Citation:

s10498-009-9073-4

Name: (Tables 1-3) Water chemistry of cloud forest streams at baseflow conditions, Rio San Francisco, Ecuador
Published: 2010
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Keywords: Human Dimensions; Lakes & Rivers; Land Surface

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Abstract:

We investigated controls on the water chemistry of a South Ecuadorian cloud forest catchment which is partly pristine, and partly converted to extensive pasture. From April 2007 to May 2008 water samples were taken weekly to biweekly at nine different subcatchments, and were screened for differences in electric conductivity, pH, anion, as well as element composition. A principal component analysis was conducted to reduce dimensionality of the data set and define major factors explaining variation in the data. Three main factors were isolated by a subset of 10 elements (Ca2+, Ce, Gd, K+, Mg2+, Na+, Nd, Rb, Sr, Y), explaining around 90% of the data variation. Land-use was the major factor controlling and changing water chemistry of the subcatchments. A second factor was associated with the concentration of rare earth elements in water, presumably highlighting other anthropogenic influences such as gravel excavation or road construction. Around 12% of the variation was explained by the third component, which was defined by the occurrence of Rb and K and represents the influence of vegetation dynamics on element accumulation and wash-out. Comparison of base- and fast flow concentrations led to the assumption that a significant portion of soil water from around 30 cm depth contributes to storm flow, as revealed by increased rare earth element concentrations in fast flow samples. Our findings demonstrate the utility of multi-tracer principal component analysis to study tropical headwater streams, and emphasize the need for effective land management in cloud forest catchments.

Keyword(s):

Human Dimensions; Lakes & Rivers; Land Surface

Related to:

Bücker, Amelie; Crespo, Patricio; Frede, Hans-Georg; Vaché, Kellie; Cisneros, Felipe; Breuer, Lutz (2010): (Figure 2) Mean discharge per day (total and baseflow part) of the San Francisco River and daily precipitation at station ECPL (Planta), in 2007. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.863905

Coverage:

Median Latitude: -3.974018 * Median Longitude: -79.077733 * South-bound Latitude: -3.984900 * West-bound Longitude: -79.103100 * North-bound Latitude: -3.969400 * East-bound Longitude: -79.063677

Minimum Elevation: 1820.0 m * Maximum Elevation: 1820.0 m

Event(s):

Rio_SanFrancisco * Latitude: -3.971400 * Longitude: -79.078700 * Elevation: 1820.0 m * Location: Ecuador * Method/Device: Sampling river (RIVER) * Comment: DFG FOR816

Comment:

Water grab samples were taken between April 2007 and May 2008. Digits of concentration values are adapted to detection limit accuracy. This work was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG in the frame of the project FOR816 "Biodiversity and Sustainable Management of a Megadiverse Mountain Ecosystem in South Ecuador".

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	LATITUDE	Latitude				Geocode
2	LONGITUDE	Longitude				Geocode
3	Height above sea level	Height	m a.s.l.	Bücker, Amelie		approximate
4	Land use	Land use		Bücker, Amelie
5	River	River		Bücker, Amelie
6	Sample code/label	Sample label		Bücker, Amelie
7	Area	Area	km²	Bücker, Amelie	Calculated
8	pH	pH		Bücker, Amelie	Conductivity and pH meter, pH/Cond 340i (WTW, Weilheim)
9	pH, standard deviation	pH std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	Conductivity and pH meter, pH/Cond 340i (WTW, Weilheim)
10	Conductivity, electrical	Cond electr	µS/cm	Bücker, Amelie	Conductivity and pH meter, pH/Cond 340i (WTW, Weilheim)
11	Conductivity, standard deviation	Cond std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	Conductivity and pH meter, pH/Cond 340i (WTW, Weilheim)
12	Chloride	Cl-	mg/l	Bücker, Amelie	Ion chromatograph, Dionex Corporation, DX-120
13	Chloride, standard deviation	Cl std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	Ion chromatograph, Dionex Corporation, DX-120
14	Nitrate	[NO3]-	mg/l	Bücker, Amelie	Ion chromatograph, Dionex Corporation, DX-120
15	Nitrate, standard deviation	NO3 std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	Ion chromatograph, Dionex Corporation, DX-120
16	Sulfate	[SO4]2-	mg/l	Bücker, Amelie	Ion chromatograph, Dionex Corporation, DX-120
17	Sulfate, standard deviation	SO4 std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	Ion chromatograph, Dionex Corporation, DX-120
18	Aluminium	Al	µg/l	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
19	Aluminium, standard deviation	Al std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
20	Arsenic	As	µg/l	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
21	Arsenic, standard deviation	As std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
22	Barium 2+	Ba2+	µg/l	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
23	Barium, standard deviation	Ba std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
24	Calcium	Ca2+	mg/l	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
25	Calcium, standard deviation	Ca std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
26	Cerium	Ce	ng/l	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
27	Cerium, standard deviation	Ce std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
28	Chromium	Cr	µg/l	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
29	Chromium, standard deviation	Cr std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
30	Copper	Cu	µg/l	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
31	Copper, standard deviation	Cu std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
32	Dysprosium	Dy	ng/l	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
33	Dysprosium, standard deviation	Dy std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
34	Erbium	Er	ng/l	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
35	Erbium, standard deviation	Er std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
36	Iron	Fe	µg/l	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
37	Iron, standard deviation	Fe std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
38	Gadolinium	Gd	ng/l	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
39	Gadolinium, standard deviation	Gd std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
40	Potassium	K+	mg/l	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
41	Potassium, standard deviation	K std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
42	Lanthanum	La	ng/l	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
43	Lanthanum, standard deviation	La std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
44	Lithium	Li	µg/l	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
45	Lithium, standard deviation	Li std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
46	Magnesium	Mg2+	mg/l	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
47	Magnesium, standard deviation	Mg std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
48	Manganese 2+	Mn2+	µg/l	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
49	Manganese, standard deviation	Mn std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
50	Sodium	Na+	mg/l	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
51	Sodium, standard deviation	Na std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
52	Neodymium	Nd	ng/l	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
53	Neodymium, standard deviation	Nd std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
54	Nickel	Ni	µg/l	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
55	Nickel, standard deviation	Ni std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
56	Lead	Pb	µg/l	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
57	Lead, standard deviation	Pb std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
58	Praseodymium	Pr	ng/l	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
59	Praseodymium, standard deviation	Pr std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
60	Rubidium	Rb	µg/l	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
61	Rubidium, standard deviation	Rb std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
62	Samarium	Sm	ng/l	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
63	Samarium, standard deviation	Sm std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
64	Strontium 2+	Sr2+	µg/l	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
65	Strontium, standard deviation	Sr std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
66	Uranium	U	µg/l	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
67	Uranium, standard deviation	U std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
68	Vanadium	V	µg/l	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
69	Vanadium, standard deviation	V std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
70	Yttrium	Y	µg/l	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
71	Yttrium, standard deviation	Y std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
72	Ytterbium	Yb	ng/l	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
73	Ytterbium, standard deviation	Yb std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
74	Zinc	Zn	µg/l	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c
75	Zinc, standard deviation	Zn std dev	±	Bücker, Amelie	ICP-MS, Agilent 7500c

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)

Size:

730 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Latitude	2 Longitude	3 Height [m a.s.l.]	4 Land use	5 River	6 Sample label	7 Area [km²]	8 pH	9 pH std dev [±]	10 Cond electr [µS/cm]	11 Cond std dev [±]	12 Cl- [mg/l]	13 Cl std dev [±]	14 [NO3]- [mg/l]	15 NO3 std dev [±]	16 [SO4]2- [mg/l]	17 SO4 std dev [±]	18 Al [µg/l]	19 Al std dev [±]	20 As [µg/l]	21 As std dev [±]	22 Ba2+ [µg/l]	23 Ba std dev [±]	24 Ca2+ [mg/l]	25 Ca std dev [±]	26 Ce [ng/l]	27 Ce std dev [±]	28 Cr [µg/l]	29 Cr std dev [±]	30 Cu [µg/l]	31 Cu std dev [±]	32 Dy [ng/l]	33 Dy std dev [±]	34 Er [ng/l]	35 Er std dev [±]	36 Fe [µg/l]	37 Fe std dev [±]	38 Gd [ng/l]	39 Gd std dev [±]	40 K+ [mg/l]	41 K std dev [±]	42 La [ng/l]	43 La std dev [±]	44 Li [µg/l]	45 Li std dev [±]	46 Mg2+ [mg/l]	47 Mg std dev [±]	48 Mn2+ [µg/l]	49 Mn std dev [±]	50 Na+ [mg/l]	51 Na std dev [±]	52 Nd [ng/l]	53 Nd std dev [±]	54 Ni [µg/l]	55 Ni std dev [±]	56 Pb [µg/l]	57 Pb std dev [±]	58 Pr [ng/l]	59 Pr std dev [±]	60 Rb [µg/l]	61 Rb std dev [±]	62 Sm [ng/l]	63 Sm std dev [±]	64 Sr2+ [µg/l]	65 Sr std dev [±]	66 U [µg/l]	67 U std dev [±]	68 V [µg/l]	69 V std dev [±]	70 Y [µg/l]	71 Y std dev [±]	72 Yb [ng/l]	73 Yb std dev [±]	74 Zn [µg/l]	75 Zn std dev [±]
-3.9801	-79.1031	2050	disturbed, mixed land-use	Quebrada Navidades	D1	10.15	7.26	0.23	24	4	0.731	0.158	0.7680	0.2212	1.3859	0.1387	32.0	25.6	0.4	0.1	2.02	0.58	2.049	0.200	500	300	0.32	0.16	0.96	0.68	60	40	30	18	66	44	110	60	0.317	0.054	500	350	0.31	0.07	0.437	0.042	12.8	3.1	1.548	0.145	500	300	0.62	0.91	0.16	0.10	141	105	0.60	0.06	113	70	13.0	1.5	0.008	0.002	0.178	0.018	0.35	0.24	23	13	13.7	19.3
-3.9770	-79.1017	2025	disturbed, mixed land-use	Quebrada Zurita	D2	11.38	7.30	0.24	25	2	0.785	0.195	0.8611	0.2850	1.0435	0.1209	29.3	11.3	0.4	0.0	1.47	0.27	1.994	0.155	100	0	0.31	0.15	0.67	0.36	10	0	8	1	23	10	20	0	0.320	0.095	100	20	0.27	0.06	0.545	0.025	1.2	0.5	1.652	0.076	100	0	0.29	0.14	0.11	0.09	27	7	0.52	0.06	24	6	14.6	0.9	0.005	0.001	0.180	0.015	0.10	0.02	9	6	5.6	1.9
-3.9738	-79.0659	1858	forest	Quebrada Milagro	F1	1.27	6.61	0.22	5	0	0.641	0.261	0.6388	0.1295	0.5533	0.1398	37.8	4.4	0.1	0.0	0.90	0.24	0.175	0.031	300	0	0.33	0.14	0.59	0.33	10	0	9	2	70	5	10	0	0.219	0.030	50	0	0.38	0.07	0.134	0.015	2.1	0.2	0.708	0.073	10	0	0.31	0.10	0.16	0.13	16	5	0.86	0.07	17	3	1.7	0.2	0.007	0.000	0.072	0.014	0.09	0.01	10	8	26.8	68.2
-3.9718	-79.0638	1830	forest, influenced by well water	Quebrada Ramón (upstream)	F2a	4.46	6.65	0.42	8	3	0.618	0.275	0.6002	0.1329	0.5270	0.1560	31.8	7.2	0.1	0.0	0.87	0.29	0.244	0.052	100	0	0.33	0.24	0.64	0.48	10	0	8	1	49	45	10	0	0.290	0.086	50	0	0.26	0.03	0.144	0.014	0.9	0.5	0.698	0.122	10	0	1.20	2.42	0.17	0.08	14	3	1.34	0.17	12	4	2.7	0.2	0.004	0.000	0.080	0.024	0.09	0.01	9	9	9.1	4.0
-3.9718	-79.0640	1743	forest	Quebrada Ramón (downstream)	F2b	4.49	6.94	0.31	15	1	0.533	0.295	1.0225	0.2059	0.7175	0.1686	18.8	5.8	0.3	0.0	1.05	0.25	0.771	0.115	100	0	0.28	0.13	0.53	0.28	10	0	9	3	22	21	10	0	0.372	0.069	60	10	0.29	0.08	0.400	0.043	0.4	0.2	1.426	0.130	10	0	0.29	0.09	0.14	0.10	15	7	1.41	0.14	14	6	8.2	1.2	0.003	0.000	0.124	0.015	0.10	0.02	7	6	8.2	4.3
-3.9697	-79.0732	1818	extensive pasture	Quebrada Cruzes	P1	0.69	7.30	0.58	31	2	0.551	0.305	0.7636	0.2060	0.7780	0.1789	29.9	9.6	0.5	0.1	2.46	0.73	1.833	0.184	200	0	0.36	0.10	0.75	0.39	0	0	5	2	73	9	20	0	0.492	0.026	100	20	0.75	0.18	0.791	0.082	6.2	1.8	2.654	0.205	100	0	0.31	0.08	0.19	0.09	27	6	0.60	0.03	23	4	16.0	1.1	0.008	0.001	0.167	0.038	0.04	0.00	3	2	8.8	3.1
-3.9694	-79.0764	1914	pasture	Quebrada Pasto	P2	3.45	7.41	0.27	31	2	0.768	0.182	0.6555	0.2661	0.9333	0.0952	24.3	8.3	0.3	0.0	2.14	0.27	1.695	0.153	100	0	0.29	0.15	0.66	0.32	10	0	5	2	41	10	10	0	0.417	0.047	80	30	0.61	0.10	0.788	0.057	4.9	0.8	2.585	0.206	10	0	0.61	0.99	0.14	0.09	23	8	0.57	0.07	19	7	16.7	0.8	0.005	0.001	0.179	0.025	0.05	0.01	6	7	9.8	9.3
-3.9849	-79.0868	1880	forest	Francisco Head (Rio San Francisco headwater)	R1	35.01	7.21	0.19	13	1	0.682	0.263	0.6915	0.1561	0.6441	0.1931	46.3	49.7	0.3	0.0	1.08	0.28	0.813	0.123	200	100	0.25	0.15	0.71	0.40	20	10	9	5	62	93	30	10	0.274	0.076	130	70	0.24	0.10	0.292	0.027	1.7	0.8	1.240	0.185	100	0	0.57	0.88	0.13	0.11	36	23	0.67	0.14	28	16	7.0	0.7	0.005	0.003	0.107	0.066	0.11	0.06	7	5	6.7	3.0
-3.9714	-79.0787	1841	main river, mixed land-use	San Francisco (Rio San Francisco at research station)	R2	65.41	7.33	0.31	24	9	0.708	0.221	0.6010	0.1273	0.9895	0.1489	32.5	14.4	0.4	0.0	1.65	0.38	1.685	0.263	300	100	0.46	0.75	0.86	0.78	40	10	18	5	88	120	60	10	0.366	0.063	360	80	0.39	0.09	0.577	0.103	6.4	4.8	1.950	0.338	300	0	1.74	4.09	0.24	0.29	94	23	0.77	0.09	73	18	13.7	1.9	0.007	0.001	0.163	0.070	0.20	0.04	15	7	14.8	26.8
-3.9703	-79.0637	1730	main river, mixed land-use	Planta (Rio San Francisco at Planta)	R3	75.28	7.13	0.24	18	6	0.593	0.282	0.6010	0.1273	0.7681	0.1409	28.7	8.6	0.3	0.0	1.21	0.19	1.235	0.152	200	0	0.39	0.30	0.62	0.29	20	0	13	2	63	50	40	10	0.305	0.057	200	60	0.28	0.05	0.409	0.035	3.9	0.5	1.550	0.111	200	0	1.10	1.63	0.14	0.10	54	17	0.71	0.07	43	13	9.7	0.9	0.006	0.001	0.129	0.018	0.15	0.03	12	8	20.8	46.5