/* DATA DESCRIPTION: Citation: Kroeker, Kristy J; Micheli, Florenza; Gambi, Maria Cristina; Martz, Todd R (2011): Seawater carbonate chemistry and benthic marine community during experiments, 2011. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.777433, Supplement to: Kroeker, KJ et al. (2011): Divergent ecosystem responses within a benthic marine community to ocean acidification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(35), 14515-14520, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1107789108 Abstract: Ocean acidification is predicted to impact all areas of the oceans and affect a diversity of marine organisms. However, the diversity of responses among species prevents clear predictions about the impact of acidification at the ecosystem level. Here, we used shallow water CO2 vents in the Mediterranean Sea as a model system to examine emergent ecosystem responses to ocean acidification in rocky reef communities. We assessed in situ benthic invertebrate communities in three distinct pH zones (ambient, low, and extreme low), which differed in both the mean and variability of seawater pH along a continuous gradient. We found fewer taxa, reduced taxonomic evenness, and lower biomass in the extreme low pH zones. However, the number of individuals did not differ among pH zones, suggesting that there is density compensation through population blooms of small acidification-tolerant taxa. Furthermore, the trophic structure of the invertebrate community shifted to fewer trophic groups and dominance by generalists in extreme low pH, suggesting that there may be a simplification of food webs with ocean acidification. Despite high variation in individual species' responses, our findings indicate that ocean acidification decreases the diversity, biomass, and trophic complexity of benthic marine communities. These results suggest that a loss of biodiversity and ecosystem function is expected under extreme acidification scenarios. Keyword(s): Benthos; Biomass/Abundance/Elemental composition; CO2 vent; Coast and continental shelf; Community composition and diversity; Entire community; Field observation; Mediterranean Sea; Rocky-shore community; Temperate Project(s): European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis (EUR-OCEANS) (URI: https://eur-oceans.eu/) European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA) (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Project_on_Ocean_Acidification) Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC) (URI: https://www.iaea.org/services/oa-icc/science-and-collaboration/data-access-and-management) Funding: Seventh Framework Programme (FP7), grant/award no. 211384: European Project on Ocean Acidification (URI: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/211384) Sixth Framework Programme (FP6), grant/award no. 511106: European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis (URI: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/511106) Comment: In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Lavigne and Gattuso, 2011) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). Parameter(s): Experimental treatment (Exp treat) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) Site (Site) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) Salinity (Sal) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) * METHOD/DEVICE: Guildline autosal salinometer Salinity, standard deviation [±] (Sal std dev) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) Temperature, water [°C] (Temp) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) * METHOD/DEVICE: Honeywell Durafet pH sensors Temperature, standard deviation [±] (T std dev) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) Alkalinity, total [µmol/kg] (AT) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) * METHOD/DEVICE: Potentiometric open-cell titration (URI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(02)00133-0) Alkalinity, total, standard deviation [±] (AT std dev) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) Carbon, inorganic, dissolved [µmol/kg] (DIC) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation [±] (DIC std dev) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) pH (pH) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) * METHOD/DEVICE: Honeywell Durafet pH sensors * COMMENT: Total scale pH, standard deviation [±] (pH std dev) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air) [µatm] (pCO2water_SST_wet) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb Carbon dioxide, partial pressure, standard deviation [±] (pCO2 std dev) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) Aragonite saturation state (Omega Arg) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation [±] (Omega Arg std dev) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) Calcite saturation state (Omega Cal) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb Calcite saturation state, standard deviation [±] (Omega Cal std dev) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) Sample ID (Sample ID) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) Amphipoda [#/m**2] (Amphipoda) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) Gastropoda [#/m**2] (Gastropoda) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) Isopoda [#/m**2] (Isopoda) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) Polychaeta [#/m**2] (Polychaeta) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) Decapoda [#/m**2] (Decapoda) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) Sipuncula [#/m**2] (Sipuncula) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) Tanaidacea [#/m**2] (Tanaidacea) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) Bivalvia [#/m**2] (Bivalvia) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) Amphipoda [#] (Amphipoda) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) Gastropoda [#] (Gastropoda) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) Isopoda [#] (Isopoda) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) Polychaeta [#] (Polychaeta) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) Decapoda [#] (Decapoda) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) Sipuncula [#] (Sipuncula) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) Tanaidacea [#] (Tanaidacea) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) Bivalvia [#] (Bivalvia) * PI: Kroeker, Kristy J (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-1999, kkroeker@ucsc.edu) Carbonate system computation flag (CSC flag) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Carbon dioxide [µmol/kg] (CO2) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air) [µatm] (pCO2water_SST_wet) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air) [µatm] (fCO2water_SST_wet) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Bicarbonate ion [µmol/kg] ([HCO3]-) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Carbonate ion [µmol/kg] ([CO3]2-) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Carbon, inorganic, dissolved [µmol/kg] (DIC) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Aragonite saturation state (Omega Arg) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Calcite saturation state (Omega Cal) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0) (URI: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) Status: Curation Level: Enhanced curation (URI: https://wiki.pangaea.de/wiki/Curation_levels) Size: 1056 data points */ Exp treat Site Sal (Guildline autosal salinometer) Sal std dev [±] Temp [°C] (Honeywell Durafet pH sensors) T std dev [±] AT [µmol/kg] (Potentiometric open-cell titr...) AT std dev [±] DIC [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb) DIC std dev [±] pH (Total scale, Honeywell Durafe...) pH std dev [±] pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb) pCO2 std dev [±] Omega Arg (Calculated using seacarb) Omega Arg std dev [±] Omega Cal (Calculated using seacarb) Omega Cal std dev [±] Sample ID Amphipoda [#/m**2] Gastropoda [#/m**2] Isopoda [#/m**2] Polychaeta [#/m**2] Decapoda [#/m**2] Sipuncula [#/m**2] Tanaidacea [#/m**2] Bivalvia [#/m**2] Amphipoda [#] Gastropoda [#] Isopoda [#] Polychaeta [#] Decapoda [#] Sipuncula [#] Tanaidacea [#] Bivalvia [#] CSC flag (Calculated using seacarb afte...) CO2 [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) DIC [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) Omega Arg (Calculated using seacarb afte...) Omega Cal (Calculated using seacarb afte...) Ambient North 37.900 0.3 23.400 0.70 2563.0 3.0 1768.0 96.00 7.95 0.060 567.000 100.000 3.13 0.350 4.75 0.530 N2C 750 250.000 125 5775 125.000 25.000 800 100 12 13 14 14 13 13 12 12 8 16.54 569.49 567.66 2073.84 200.98 2291.36 3.10 4.71 Ambient North 37.900 0.3 23.400 0.70 2563.0 3.0 1768.0 96.00 7.95 0.060 567.000 100.000 3.13 0.350 4.75 0.530 N2D 2375 350.000 1100 8850 350.000 50.000 1475 175 13 14 15 15 14 14 14 13 8 16.54 569.49 567.66 2073.84 200.98 2291.36 3.10 4.71 Ambient North 37.900 0.3 23.400 0.70 2563.0 3.0 1768.0 96.00 7.95 0.060 567.000 100.000 3.13 0.350 4.75 0.530 N1A 1200 175.000 525 12450 600.000 125.000 1225 75 10 11 11 12 11 11 11 11 8 16.54 569.49 567.66 2073.84 200.98 2291.36 3.10 4.71 Ambient North 37.900 0.3 23.400 0.70 2563.0 3.0 1768.0 96.00 7.95 0.060 567.000 100.000 3.13 0.350 4.75 0.530 N1B 1175 150.000 300 3050 700.000 75.000 925 75 9 9 9 10 9 9 9 9 8 16.54 569.49 567.66 2073.84 200.98 2291.36 3.10 4.71 Ambient South 37.600 0.3 19.600 1.50 2563.0 2.0 2281.0 73.00 8.06 0.090 440.000 192.000 3.33 0.440 5.11 0.670 S1A 2400 900.000 75 3800 200.000 225.000 1925 375 11 12 12 13 13 13 12 12 8 13.62 423.00 421.57 2029.71 218.52 2261.85 3.33 5.12 Ambient South 37.600 0.3 19.600 1.50 2563.0 2.0 2281.0 73.00 8.06 0.090 440.000 192.000 3.33 0.440 5.11 0.670 S1B 3000 425.000 600 7475 575.000 375.000 2150 550 13 14 15 16 15 15 14 14 8 13.62 423.00 421.57 2029.71 218.52 2261.85 3.33 5.12 Ambient South 37.600 0.3 19.600 1.50 2563.0 2.0 2281.0 73.00 8.06 0.090 440.000 192.000 3.33 0.440 5.11 0.670 S1C 5775 875.000 2325 18150 2625.000 200.000 3075 1050 14 15 16 16 15 15 14 14 8 13.62 423.00 421.57 2029.71 218.52 2261.85 3.33 5.12 Ambient South 37.600 0.3 19.600 1.50 2563.0 2.0 2281.0 73.00 8.06 0.090 440.000 192.000 3.33 0.440 5.11 0.670 S1D 4150 550.000 1975 16525 1600.000 300.000 2275 400 13 14 15 16 15 15 14 14 8 13.62 423.00 421.57 2029.71 218.52 2261.85 3.33 5.12 Low North 37.800 0.4 23.800 0.70 2560.0 7.0 2395.0 66.00 7.77 0.190 1075.000 943.000 2.32 0.730 3.52 1.110 N3C 1125 500.000 200 1750 50.000 50.000 1250 0 10 11 11 12 11 11 10 10 8 26.50 921.46 918.52 2211.54 143.40 2381.45 2.22 3.36 Low North 37.800 0.4 23.800 0.70 2560.0 7.0 2395.0 66.00 7.77 0.190 1075.000 943.000 2.32 0.730 3.52 1.110 N3D 6050 100.000 650 12150 225.000 150.000 1875 350 16 17 18 18 17 17 17 16 8 26.50 921.46 918.52 2211.54 143.40 2381.45 2.22 3.36 Low North 37.800 0.4 23.800 0.70 2560.0 7.0 2395.0 66.00 7.77 0.190 1075.000 943.000 2.32 0.730 3.52 1.110 N2A 2950 825.000 125 5300 900.000 75.000 1575 350 10 11 10 11 10 10 9 9 8 26.50 921.46 918.52 2211.54 143.40 2381.45 2.22 3.36 Low North 37.800 0.4 23.800 0.70 2560.0 7.0 2395.0 66.00 7.77 0.190 1075.000 943.000 2.32 0.730 3.52 1.110 N2B 6350 1075.000 600 5975 875.000 0.000 1950 750 12 13 13 14 13 13 12 12 8 26.50 921.46 918.52 2211.54 143.40 2381.45 2.22 3.36 Low South 37.700 0.2 17.500 2.80 2560.0 7.0 2318.0 99.00 7.75 0.300 1581.000 2711.000 1.95 0.850 3.00 1.310 S2A 2225 175.000 300 7350 0.000 75.000 2000 275 15 16 15 16 15 15 14 14 8 32.79 960.18 956.86 2287.08 111.64 2431.51 1.69 2.61 Low South 37.700 0.2 17.500 2.80 2560.0 7.0 2318.0 99.00 7.75 0.300 1581.000 2711.000 1.95 0.850 3.00 1.310 S2B 4125 650.000 150 7875 0.000 0.000 1950 1075 16 17 16 17 16 16 15 15 8 32.79 960.18 956.86 2287.08 111.64 2431.51 1.69 2.61 Low South 37.700 0.2 17.500 2.80 2560.0 7.0 2318.0 99.00 7.75 0.300 1581.000 2711.000 1.95 0.850 3.00 1.310 S2C 6875 875.000 700 6650 250.000 200.000 6450 925 15 16 15 16 15 16 16 16 8 32.79 960.18 956.86 2287.08 111.64 2431.51 1.69 2.61 Low South 37.700 0.2 17.500 2.80 2560.0 7.0 2318.0 99.00 7.75 0.300 1581.000 2711.000 1.95 0.850 3.00 1.310 S2D 2775 825.000 150 4950 250.000 25.000 1200 325 10 11 11 12 11 11 10 11 8 32.79 960.18 956.86 2287.08 111.64 2431.51 1.69 2.61 Extreme low North 37.900 0.4 23.400 0.74 2559.0 13.0 2579.0 207.00 7.20 0.360 6558.000 21347.000 0.84 0.540 1.27 0.820 N4A 150 0.000 50 150 25.000 0.000 775 0 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 8 110.14 3793.12 3780.94 2456.31 42.33 2608.78 0.65 0.99 Extreme low North 37.900 0.4 23.400 0.74 2559.0 13.0 2579.0 207.00 7.20 0.360 6558.000 21347.000 0.84 0.540 1.27 0.820 N4B 125 0.000 0 750 0.000 0.000 375 0 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 8 110.14 3793.12 3780.94 2456.31 42.33 2608.78 0.65 0.99 Extreme low North 37.900 0.4 23.400 0.74 2559.0 13.0 2579.0 207.00 7.20 0.360 6558.000 21347.000 0.84 0.540 1.27 0.820 N3A 16100 0.000 925 7900 50.000 25.000 5875 1300 16 15 15 15 14 14 13 13 8 110.14 3793.12 3780.94 2456.31 42.33 2608.78 0.65 0.99 Extreme low North 37.900 0.4 23.400 0.74 2559.0 13.0 2579.0 207.00 7.20 0.360 6558.000 21347.000 0.84 0.540 1.27 0.820 N3B 10975 150.000 925 10275 150.000 100.000 2325 1275 19 19 18 19 18 18 17 17 8 110.14 3793.12 3780.94 2456.31 42.33 2608.78 0.65 0.99 Extreme low South 37.700 0.2 17.500 2.80 2563.0 13.0 3849.0 790.00 6.59 0.510 23989.000 16638.000 0.32 0.620 0.49 0.960 S3A 11625 50.000 325 2800 0.000 0.000 1025 0 6 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 8 526.91 15427.46 15374.18 2542.29 8.59 3077.79 0.13 0.20 Extreme low South 37.700 0.2 17.500 2.80 2563.0 13.0 3849.0 790.00 6.59 0.510 23989.000 16638.000 0.32 0.620 0.49 0.960 S3B 2175 25.000 625 4500 0.000 0.000 2950 0 12 12 11 11 10 9 8 8 8 526.91 15427.46 15374.18 2542.29 8.59 3077.79 0.13 0.20 Extreme low South 37.700 0.2 17.500 2.80 2563.0 13.0 3849.0 790.00 6.59 0.510 23989.000 16638.000 0.32 0.620 0.49 0.960 S3C 8000 0.000 750 8800 0.000 25.000 9500 0 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 526.91 15427.46 15374.18 2542.29 8.59 3077.79 0.13 0.20 Extreme low South 37.700 0.2 17.500 2.80 2563.0 13.0 3849.0 790.00 6.59 0.510 23989.000 16638.000 0.32 0.620 0.49 0.960 S3D 4100 0.000 825 19900 0.000 25.000 13650 0 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 8 526.91 15427.46 15374.18 2542.29 8.59 3077.79 0.13 0.20