/* DATA DESCRIPTION: Citation: Bednaršek, Nina; Tarling, Geraint A; Bakker, Dorothee C E; Fielding, Sophie; Cohen, Anne L; Kuzirian, Alan; McCorkle, Daniel C; Lézé, Bertrand; Montagna, Roberto (2012): Seawater carbonate chemistry and pteropod Limacina helicina antarctica shell dissolution during experiments, 2012. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.779926, Supplement to: Bednaršek, N et al. (2012): Description and quantification of pteropod shell dissolution: A sensitive bioindicator of ocean acidification. Global Change Biology, 18(7), 2378-2388, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02668.x Abstract: Anthropogenic ocean acidification is likely to have negative effects on marine calcifying organisms, such as shelled pteropods, by promoting dissolution of aragonite shells. Study of shell dissolution requires an accurate and sensitive method for assessing shell damage. Shell dissolution was induced through incubations in CO2 enriched seawater for between 4 and 14 days. We describe a procedure that allows the level of dissolution to be assessed and classified into three main types: Type I with partial dissolution of the prismatic layer; Type II with exposure of underlying crossed-lamellar layer, and Type III, where crossed-lamellar layer shows signs of dissolution. Levels of dissolution showed a good correspondence to the incubation conditions, with the most severe damage found in specimens held for 14 d in undersaturated condition (Ohm ~ 0.8). This methodology enables the response of small pelagic calcifiers to acidified conditions to be detected at an early stage, thus making pteropods a valuable bioindicator of future ocean acidification. Keyword(s): Animalia; Antarctic; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (<20 L); Calcification/Dissolution; Laboratory experiment; Limacina helicina antarctica; Mollusca; Open ocean; Pelagos; Polar; Single species; Zooplankton Project(s): European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis (EUR-OCEANS) (URI: https://eur-oceans.eu/) European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA) (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Project_on_Ocean_Acidification) Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC) (URI: https://www.iaea.org/services/oa-icc/science-and-collaboration/data-access-and-management) Funding: Seventh Framework Programme (FP7), grant/award no. 211384: European Project on Ocean Acidification (URI: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/211384) Sixth Framework Programme (FP6), grant/award no. 511106: European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis (URI: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/511106) Comment: In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Lavigne and Gattuso, 2011) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). Parameter(s): Experimental treatment (Exp treat) * PI: Bednaršek, Nina (ninab@sccwrp.org, http://www.sccwrp.org/AboutSCCWRP/SCCWRPStaff/BednarsekNina.aspx) Time, incubation [day] (T incubation) * PI: Bednaršek, Nina (ninab@sccwrp.org, http://www.sccwrp.org/AboutSCCWRP/SCCWRPStaff/BednarsekNina.aspx) Species (Species) * PI: Bednaršek, Nina (ninab@sccwrp.org, http://www.sccwrp.org/AboutSCCWRP/SCCWRPStaff/BednarsekNina.aspx) Salinity (Sal) * PI: Bednaršek, Nina (ninab@sccwrp.org, http://www.sccwrp.org/AboutSCCWRP/SCCWRPStaff/BednarsekNina.aspx) Temperature, water [°C] (Temp) * PI: Bednaršek, Nina (ninab@sccwrp.org, http://www.sccwrp.org/AboutSCCWRP/SCCWRPStaff/BednarsekNina.aspx) Phosphate [µmol/kg] (PHSPHT) * PI: Bednaršek, Nina (ninab@sccwrp.org, http://www.sccwrp.org/AboutSCCWRP/SCCWRPStaff/BednarsekNina.aspx) Silicate [µmol/kg] (SILCAT) * PI: Bednaršek, Nina (ninab@sccwrp.org, http://www.sccwrp.org/AboutSCCWRP/SCCWRPStaff/BednarsekNina.aspx) Alkalinity, total [µmol/kg] (AT) * PI: Bednaršek, Nina (ninab@sccwrp.org, http://www.sccwrp.org/AboutSCCWRP/SCCWRPStaff/BednarsekNina.aspx) * METHOD/DEVICE: Titration potentiometric (URI: http://www.deepseadrilling.org/25/volume/dsdp25_13.pdf) Alkalinity, total, standard deviation [±] (AT std dev) * PI: Bednaršek, Nina (ninab@sccwrp.org, http://www.sccwrp.org/AboutSCCWRP/SCCWRPStaff/BednarsekNina.aspx) Carbon, inorganic, dissolved [µmol/kg] (DIC) * PI: Bednaršek, Nina (ninab@sccwrp.org, http://www.sccwrp.org/AboutSCCWRP/SCCWRPStaff/BednarsekNina.aspx) * METHOD/DEVICE: Coulometric titration Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation [±] (DIC std dev) * PI: Bednaršek, Nina (ninab@sccwrp.org, http://www.sccwrp.org/AboutSCCWRP/SCCWRPStaff/BednarsekNina.aspx) pH (pH) * PI: Bednaršek, Nina (ninab@sccwrp.org, http://www.sccwrp.org/AboutSCCWRP/SCCWRPStaff/BednarsekNina.aspx) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using CO2SYS (URI: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/co2rprt.html) * COMMENT: Total scale pH, standard deviation [±] (pH std dev) * PI: Bednaršek, Nina (ninab@sccwrp.org, http://www.sccwrp.org/AboutSCCWRP/SCCWRPStaff/BednarsekNina.aspx) Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air) [µatm] (pCO2water_SST_wet) * PI: Bednaršek, Nina (ninab@sccwrp.org, http://www.sccwrp.org/AboutSCCWRP/SCCWRPStaff/BednarsekNina.aspx) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using CO2SYS (URI: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/co2rprt.html) Carbon dioxide, partial pressure, standard deviation [±] (pCO2 std dev) * PI: Bednaršek, Nina (ninab@sccwrp.org, http://www.sccwrp.org/AboutSCCWRP/SCCWRPStaff/BednarsekNina.aspx) Bicarbonate ion [µmol/kg] ([HCO3]-) * PI: Bednaršek, Nina (ninab@sccwrp.org, http://www.sccwrp.org/AboutSCCWRP/SCCWRPStaff/BednarsekNina.aspx) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using CO2SYS (URI: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/co2rprt.html) Bicarbonate ion, standard deviation [±] ([HCO3]- std dev) * PI: Bednaršek, Nina (ninab@sccwrp.org, http://www.sccwrp.org/AboutSCCWRP/SCCWRPStaff/BednarsekNina.aspx) Carbonate ion [µmol/kg] ([CO3]2-) * PI: Bednaršek, Nina (ninab@sccwrp.org, http://www.sccwrp.org/AboutSCCWRP/SCCWRPStaff/BednarsekNina.aspx) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using CO2SYS (URI: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/co2rprt.html) Carbonate ion, standard deviation [±] ([CO3]2- std dev) * PI: Bednaršek, Nina (ninab@sccwrp.org, http://www.sccwrp.org/AboutSCCWRP/SCCWRPStaff/BednarsekNina.aspx) Aragonite saturation state (Omega Arg) * PI: Bednaršek, Nina (ninab@sccwrp.org, http://www.sccwrp.org/AboutSCCWRP/SCCWRPStaff/BednarsekNina.aspx) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using CO2SYS (URI: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/co2rprt.html) Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation [±] (Omega Arg std dev) * PI: Bednaršek, Nina (ninab@sccwrp.org, http://www.sccwrp.org/AboutSCCWRP/SCCWRPStaff/BednarsekNina.aspx) Individuals, non-dissolving [%] (non-diss) * PI: Bednaršek, Nina (ninab@sccwrp.org, http://www.sccwrp.org/AboutSCCWRP/SCCWRPStaff/BednarsekNina.aspx) * METHOD/DEVICE: Scanning electron microscope (SEM) (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope) Individuals, non-dissolving, standard-deviation [±] (non-diss std dev) * PI: Bednaršek, Nina (ninab@sccwrp.org, http://www.sccwrp.org/AboutSCCWRP/SCCWRPStaff/BednarsekNina.aspx) Dissolution rate [%] (Diss rate) * PI: Bednaršek, Nina (ninab@sccwrp.org, http://www.sccwrp.org/AboutSCCWRP/SCCWRPStaff/BednarsekNina.aspx) * METHOD/DEVICE: Scanning electron microscope (SEM) (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope) * COMMENT: Type I, see reference Dissolution rate, standard deviation [±] (Diss rate std dev) * PI: Bednaršek, Nina (ninab@sccwrp.org, http://www.sccwrp.org/AboutSCCWRP/SCCWRPStaff/BednarsekNina.aspx) * COMMENT: Type I, see reference Dissolution rate [%] (Diss rate) * PI: Bednaršek, Nina (ninab@sccwrp.org, http://www.sccwrp.org/AboutSCCWRP/SCCWRPStaff/BednarsekNina.aspx) * METHOD/DEVICE: Scanning electron microscope (SEM) (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope) * COMMENT: Type II, see reference Dissolution rate, standard deviation [±] (Diss rate std dev) * PI: Bednaršek, Nina (ninab@sccwrp.org, http://www.sccwrp.org/AboutSCCWRP/SCCWRPStaff/BednarsekNina.aspx) * COMMENT: Type II, see reference Dissolution rate [%] (Diss rate) * PI: Bednaršek, Nina (ninab@sccwrp.org, http://www.sccwrp.org/AboutSCCWRP/SCCWRPStaff/BednarsekNina.aspx) * METHOD/DEVICE: Scanning electron microscope (SEM) (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope) * COMMENT: Type III, see reference Dissolution rate, standard deviation [±] (Diss rate std dev) * PI: Bednaršek, Nina (ninab@sccwrp.org, http://www.sccwrp.org/AboutSCCWRP/SCCWRPStaff/BednarsekNina.aspx) * COMMENT: Type III, see reference Carbonate system computation flag (CSC flag) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) pH (pH) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) * COMMENT: Total scale Carbon dioxide [µmol/kg] (CO2) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air) [µatm] (pCO2water_SST_wet) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air) [µatm] (fCO2water_SST_wet) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Bicarbonate ion [µmol/kg] ([HCO3]-) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Carbonate ion [µmol/kg] ([CO3]2-) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Aragonite saturation state (Omega Arg) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Calcite saturation state (Omega Cal) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0) (URI: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) Status: Curation Level: Enhanced curation (URI: https://wiki.pangaea.de/wiki/Curation_levels) Size: 188 data points */ Exp treat T incubation [day] Species Sal Temp [°C] PHSPHT [µmol/kg] SILCAT [µmol/kg] AT [µmol/kg] (Titration potentiometric) AT std dev [±] DIC [µmol/kg] (Coulometric titration) DIC std dev [±] pH (Total scale, Calculated using...) pH std dev [±] pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using CO2SYS) pCO2 std dev [±] [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using CO2SYS) [HCO3]- std dev [±] [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using CO2SYS) [CO3]2- std dev [±] Omega Arg (Calculated using CO2SYS) Omega Arg std dev [±] non-diss [%] (Scanning electron microscope ...) non-diss std dev [±] Diss rate [%] (Type I, see reference, Scanni...) Diss rate std dev [±] (Type I, see reference) Diss rate [%] (Type II, see reference, Scann...) Diss rate std dev [±] (Type II, see reference) Diss rate [%] (Type III, see reference, Scan...) Diss rate std dev [±] (Type III, see reference) CSC flag (Calculated using seacarb afte...) pH (Total scale, Calculated using...) CO2 [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) Omega Arg (Calculated using seacarb afte...) Omega Cal (Calculated using seacarb afte...) Natural control Limacina helicina antarctica 33.86 3 1.33 12.5 2290.6 3.7 2123.0 61.9 8.13 0.13 318 111 1983.1 91.9 121.6 39.6 1.82 0.60 0.997 0.005 0.002 0.003 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15 8.13 17.58 311.55 310.25 1984.21 121.21 1.83 2.91 Supersaturation 8 Limacina helicina antarctica 33.83 4 1.71 8.0 2360.3 3.4 2211.5 12.7 8.07 0.03 387 24 2077.8 16.6 112.7 5.4 1.70 0.08 0.430 0.080 0.560 0.060 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 15 8.06 21.08 388.87 387.27 2078.12 112.30 1.70 2.70 Transitional state Limacina helicina antarctica 33.83 4 1.80 12.5 2316.8 1.3 2245.0 14.9 7.83 0.05 690 75 2144.7 17.1 67.9 6.3 1.03 0.09 0.040 0.150 0.800 0.150 0.15 0.10 0.01 0.03 15 7.84 35.81 660.59 657.87 2139.14 70.05 1.06 1.68 Undersaturation 4 Limacina helicina antarctica 33.82 4 1.15 10.1 2323.1 8.9 2295.5 5.4 7.70 0.01 940 27 2192.7 5.0 51.6 1.8 0.78 0.03 0.150 0.120 0.550 0.090 0.26 0.06 0.04 0.03 15 7.70 51.21 944.75 940.87 2192.83 51.46 0.78 1.24 Undersaturation 14 Limacina helicina antarctica 33.83 4 1.80 12.5 2330.3 6.4 2298.3 0.0 7.73 0.01 883 12 2191.0 4.4 54.8 0.9 0.83 0.02 0.130 0.050 0.310 0.120 0.25 0.07 0.31 0.06 15 7.71 49.81 918.84 915.07 2195.45 53.05 0.80 1.27