08-3182	52.7000	-35.9000	1.00	0.0050	0.00	0.010		0.1030	2.6	17.7	10.1	0.4600	10.3	this study	T. Bouineau pers. com.
MD09-3242	-4.2000	-37.8000	0.80	0.0050	0.00	0.010		0.0910	5.7	1.7	10.1	0.0100	7.0	Lippold et al. 2011	MD173_Retro 3 cruise report
MD09-3253	-2.4000	-35.5000	0.20	0.0050	0.00	0.010		0.0420	4.4	1.9	10.1	0.0240	6.2	Lippold et al. 2011	MD173_Retro 3 cruise report
MD09-3254	-2.8000	-35.4000	0.20	0.0050	0.00	0.010		0.0420	4.4	1.9	10.1	0.0230	6.2	Lippold et al. 2011	MD173_Retro 3 cruise report
MD09-3256	-3.5468	-35.3852	0.20	0.0050	0.00	0.010		0.0480	4.6	2.0	10.1	0.0200	6.3	Lippold et al. 2011	MD173_Retro 3 cruise report
MD09-3257	-4.3000	-36.4000	0.20	0.0050	0.00	0.010		0.0740	4.9	1.7	10.1	0.0200	6.4	Lippold et al. 2011	MD173_Retro 3 cruise report
MD95-2014	60.5822	-22.0753	19.00	1.9025	1.90	1.905		0.0840	3.2	9.7	10.1	0.2800	10.5	this study	E. Cortijo unpubl. data
MD95-2014	60.5822	-22.0753	20.00	1.9550	1.95	1.960		0.0810	3.3	8.1	10.1	0.2500	10.5	this study	E. Cortijo unpubl. data
MD95-2015	58.7623	-25.9590	19.00	8.6350	8.63	8.640		0.0800	3.1	7.7	10.1	0.1900	10.4	this study	E. Cortijo unpubl. data
MD95-2015	58.7623	-25.9590	20.00	8.7050	8.70	8.710		0.0850	3.3	11.4	10.1	0.2800	10.4	this study	E. Cortijo unpubl. data
MD95-2015	58.7623	-25.9590	1.00	0.0150	0.01	0.020		0.1210	3.3	12.6	10.1	0.4100	10.4	this study	E. Cortijo unpubl. data
MD95-2027	41.7445	-47.4132	20.00	4.5000				0.0770	5.4	7.0	10.0			Gherardi et al. 2009
MD95-2037	37.0872	-32.0312	3.20	0.0000				0.0990	2.5	0.7	12.0			Gherardi et al. 2009
MD95-2037	37.0872	-32.0312	3.90	0.1000				0.0940	2.3	0.8	12.0			Gherardi et al. 2009
MD95-2037	37.0872	-32.0312	4.70	0.2000				0.0950	2.2					Gherardi et al. 2009
MD95-2037	37.0872	-32.0312	5.40	0.3000				0.0960	2.3					Gherardi et al. 2009
MD95-2037	37.0872	-32.0312	6.20	0.4000				0.0970	2.5					Gherardi et al. 2009
MD95-2037	37.0872	-32.0312	6.90	0.5000				0.0970	2.5					Gherardi et al. 2009
MD95-2037	37.0872	-32.0312	19.50	3.9000				0.0500	6.6	4.9	10.1			Gherardi et al. 2009
MD95-2037	37.0872	-32.0312	20.40	4.0000				0.0390	7.1	5.0	10.1			Gherardi et al. 2009
ME69-17	47.4000	-19.7000	19.00	0.2700				0.0880	6.6					this study	Heinrich 1988
162-983A	60.4033	-23.6406	1.60				162-983A-1H-1,80-82	0.1310	4.4	17.8	10.3	0.5400	10.3	this study	Channell et al. 1997
162-983A	60.4033	-23.6406	3.20				162-983A-1H-2,10-12	0.1210	4.7	24.2	10.3	0.6300	10.3	this study	Channell et al. 1997
162-983A	60.4033	-23.6406	22.30				162-983A-1H-3,101-103	0.0890	3.0	9.9	10.3	0.2500	10.3	this study	Channell et al. 1997
162-983A	60.4033	-23.6406	19.70				162-983A-1H-3,80-82	0.0880	3.8	7.5	10.3	0.1600	10.3	this study	Channell et al. 1997
172-1055C	32.7843	-76.2863	3.80				162-172C-1H-1,80-82	0.0660	7.5					this study	Gruetzner et al. 2002
172-1056A	32.4850	-76.3300	5.10				172-1056A-1H-1,42-43	0.0550	8.2	3.5	10.1	0.0820	10.4	this study	Gruetzner et al. 2002
172-1058A	31.6902	-75.4301	5.60				172-158A-1H-1,42-43	0.0580	6.1	4.5	10.1	0.1100	11.1	this study	Gruetzner et al. 2002
172-1063B	33.6865	-57.6149	19.40				172-1063B-1H-3,140-142	0.0720	2.3					Lippold et al. 2009
172-1063B	33.6865	-57.6149	19.70				172-1063B-1H-4,10-12	0.0640	6.5					Lippold et al. 2009
172-1063B	33.6865	-57.6149	19.90				172-1063B-1H-4,30-32	0.0730	2.1	3.4	10.3	0.1400	10.4	Lippold et al. 2009
172-1063B	33.6865	-57.6149	20.10				172-1063B-1H-4,50-52	0.0660	2.9					Lippold et al. 2009
172-1063B	33.6865	-57.6149	20.30				172-1063B-1H-4,70-72	0.0640	4.7					Lippold et al. 2009
172-1063B	33.6865	-57.6149	20.40				172-1063B-1H-4,90-92	0.0630	3.0					Lippold et al. 2009
172-1063B	33.6865	-57.6149	20.50				172-1063B-1H-4,110-112	0.0674	3.2					Lippold et al. 2009
172-1063B	33.6865	-57.6149	20.60				172-1063B-1H-4,130-132	0.0620	4.4					Lippold et al. 2009
172-1063B	33.6865	-57.6149	21.10				172-1063B-1H-5,40-42	0.0630	7.0					Lippold et al. 2009
172-1063B	33.6865	-57.6149	21.60				172-1063B-1H-5,100-102	0.0630	6.1	2.7	10.3	0.1900	11.6	Lippold et al. 2009
172-1063D	33.6862	-57.6151	22.20				172-1063D-2H-3,110-112	0.0610	5.2					Lippold et al. 2009
172-1063D	33.6862	-57.6151	22.90				172-1063D-2H-4,20-22	0.0670	7.6					Lippold et al. 2009
172-1063D	33.6862	-57.6151	23.50				172-1063D-2H-4,80-82	0.0640	6.7					Lippold et al. 2009
172-1063D	33.6862	-57.6151	23.90				172-1063D-2H-4,140-142	0.0660	4.6					Lippold et al. 2009
177-1089A	-40.9364	9.8941	1.30				177-1089A-1H-1,13-15	0.0540	12.7	10.3	10.1	0.0400	13.4	Lippold et al. 2012	Stoner et al. 2003
177-1089A	-40.9364	9.8941	3.30				177-1089A-1H-1,33-35	0.0550	5.0	11.0	10.1	0.0460	10.2	Lippold et al. 2012	Stoner et al. 2003
177-1089A	-40.9364	9.8941	5.30				177-1089A-1H-1,56-58	0.0610	7.8	9.7	10.1	0.0480	10.1	Lippold et al. 2012	Stoner et al. 2003
177-1089A	-40.9364	9.8941	6.30				177-1089A-1H-1,68-69	0.0490	5.1	7.2	10.1	0.0380	10.2	this study	Stoner et al. 2003
177-1089A	-40.9364	9.8941	6.90				177-1089A-1H-1,76-77	0.0470	4.4	6.9	10.1	0.0370	10.1	this study	Stoner et al. 2003
177-1089B	-40.9364	9.8941	19.20				177-1089B-1H-1,54-56	0.0660	3.3	7.8	10.1	0.0620	10.1	this study	Stoner et al. 2003
177-1089B	-40.9364	9.8941	20.60				177-1089B-1H-1,94-96	0.0650	5.7	8.6	10.1	0.0670	10.4	this study	Stoner et al. 2003
177-1089B	-40.9364	9.8941	23.40				177-1089B-1H-2,24-26	0.0680	4.5	9.5	10.1	0.0680	10.1	this study	Stoner et al. 2003
177-1089B	-40.9364	9.8941	22.00				177-1089B-1H-1,134-136	0.0630	4.1	7.0	10.1	0.0640	10.1	this study	Stoner et al. 2003
177-1089B	-40.9364	9.8941	22.70				177-1089B-1H-2,6-7	0.0770	3.3	9.7	10.1	0.0780	10.1	this study	Stoner et al. 2003
OCE326-GGC5	33.7000	-57.5833	0.10					0.0540	4.1					McManus et al. 2004
OCE326-GGC5	33.7000	-57.5833	0.50					0.0540	3.9					McManus et al. 2004
OCE326-GGC5	33.7000	-57.5833	1.00					0.0570	6.5					McManus et al. 2004
OCE326-GGC5	33.7000	-57.5833	1.40					0.0540	3.2					McManus et al. 2004
OCE326-GGC5	33.7000	-57.5833	1.90					0.0550	2.7					McManus et al. 2004
OCE326-GGC5	33.7000	-57.5833	2.90					0.0550	4.5					McManus et al. 2004
OCE326-GGC5	33.7000	-57.5833	4.80					0.0620	7.9					McManus et al. 2004
OCE326-GGC5	33.7000	-57.5833	5.70					0.0520	2.5					McManus et al. 2004
OCE326-GGC5	33.7000	-57.5833	19.20					0.0668	3.3					McManus et al. 2004
OCE326-GGC5	33.7000	-57.5833	19.30					0.0665	4.4					McManus et al. 2004
OCE326-GGC5	33.7000	-57.5833	19.40					0.0691	6.2					McManus et al. 2004
OCE326-GGC5	33.7000	-57.5833	19.40					0.0748	6.8					McManus et al. 2004
OCE326-GGC5	33.7000	-57.5833	19.50					0.0655	4.1					McManus et al. 2004
OCE326-GGC5	33.7000	-57.5833	19.50					0.0684	3.8					McManus et al. 2004
OCE326-GGC5	33.7000	-57.5833	19.60					0.0677	1.9					McManus et al. 2004
PS2489-2	-42.8733	8.9733	20.10					0.0670	10.0					Negre et al. 2010
RC13-189	1.8630	-30.0000	2.80	0.0300				0.0560	9.7	0.9		0.0140		Bradtmiller et al. 2007
RC13-189	1.8630	-30.0000	5.40	0.1100				0.0550	5.1	0.5		0.0058		Bradtmiller et al. 2007
RC13-189	1.8630	-30.0000	20.80	0.7000				0.0660	7.2	4.6		0.0750		Bradtmiller et al. 2007
RC13-189	1.8630	-30.0000	22.90	0.8000				0.0690	3.8	3.8		0.0640		Bradtmiller et al. 2007
RC16-66	-0.7550	-36.6200	2.30	0.0500				0.0410	5.3	3.1		0.0320		Bradtmiller et al. 2007
RC16-66	-0.7550	-36.6200	5.40	0.1200				0.0440	4.5	3.3		0.0340		Bradtmiller et al. 2007
RC16-66	-0.7550	-36.6200	6.90	0.1600				0.0430	5.9	3.0		0.0320		Bradtmiller et al. 2007
RC16-66	-0.7550	-36.6200	20.00	1.0000				0.0640	7.6	4.2		0.0740		Bradtmiller et al. 2007
RC16-66	-0.7550	-36.6200	22.20	1.2100				0.0630	5.4	4.0		0.0810		Bradtmiller et al. 2007
RC24-1	0.5630	-13.6500	4.40	0.0500				0.0420	6.7	0.4		0.0048		Bradtmiller et al. 2007
RC24-1	0.5630	-13.6500	6.70	0.0900				0.0430	9.5	0.6		0.0083		Bradtmiller et al. 2007
RC24-1	0.5630	-13.6500	20.90	0.7100				0.0600	8.4	7.5		0.0980		Bratdmiller et al. 2007
RC24-12	-3.0070	-11.4200	1.80	0.0200				0.0420	9.2	2.3		0.0390		Bradtmiller et al. 2007
RC24-12	-3.0070	-11.4200	4.10	0.1800				0.0470	8.1	2.5		0.0370		Bradtmiller et al. 2007
RC24-12	-3.0070	-11.4200	6.80	0.3600				0.0450	10.5	2.3		0.0340		Bradtmiller et al. 2007
RC24-12	-3.0070	-11.4200	19.50	0.9400				0.0570	6.0	3.8		0.0390		Bradtmiller et al. 2007
RC24-12	-3.0070	-11.4200	21.60	1.0200				0.0600	6.0	4.4		0.0390		Bradtmiller et al. 2007
RC24-7	-1.3420	-11.9200	1.90	0.0200				0.0450	9.4	3.6		0.0520		Bradtmiller et al. 2007
RC24-7	-1.3420	-11.9200	4.40	0.1500				0.0430	10.6	3.6		0.0460		Bradtmiller et al. 2007
RC24-7	-1.3420	-11.9200	21.00	1.1200				0.0660	5.6	6.9		0.0970		Bratdmiller et al. 2007
SU81-18	37.7670	-10.1830	0.40	0.0800				0.0610	4.9					Gherardi et al. 2005
SU81-18	37.7670	-10.1830	1.20	0.1900				0.0590	3.4	2.8	12.0			Gherardi et al. 2005
SU81-18	37.7670	-10.1830	1.60	0.2500				0.0660	6.1					Gherardi et al. 2005
SU81-18	37.7670	-10.1830	1.70	0.2700				0.0740	4.1					Gherardi et al. 2005
SU81-18	37.7670	-10.1830	3.00	0.4500				0.0610	22.1					Gherardi et al. 2005
SU81-18	37.7670	-10.1830	4.40	0.6500				0.0610	4.9					Gherardi et al. 2005
SU81-18	37.7670	-10.1830	5.90	0.8500				0.0670	4.5					Gherardi et al. 2005
SU81-18	37.7670	-10.1830	18.70	3.7400				0.0490	4.1					Gherardi et al. 2005
SU81-18	37.7670	-10.1830	19.50	3.9600				0.0500	8.0	3.3	10.1			Gherardi et al. 2005
SU81-18	37.7670	-10.1830	19.80	4.0400				0.0470	8.5	3.4	10.1			Gherardi et al. 2005
SU81-18	37.7670	-10.1830	20.90	4.2400				0.0510	7.8					Gherardi et al. 2005
SU90-03	40.5050	-32.0533	20.00	1.0800				0.0370	5.6	6.4	10.1	0.0940	10.3	this study	Chapmann et al. 2000
SU90-03	40.5050	-32.0533	2.70	0.1400				0.0540	3.0					this study	Chapmann et al. 2000
SU90-08	43.3533	-30.4083	19.00	0.8400				0.0430	5.8	5.0	10.1	0.0750	10.3	this study	Grousset 1993
SU90-09	43.7867	-31.7483	19.00	0.6600				0.0590	3.6	5.1	10.1	0.1100	10.3	this study	Grousset 1993
SU90-11	44.7267	-40.2633	19.00	0.6600				0.0580	3.5	5.1	10.1	0.2200	10.5	this study	Labeyrie et al. 1996
SU90-44	50.1033	-17.9100	1.90	0.0900				0.0510	2.4					Gherardi et al. 2009
SU90-44	50.1033	-17.9100	3.30	0.1400				0.0580	2.9					Gherardi et al. 2009
SU90-44	50.1033	-17.9100	4.60	0.1900				0.0470	3.2					Gherardi et al. 2009
SU90-44	50.1033	-17.9100	18.90	0.8800				0.0780	4.1					Gherardi et al. 2009
SU90-44	50.1033	-17.9100	20.10	0.9800				0.0810	4.7					Gherardi et al. 2009
SU92-18	37.7883	-27.2317	0.50	0.0200				0.0710	8.5					this study	Lehman et al. 1996
TN057-13	-53.3000	5.2000	1.40	0.4800				0.1930	3.3	76.7	5.0	1.1000	5.5	Anderson et al. 2009
TN057-13	-53.3000	5.2000	1.90	0.6400				0.2030	3.6	77.1	5.0	1.3000	5.5	Anderson et al. 2009
TN057-13	-53.3000	5.2000	3.40	1.2250				0.2220	3.8	77.8	5.0	1.4000	5.3	Anderson et al. 2009
TN057-13	-53.3000	5.2000	4.10	1.4850				0.2140	6.5	77.4	5.0	1.4000	5.5	Anderson et al. 2009
TN057-13	-53.3000	5.2000	5.40	1.9900				0.2190	9.4	78.6	5.0	1.7000	7.9	Anderson et al. 2009
TN057-13	-53.3000	5.2000	6.80	2.5250				0.2250	9.0	79.6	5.0	2.2000	5.3	Anderson et al. 2009
TN057-13	-53.3000	5.2000	7.00	2.5850				0.2150	9.3	77.4	5.0	1.9000	5.2	Anderson et al. 2009
TN057-13	-53.3000	5.2000	18.90	7.9600				0.1750	3.9	51.5	5.0	0.5600	5.7	Anderson et al. 2009
TN057-13	-53.3000	5.2000	20.30	8.1150				0.1410	5.7	42.8	5.0	0.4100	6.8	Anderson et al. 2009
TN057-13	-53.3000	5.2000	22.10	8.3250				0.1270	10.9					Anderson et al. 2009
TN057-13	-53.3000	5.2000	23.10	8.4400				0.1290	10.2	51.7	5.0	0.6300	6.0	Anderson et al. 2009
TN057-21	-41.1300	8.8000	19.90					0.0710						Negre et al. 2010
TN057-21	-41.1300	8.8000	22.60					0.0740						Negre et al. 2010
V22-182	-0.5330	-17.2700	0.90	0.0300				0.0220	15.8	2.2		0.0270		Bradtmiller et al. 2007
V22-182	-0.5330	-17.2700	3.80	0.1300				0.0390	12.9	2.1		0.0270		Bradtmiller et al. 2007
V22-182	-0.5330	-17.2700	18.60	0.6100				0.0580	9.2	2.9		0.0580		Bradtmiller et al. 2007
V22-182	-0.5330	-17.2700	21.10	0.7000				0.0570	5.3	3.4		0.0660		Bradtmiller et al. 2007
V22-182	-0.5330	-17.2700	24.20	0.8100				0.0540	7.4	2.5		0.0450		Bradtmiller et al. 2007
V30-40	-0.2000	-23.1500	1.50	0.0500				0.0440	14.4	1.8		0.0340		Bradtmiller et al. 2007
V30-40	-0.2000	-23.1500	5.10	0.1000				0.0440	8.0	1.6		0.0240		Bradtmiller et al. 2007
V30-40	-0.2000	-23.1500	20.70	0.7200				0.0570	9.1	2.6		0.0590		Bradtmiller et al. 2007
V30-40	-0.2000	-23.1500	22.50	0.8200				0.0400	10.4	1.8		0.0400		Bradtmiller et al. 2007