Citation:

jeb.054809

Name: Seawater carbonate chemistry and biological processes of sand dollars Dendraster excentricus during experiments, 2011
Published: 2011-11-26
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Keywords: Animalia; Behaviour; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (<20 L); Coast and continental shelf; Dendraster excentricus; Echinodermata; Growth/Morphology; Laboratory experiment; North Atlantic; Pelagos; Single species; Temperate; Zooplankton

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Abstract:

Reduction in global ocean pH due to the uptake of increased atmospheric CO2 is expected to negatively affect calcifying organisms, including the planktonic larval stages of many marine invertebrates. Planktonic larvae play crucial roles in the benthic-pelagic life cycle of marine organisms by connecting and sustaining existing populations and colonizing new habitats. Calcified larvae are typically denser than seawater and rely on swimming to navigate vertically structured water columns. Larval sand dollars Dendraster excentricus have calcified skeletal rods supporting their bodies, and propel themselves with ciliated bands looped around projections called arms. Ciliated bands are also used in food capture, and filtration rate is correlated with band length. As a result, swimming and feeding performance are highly sensitive to morphological changes. When reared at an elevated PCO2 level (1000 ppm), larval sand dollars developed significantly narrower bodies at four and six-arm stages. Morphological changes also varied between four observed maternal lineages, suggesting within-population variation in sensitivity to changes in PCO2 level. Despite these morphological changes, PCO2 concentration alone had no significant effect on swimming speeds. However, acidified larvae had significantly smaller larval stomachs and bodies, suggesting reduced feeding performance. Adjustments to larval morphologies in response to ocean acidification may prioritize swimming over feeding, implying that negative consequences of ocean acidification are carried over to later developmental stages.

Keyword(s):

Animalia; Behaviour; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (<20 L); Coast and continental shelf; Dendraster excentricus; Echinodermata; Growth/Morphology; Laboratory experiment; North Atlantic; Pelagos; Single species; Temperate; Zooplankton

Project(s):

European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis (EUR-OCEANS)

European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA)

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)

Funding:

Seventh Framework Programme (FP7), grant/award no. 211384 : European Project on Ocean Acidification

Sixth Framework Programme (FP6), grant/award no. 511106 : European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis

Comment:

In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Lavigne and Gattuso, 2011) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI).

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Experimental treatment	Exp treat		Chan, Kit Yu Karen
2	Identification	ID		Chan, Kit Yu Karen
3	Salinity	Sal		Chan, Kit Yu Karen
4	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Chan, Kit Yu Karen
5	pH	pH		Chan, Kit Yu Karen	pH meter (Orion 720A)	NBS scale
6	Alkalinity, total	AT	µmol/kg	Chan, Kit Yu Karen	Measured
7	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Chan, Kit Yu Karen	Measured
8	Dendraster excentricus, width	D. excentricus w	µm	Chan, Kit Yu Karen	Measured
9	Dendraster excentricus, width, standard deviation	D. excentricus w std dev	±	Chan, Kit Yu Karen
10	Dendraster excentricus, height	D. excentricus h	µm	Chan, Kit Yu Karen	Measured
11	Dendraster excentricus, height, standard deviation	D. excentricus h std dev	±	Chan, Kit Yu Karen
12	Dendraster excentricus, anterolateral arm distance	D. excentricus AL dist	µm	Chan, Kit Yu Karen	Measured
13	Dendraster excentricus, anterolateral arm distance, standard deviation	D. excentricus AL dist std dev	±	Chan, Kit Yu Karen
14	Dendraster excentricus, postoral arm distance	D. excentricus PO dist	µm	Chan, Kit Yu Karen	Measured
15	Dendraster excentricus, postoral arm distance, standard deviation	D. excentricus PO dist std dev	±	Chan, Kit Yu Karen
16	Dendraster excentricus, posterodorsal arm distance	D. excentricus PD dist	µm	Chan, Kit Yu Karen	Measured
17	Dendraster excentricus, posterodorsal arm distance, standard deviation	D. excentricus PD dis std dev	±	Chan, Kit Yu Karen
18	Dendraster excentricus, anterolateral arm length	D. excentricus AL l	µm	Chan, Kit Yu Karen	Measured
19	Dendraster excentricus, anterolateral arm length, standard deviation	D. excentricus AL l std dev	±	Chan, Kit Yu Karen
20	Dendraster excentricus, postoral arm length	D. excentricus PO l	µm	Chan, Kit Yu Karen	Measured
21	Dendraster excentricus, postoral arm length, standard deviation	D. excentricus PO l std dev	±	Chan, Kit Yu Karen
22	Dendraster excentricus, posterodorsal arm length	D. excentricus PD l	µm	Chan, Kit Yu Karen	Measured
23	Dendraster excentricus, posterodorsal arm length, standard deviation	D. excentricus PD l std dev	±	Chan, Kit Yu Karen
24	Dendraster excentricus, preoral arm distance	D. excentricus PR dist	µm	Chan, Kit Yu Karen	Measured
25	Dendraster excentricus, preoral arm distance, standard deviation	D. excentricus PR dist std dev	±	Chan, Kit Yu Karen
26	Dendraster excentricus, preoral arm length	D. excentricus PR l	µm	Chan, Kit Yu Karen	Measured
27	Dendraster excentricus, preoral arm length standard deviation	D. excentricus PR l std dev	±	Chan, Kit Yu Karen
28	Dendraster excentricus, stomach length	D. excentricus stomach l	µm	Chan, Kit Yu Karen	Measured
29	Dendraster excentricus, stomach length, standard deviation	D. excentricus stomach l std dev	±	Chan, Kit Yu Karen
30	Dendraster excentricus, stomach height	D. excentricus stomach h	µm	Chan, Kit Yu Karen	Measured
31	Dendraster excentricus, stomach height, standard deviation	D. excentricus stomach h std dev	±	Chan, Kit Yu Karen
32	Dendraster excentricus, stomach volume	D. excentricus stomach vol	µm³	Chan, Kit Yu Karen	Measured
33	Dendraster excentricus, stomach volume, standard deviation	D. excentricus stomach vol std dev	±	Chan, Kit Yu Karen
34	Sample ID	Sample ID		Chan, Kit Yu Karen
35	Dendraster excentricus, total speed	D. excentricus St	mm/s	Chan, Kit Yu Karen	Measured
36	Dendraster excentricus, total speed, standard deviation	D. excentricus St std dev	±	Chan, Kit Yu Karen
37	Dendraster excentricus, oscillating speed	D. excentricus So	mm/s	Chan, Kit Yu Karen	Measured
38	Dendraster excentricus, oscillating speed, standard deviation	D. excentricus So std dev	±	Chan, Kit Yu Karen
39	Dendraster excentricus, net horizontal speed	D. excentricus Snh	mm/s	Chan, Kit Yu Karen	Measured
40	Dendraster excentricus, net horizontal speed, standard deviation	D. excentricus Snh std dev	±	Chan, Kit Yu Karen
41	Dendraster excentricus, net vertical speed	D. excentricus Snv	mm/s	Chan, Kit Yu Karen	Measured
42	Dendraster excentricus, net vertical speed, standard deviation	D. excentricus Snv std dev	±	Chan, Kit Yu Karen
43	Dendraster excentricus, helical pitch	D. excentricus hel pitch	mm	Chan, Kit Yu Karen	Measured
44	Dendraster excentricus, helical pitch, standard deviation	D. excentricus hel pitch std dev	±	Chan, Kit Yu Karen
45	Dendraster excentricus, helical width	D. excentricus hel width	mm	Chan, Kit Yu Karen	Measured
46	Dendraster excentricus, helical width, standard deviation	D. excentricus hel width std dev	±	Chan, Kit Yu Karen
47	Carbonate system computation flag	CSC flag		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
48	pH	pH		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	Total scale
49	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
50	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
51	Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	fCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
52	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
53	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
54	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
55	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)

Status:

Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)

Size:

1080 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Exp treat	2 ID	3 Sal	4 Temp [°C]	5 pH (NBS scale, pH meter (Orion 720A))	6 AT [µmol/kg] (Measured)	7 DIC [µmol/kg] (Measured)	8 D. excentricus w [µm] (Measured)	9 D. excentricus w std dev [±]	10 D. excentricus h [µm] (Measured)	11 D. excentricus h std dev [±]	12 D. excentricus AL dist [µm] (Measured)	13 D. excentricus AL dist std dev [±]	14 D. excentricus PO dist [µm] (Measured)	15 D. excentricus PO dist std dev [±]	16 D. excentricus PD dist [µm] (Measured)	17 D. excentricus PD dis std dev [±]	18 D. excentricus AL l [µm] (Measured)	19 D. excentricus AL l std dev [±]	20 D. excentricus PO l [µm] (Measured)	21 D. excentricus PO l std dev [±]	22 D. excentricus PD l [µm] (Measured)	23 D. excentricus PD l std dev [±]	24 D. excentricus PR dist [µm] (Measured)	25 D. excentricus PR dist std dev [±]	26 D. excentricus PR l [µm] (Measured)	27 D. excentricus PR l std dev [±]	28 D. excentricus stomach l [µm] (Measured)	29 D. excentricus stomach l std dev [±]	30 D. excentricus stomach h [µm] (Measured)	31 D. excentricus stomach h std dev [±]	32 D. excentricus stomach vol [µm³] (Measured)	33 D. excentricus stomach vol std dev [±]	34 Sample ID	35 D. excentricus St [mm/s] (Measured)	36 D. excentricus St std dev [±]	37 D. excentricus So [mm/s] (Measured)	38 D. excentricus So std dev [±]	39 D. excentricus Snh [mm/s] (Measured)	40 D. excentricus Snh std dev [±]	41 D. excentricus Snv [mm/s] (Measured)	42 D. excentricus Snv std dev [±]	43 D. excentricus hel pitch [mm] (Measured)	44 D. excentricus hel pitch std dev [±]	45 D. excentricus hel width [mm] (Measured)	46 D. excentricus hel width std dev [±]	47 CSC flag (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	48 pH (Total scale, Calculated using...)	49 CO2 [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	50 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	51 fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	52 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	53 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	54 Omega Arg (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	55 Omega Cal (Calculated using seacarb afte...)
pCO2=380_ppm	Female 1-Four-arm stage	32	20	8.06	2119.2	1890.9	172.4	3.5	185.6	2.6	124.7	9.5	360.1	10.2			385.5	8.5	482.3	9.4							82.0	1.5	62.5	0.5	16200	1200														15	8.05	12.12	369.16	367.92	1716.18	162.60	2.57	3.97
pCO2=1000_ppm	Female 1-Four-arm stage	32	20	7.75	2117.8	2027.2	157.9	4.1	188.5	3.1	96.3	6.5	314.7	13.5			397.4	9.2	485.2	9.6							79.8	2.2	55.5	1.4	14020	620														15	7.71	30.05	915.53	912.46	1915.47	81.68	1.29	2.00
pCO2=380_ppm	Female 2-Four-arm stage	32	20	8.06	2119.2	1890.9	167.0	4.2	187.7	2.1	101.3	7.4	356.4	13.9			403.2	8.7	486.7	6.0							81.3	4.1	56.6	2.6	14850	1420														15	8.05	12.12	369.16	367.92	1716.18	162.60	2.57	3.97
pCO2=1000_ppm	Female 2-Four-arm stage	32	20	7.75	2117.8	2027.2	158.0	3.6	196.2	6.9	91.9	6.5	330.9	16.5			400.4	5.4	486.3	9.7							83.6	2.2	56.6	1.5	15020	420														15	7.71	30.05	915.53	912.46	1915.47	81.68	1.29	2.00
pCO2=380_ppm	Female 3-Four-arm stage	32	20	8.06	2119.2	1890.9	164.1	2.6	182.5	2.7	108.3	6.6	326.2	7.5			392.2	7.2	458.4	10.4							84.8	1.8	60.6	1.0	16240	540	Up-swimmers	256.80	27.10	246.71	25.43	33.24	2.80	119.67	19.53	1.61	0.48	0.40	0.06	15	8.05	12.12	369.16	367.92	1716.18	162.60	2.57	3.97
pCO2=1000 ppm	Female 3-Four-arm stage	32	20	7.75	2117.8	2027.2	150.3	3.6	190.3	2.5	78.3	7.8	299.8	10.0			403.4	6.3	484.5	7.2							79.2	3.9	52.8	1.1	13210	730	Up-swimmers	282.46	4.67	269.45	14.35	31.78	23.51	147.60	22.02	1.78	0.35	0.40	0.04	15	7.71	30.05	915.53	912.46	1915.47	81.68	1.29	2.00
pCO2=380_ppm	Female 3-Four-arm stage	32	20	8.06	2119.2	1890.9																											Down-swimmers	259.22	22.97	248.16	21.12	30.30	6.71	-127.90	19.00	0.45	0.13	0.26	0.09	15	8.05	12.12	369.16	367.92	1716.18	162.60	2.57	3.97
pCO2=1000 ppm	Female 3-Four-arm stage	32	20	7.75	2117.8	2027.2																											Down-swimmers	185.70	34.35	176.99	31.81	29.07	7.48	-93.91	24.15	0.24	0.08	0.11	0.03	15	7.71	30.05	915.53	912.46	1915.47	81.68	1.29	2.00
pCO2=380_ppm	Female 4-Four-arm stage	32	20	8.06	2119.2	1890.9	162.2	3.8	190.8	3.3	86.5	5.4	320.4	8.5			390.5	9.0	473.7	8.7							83.9	2.0	58.4	1.3	15530	620	Up-swimmers	289.59	16.43	276.27	15.26	46.56	6.66	146.87	12.00	2.14	0.76	0.34	0.04	15	8.05	12.12	369.16	367.92	1716.18	162.60	2.57	3.97
pCO2=1000 ppm	Female 4-Four-arm stage	32	20	7.75	2117.8	2027.2	176.5	3.1	186.1	2.6	102.6	4.8	353.1	8.8			397.3	7.8	460.9	8.7							80.8	1.5	62.5	2.1	15960	220	Up-swimmers	309.54	21.33	294.33	19.61	31.22	4.61	166.15	16.24	2.00	0.44	0.34	0.04	15	7.71	30.05	915.53	912.46	1915.47	81.68	1.29	2.00
pCO2=380_ppm	Female 4-Four-arm stage	32	20	8.06	2119.2	1890.9																											Down-swimmers	256.39	24.59	245.05	22.71	31.26	4.34	-128.38	18.21	0.93	0.23	0.37	0.03	15	8.05	12.12	369.16	367.92	1716.18	162.60	2.57	3.97
pCO2=1000 ppm	Female 4-Four-arm stage	32	20	7.75	2117.8	2027.2																											Down-swimmers	241.76	20.46	230.06	19.00	47.92	10.83	-124.60	14.85	0.99	0.22	0.24	0.04	15	7.71	30.05	915.53	912.46	1915.47	81.68	1.29	2.00
pCO2=380_ppm	Female 1-Six-arm stage	32	20	8.06	2119.2	1890.9	168.9	3.3	197.7	3.1	110.1	5.0	387.5	10.1	340.8	13.1	433.7	9.2	554.8	10.4	211.4	7.1					84.6	2.7	65.2	2.5	17640	1080														15	8.05	12.12	369.16	367.92	1716.18	162.60	2.57	3.97
pCO2=1000_ppm	Female 1-Six-arm stage	32	20	7.75	2117.8	2027.2	152.3	3.3	202.6	3.1	94.9	6.1	332.7	8.8	321.5	14.1	460.1	8.2	531.4	15.1	203.8	8.8					72.4	1.9	51.7	1.3	11870	530														15	7.71	30.05	915.53	912.46	1915.47	81.68	1.29	2.00
pCO2=380_ppm	Female 2-Six-arm stage	32	20	8.06	2119.2	1890.9	182.9	4.5	200.5	4.3	134.1	7.7	420.9	11.2	389.5	16.0	470.9	11.7	566.3	13.5	248.6	13.9					88.4	2.7	77.3	5.7	22330	2150														15	8.05	12.12	369.16	367.92	1716.18	162.60	2.57	3.97
pCO2=1000_ppm	Female 2-Six-arm stage	32	20	7.75	2117.8	2027.2	146.4	4.4	204.7	3.0	92.5	6.5	342.8	12.9	303.6	11.2	459.4	11.1	592.7	9.0	214.6	8.9					77.2	1.8	58.8	2.1	14310	620														15	7.71	30.05	915.53	912.46	1915.47	81.68	1.29	2.00
pCO2=380_ppm	Female 3-Six-arm stage	32	20	8.06	2119.2	1890.9	178.6	2.2	201.3	2.5	122.2	5.5	403.5	6.7	336.8	8.4	466.7	7.0	558.5	6.4	224.3	8.1					80.2	1.6	65.2	2.7	16410	660														15	8.05	12.12	369.16	367.92	1716.18	162.60	2.57	3.97
pCO2=1000_ppm	Female 3-Six-arm stage	32	20	7.75	2117.8	2027.2	161.6	2.6	212.8	3.4	113.9	5.9	355.4	10.4	388.0	11.2	498.6	8.6	580.7	12.2	240.1	6.5					87.0	1.9	62.9	2.0	17370	770														15	7.71	30.05	915.53	912.46	1915.47	81.68	1.29	2.00
pCO2=380_ppm	Female 4-Six-arm stage	32	20	8.06	2119.2	1890.9	181.0	2.5	202.8	2.7	125.4	3.7	428.0	8.8	415.8	12.4	475.1	9.5	591.8	9.1	258.3	6.3					89.8	2.2	69.0	2.2	19760	990														15	8.05	12.12	369.16	367.92	1716.18	162.60	2.57	3.97
pCO2=1000_ppm	Female 4-Six-arm stage	32	20	7.75	2117.8	2027.2	172.9	3.8	197.9	2.7	132.5	5.3	411.5	11.7	426.9	10.9	477.9	7.6	565.6	10.1	265.7	5.4					93.6	3.6	69.6	2.9	20930	1350														15	7.71	30.05	915.53	912.46	1915.47	81.68	1.29	2.00
pCO2=380_ppm	Female 1-Eight-arm stage	32	20	8.06	2119.2	1890.9	193.9	3.5	228.3	6.8	172.1	3.7	453.4	17.7	561.9	20.6	529.4	6.9	598.0	9.7	351.3	7.3	42.8	11.9	239.4	9.9	100.9	2.0	69.6	2.4	22380	1130														15	8.05	12.12	369.16	367.92	1716.18	162.60	2.57	3.97
pCO2=1000_ppm	Female 1-Eight-arm stage	32	20	7.75	2117.8	2027.2	182.7	3.9	210.0	2.5	151.8	5.9	401.0	12.0	473.0	18.8	478.1	10.5	543.8	11.9	283.3	12.3	38.7	1.9	161.0	11.2	80.5	2.3	57.1	1.8	14660	780														15	7.71	30.05	915.53	912.46	1915.47	81.68	1.29	2.00
pCO2=380_ppm	Female 2-Eight-arm stage	32	20	8.06	2119.2	1890.9	208.8	5.5	214.0	2.7	187.2	6.6	480.7	13.1	566.3	18.0	527.9	10.5	595.6	10.2	359.7	10.3	36.0	2.7	268.4	15.4	111.3	3.5	82.7	2.5	29480	1640														15	8.05	12.12	369.16	367.92	1716.18	162.60	2.57	3.97
pCO2=1000_ppm	Female 2-Eight-arm stage	32	20	7.75	2117.8	2027.2	181.3	3.9	203.1	2.5	150.7	4.8	431.5	13.8	514.1	15.4	505.9	12.4	567.1	12.2	314.0	10.9	29.2	1.9	208.5	11.4	89.0	2.8	64.4	2.6	18380	1120														15	7.71	30.05	915.53	912.46	1915.47	81.68	1.29	2.00
pCO2=380_ppm	Female 3-Eight-arm stage	32	20	8.06	2119.2	1890.9	196.5	3.4	208.7	3.0	161.2	4.9	446.5	7.9	509.7	9.2	502.1	9.4	584.0	8.7	335.7	6.9	29.8	2.5	218.6	7.6	97.3	1.7	67.6	2.9	20920	1140														15	8.05	12.12	369.16	367.92	1716.18	162.60	2.57	3.97
pCO2=1000_ppm	Female 3-Eight-arm stage	32	20	7.75	2117.8	2027.2	174.4	2.9	213.7	2.4	157.2	5.2	410.1	8.2	544.6	14.5	519.8	6.7	585.2	6.3	332.7	7.5	28.3	1.9	207.7	7.5	88.9	1.7	58.2	1.8	16400	700														15	7.71	30.05	915.53	912.46	1915.47	81.68	1.29	2.00
pCO2=380_ppm	Female 4-Eight-arm stage	32	20	8.06	2119.2	1890.9	197.5	3.5	215.5	2.7	163.1	4.0	471.6	12.1	572.4	12.5	523.9	7.9	599.8	6.5	358.8	6.3	33.5	3.1	261.5	10.1	115.8	2.6	84.2	2.7	31070	1590														15	8.05	12.12	369.16	367.92	1716.18	162.60	2.57	3.97
pCO2=1000_ppm	Female 4-Eight-arm stage	32	20	7.75	2117.8	2027.2	205.3	4.0	199.2	3.3	188.5	5.0	487.9	20.6	621.3	14.7	538.6	10.1	571.0	9.9	395.0	9.0	45.2	11.0	302.5	8.5	100.9	2.3	70.2	2.1	22490	1070														15	7.71	30.05	915.53	912.46	1915.47	81.68	1.29	2.00