Citation:

journal.pone.0014521

Name: Seawater carbonate chemistry, survival, metamorphosis and respiration rate of coral Acropora digitifera during experiments, 2011
Published: 2011-11-11
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Keywords: Acropora digitifera; Animalia; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (<20 L); Cnidaria; Coast and continental shelf; Development; Laboratory experiment; Mortality/Survival; North Pacific; Pelagos; Respiration; Single species; Temperate; Zooplankton

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Abstract:

Ocean acidification may negatively impact the early life stages of some marine invertebrates including corals. Although reduced growth of juvenile corals in acidified seawater has been reported, coral larvae have been reported to demonstrate some level of tolerance to reduced pH. We hypothesize that the observed tolerance of coral larvae to low pH may be partly explained by reduced metabolic rates in acidified seawater because both calcifying and non-calcifying marine invertebrates could show metabolic depression under reduced pH in order to enhance their survival. In this study, after 3-d and 7-d exposure to three different pH levels (8.0, 7.6, and 7.3), we found that the oxygen consumption of Acropora digitifera larvae tended to be suppressed with reduced pH, although a statistically significant difference was not observed between pH conditions. Larval metamorphosis was also observed, confirming that successful recruitment is impaired when metamorphosis is disrupted, despite larval survival. Results also showed that the metamorphosis rate significantly decreased under acidified seawater conditions after both short (2 h) and long (7 d) term exposure. These results imply that acidified seawater impacts larval physiology, suggesting that suppressed metabolism and metamorphosis may alter the dispersal potential of larvae and subsequently reduce the resilience of coral communities in the near future as the ocean pH decreases.

Keyword(s):

Acropora digitifera; Animalia; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (<20 L); Cnidaria; Coast and continental shelf; Development; Laboratory experiment; Mortality/Survival; North Pacific; Pelagos; Respiration; Single species; Temperate; Zooplankton

Project(s):

European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis (EUR-OCEANS)

European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA)

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)

Funding:

Seventh Framework Programme (FP7), grant/award no. 211384 : European Project on Ocean Acidification

Sixth Framework Programme (FP6), grant/award no. 511106 : European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis

Comment:

In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Lavigne and Gattuso, 2011) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI).

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Experimental treatment	Exp treat		Nakamura, Masoko
2	Experiment day	Exp day	day	Nakamura, Masoko
3	Time in hours	Time	h	Nakamura, Masoko
4	Salinity	Sal		Nakamura, Masoko
5	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Nakamura, Masoko	Digital thermometer (SK-250WP, Sato, Tokyo, Japan)
6	Temperature, standard deviation	T std dev	±	Nakamura, Masoko
7	pH	pH		Nakamura, Masoko	pH electrode (Micro-pH; Aquabase, Kanagawa, Japan)	Seawater scale
8	pH, standard deviation	pH std dev	±	Nakamura, Masoko
9	Alkalinity, total	AT	µmol/kg	Nakamura, Masoko	Measured
10	Survival	Survival	%	Nakamura, Masoko
11	Respiration	Resp	%	Nakamura, Masoko	Optical O2-measuring system (Fibox3, PreSens)
12	Metamorphosis rate	Metamorph rate	%	Nakamura, Masoko	see reference(s)
13	Carbonate system computation flag	CSC flag		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
14	pH	pH		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	Total scale
15	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
16	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
17	Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	fCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
18	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
19	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
20	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
21	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
22	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)

Status:

Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)

Size:

1661 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Exp treat	2 Exp day [day]	3 Time [h]	4 Sal	5 Temp [°C] (Digital thermometer (SK-250WP...)	6 T std dev [±]	7 pH (Seawater scale, pH electrode ...)	8 pH std dev [±]	9 AT [µmol/kg] (Measured)	10 Survival [%]	11 Resp [%] (Optical O2-measuring system (...)	12 Metamorph rate [%] (see reference(s))	13 CSC flag (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	14 pH (Total scale, Calculated using...)	15 CO2 [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	16 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	17 fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	18 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	19 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	20 DIC [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	21 Omega Arg (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	22 Omega Cal (Calculated using seacarb afte...)
pH=8.05	1	2	34	26.3	0.4	8.05	0.05	2234			100.00	26	8.06	10.26	372.37	371.22	1701.29	216.36	1927.90	3.48	5.26
pH=8.05	1	2	34	26.3	0.4	8.05	0.05	2234			100.00	26	8.06	10.26	372.37	371.22	1701.29	216.36	1927.90	3.48	5.26
pH=8.05	1	2	34	26.3	0.4	8.05	0.05	2234			100.00	26	8.06	10.26	372.37	371.22	1701.29	216.36	1927.90	3.48	5.26
pH=8.05	1	2	34	26.3	0.4	8.05	0.05	2234			100.00	26	8.06	10.26	372.37	371.22	1701.29	216.36	1927.90	3.48	5.26
pH=8.05	1	2	34	26.3	0.4	8.05	0.05	2234			83.33	26	8.06	10.26	372.37	371.22	1701.29	216.36	1927.90	3.48	5.26
pH=8.05	1	2	34	26.3	0.4	8.05	0.05	2234			100.00	26	8.06	10.26	372.37	371.22	1701.29	216.36	1927.90	3.48	5.26
pH=8.05	1	2	34	26.3	0.4	8.05	0.05	2234			100.00	26	8.06	10.26	372.37	371.22	1701.29	216.36	1927.90	3.48	5.26
pH=8.05	1	2	34	26.3	0.4	8.05	0.05	2234			100.00	26	8.06	10.26	372.37	371.22	1701.29	216.36	1927.90	3.48	5.26
pH=8.05	1	2	34	26.3	0.4	8.05	0.05	2234			100.00	26	8.06	10.26	372.37	371.22	1701.29	216.36	1927.90	3.48	5.26
pH=7.57	1	2	34	26.2	0.4	7.57	0.05	2234			50.00	26	7.58	36.96	1338.45	1334.30	2025.58	84.97	2147.50	1.36	2.07
pH=7.57	1	2	34	26.2	0.4	7.57	0.05	2234			66.67	26	7.58	36.96	1338.45	1334.30	2025.58	84.97	2147.50	1.36	2.07
pH=7.57	1	2	34	26.2	0.4	7.57	0.05	2234			100.00	26	7.58	36.96	1338.45	1334.30	2025.58	84.97	2147.50	1.36	2.07
pH=7.57	1	2	34	26.2	0.4	7.57	0.05	2234			83.33	26	7.58	36.96	1338.45	1334.30	2025.58	84.97	2147.50	1.36	2.07
pH=7.57	1	2	34	26.2	0.4	7.57	0.05	2234			100.00	26	7.58	36.96	1338.45	1334.30	2025.58	84.97	2147.50	1.36	2.07
pH=7.57	1	2	34	26.2	0.4	7.57	0.05	2234			100.00	26	7.58	36.96	1338.45	1334.30	2025.58	84.97	2147.50	1.36	2.07
pH=7.57	1	2	34	26.2	0.4	7.57	0.05	2234			83.33	26	7.58	36.96	1338.45	1334.30	2025.58	84.97	2147.50	1.36	2.07
pH=7.57	1	2	34	26.2	0.4	7.57	0.05	2234			100.00	26	7.58	36.96	1338.45	1334.30	2025.58	84.97	2147.50	1.36	2.07
pH=7.57	1	2	34	26.2	0.4	7.57	0.05	2234			66.67	26	7.58	36.96	1338.45	1334.30	2025.58	84.97	2147.50	1.36	2.07
pH=7.33	1	2	34	26.6	0.5	7.33	0.05	2234			50.00	26	7.34	66.32	2425.69	2418.20	2107.56	51.62	2225.50	0.83	1.26
pH=7.33	1	2	34	26.6	0.5	7.33	0.05	2234			100.00	26	7.34	66.32	2425.69	2418.20	2107.56	51.62	2225.50	0.83	1.26
pH=7.33	1	2	34	26.6	0.5	7.33	0.05	2234			83.33	26	7.34	66.32	2425.69	2418.20	2107.56	51.62	2225.50	0.83	1.26
pH=7.33	1	2	34	26.6	0.5	7.33	0.05	2234			100.00	26	7.34	66.32	2425.69	2418.20	2107.56	51.62	2225.50	0.83	1.26
pH=7.33	1	2	34	26.6	0.5	7.33	0.05	2234			66.67	26	7.34	66.32	2425.69	2418.20	2107.56	51.62	2225.50	0.83	1.26
pH=7.33	1	2	34	26.6	0.5	7.33	0.05	2234			83.33	26	7.34	66.32	2425.69	2418.20	2107.56	51.62	2225.50	0.83	1.26
pH=7.33	1	2	34	26.6	0.5	7.33	0.05	2234			83.33	26	7.34	66.32	2425.69	2418.20	2107.56	51.62	2225.50	0.83	1.26
pH=7.33	1	2	34	26.6	0.5	7.33	0.05	2234			100.00	26	7.34	66.32	2425.69	2418.20	2107.56	51.62	2225.50	0.83	1.26
pH=7.33	1	2	34	26.6	0.5	7.33	0.05	2234			83.33	26	7.34	66.32	2425.69	2418.20	2107.56	51.62	2225.50	0.83	1.26
pH=8.05	3		34	26.3	0.4	8.05	0.05	2234	75	128.42		26	8.06	10.26	372.37	371.22	1701.29	216.36	1927.90	3.48	5.26
pH=8.05	3		34	26.3	0.4	8.05	0.05	2234	91	78.08		26	8.06	10.26	372.37	371.22	1701.29	216.36	1927.90	3.48	5.26
pH=8.05	3		34	26.3	0.4	8.05	0.05	2234	88	75.34		26	8.06	10.26	372.37	371.22	1701.29	216.36	1927.90	3.48	5.26
pH=8.05	3		34	26.3	0.4	8.05	0.05	2234	49	84.81		26	8.06	10.26	372.37	371.22	1701.29	216.36	1927.90	3.48	5.26
pH=8.05	3		34	26.3	0.4	8.05	0.05	2234	67	58.03		26	8.06	10.26	372.37	371.22	1701.29	216.36	1927.90	3.48	5.26
pH=8.05	3		34	26.3	0.4	8.05	0.05	2234	63			26	8.06	10.26	372.37	371.22	1701.29	216.36	1927.90	3.48	5.26
pH=8.05	3		34	26.3	0.4	8.05	0.05	2234	85			26	8.06	10.26	372.37	371.22	1701.29	216.36	1927.90	3.48	5.26
pH=8.05	3		34	26.3	0.4	8.05	0.05	2234	42			26	8.06	10.26	372.37	371.22	1701.29	216.36	1927.90	3.48	5.26
pH=8.05	3		34	26.3	0.4	8.05	0.05	2234	87			26	8.06	10.26	372.37	371.22	1701.29	216.36	1927.90	3.48	5.26
pH=8.05	7		34	26.3	0.4	8.05	0.05	2234	31	20.10	25.00	26	8.06	10.26	372.37	371.22	1701.29	216.36	1927.90	3.48	5.26
pH=8.05	7		34	26.3	0.4	8.05	0.05	2234	60	47.68	25.00	26	8.06	10.26	372.37	371.22	1701.29	216.36	1927.90	3.48	5.26
pH=8.05	7		34	26.3	0.4	8.05	0.05	2234	29	97.96	25.00	26	8.06	10.26	372.37	371.22	1701.29	216.36	1927.90	3.48	5.26
pH=8.05	7		34	26.3	0.4	8.05	0.05	2234	52	42.29	25.00	26	8.06	10.26	372.37	371.22	1701.29	216.36	1927.90	3.48	5.26
pH=8.05	7		34	26.3	0.4	8.05	0.05	2234	54	29.15	25.00	26	8.06	10.26	372.37	371.22	1701.29	216.36	1927.90	3.48	5.26
pH=8.05	7		34	26.3	0.4	8.05	0.05	2234	65		25.00	26	8.06	10.26	372.37	371.22	1701.29	216.36	1927.90	3.48	5.26
pH=8.05	7		34	26.3	0.4	8.05	0.05	2234	39		25.00	26	8.06	10.26	372.37	371.22	1701.29	216.36	1927.90	3.48	5.26
pH=8.05	7		34	26.3	0.4	8.05	0.05	2234	53		25.00	26	8.06	10.26	372.37	371.22	1701.29	216.36	1927.90	3.48	5.26
pH=8.05	7		34	26.3	0.4	8.05	0.05	2234	37		25.00	26	8.06	10.26	372.37	371.22	1701.29	216.36	1927.90	3.48	5.26
pH=7.57	3		34	26.2	0.4	7.57	0.05	2234	79	61.93		26	7.58	36.96	1338.45	1334.30	2025.58	84.97	2147.50	1.36	2.07
pH=7.57	3		34	26.2	0.4	7.57	0.05	2234	67	52.61		26	7.58	36.96	1338.45	1334.30	2025.58	84.97	2147.50	1.36	2.07
pH=7.57	3		34	26.2	0.4	7.57	0.05	2234	70	89.08		26	7.58	36.96	1338.45	1334.30	2025.58	84.97	2147.50	1.36	2.07
pH=7.57	3		34	26.2	0.4	7.57	0.05	2234	81	106.13		26	7.58	36.96	1338.45	1334.30	2025.58	84.97	2147.50	1.36	2.07
pH=7.57	3		34	26.2	0.4	7.57	0.05	2234	83	60.53		26	7.58	36.96	1338.45	1334.30	2025.58	84.97	2147.50	1.36	2.07
pH=7.57	3		34	26.2	0.4	7.57	0.05	2234	89			26	7.58	36.96	1338.45	1334.30	2025.58	84.97	2147.50	1.36	2.07
pH=7.57	3		34	26.2	0.4	7.57	0.05	2234	86			26	7.58	36.96	1338.45	1334.30	2025.58	84.97	2147.50	1.36	2.07
pH=7.57	3		34	26.2	0.4	7.57	0.05	2234	88			26	7.58	36.96	1338.45	1334.30	2025.58	84.97	2147.50	1.36	2.07
pH=7.57	3		34	26.2	0.4	7.57	0.05	2234	76			26	7.58	36.96	1338.45	1334.30	2025.58	84.97	2147.50	1.36	2.07
pH=7.57	3		34	26.2	0.4	7.57	0.05	2234	79			26	7.58	36.96	1338.45	1334.30	2025.58	84.97	2147.50	1.36	2.07
pH=7.57	7		34	26.2	0.4	7.57	0.05	2234	60	56.18	8.33	26	7.58	36.96	1338.45	1334.30	2025.58	84.97	2147.50	1.36	2.07
pH=7.57	7		34	26.2	0.4	7.57	0.05	2234	50	47.28	0.00	26	7.58	36.96	1338.45	1334.30	2025.58	84.97	2147.50	1.36	2.07
pH=7.57	7		34	26.2	0.4	7.57	0.05	2234	50	27.24	0.00	26	7.58	36.96	1338.45	1334.30	2025.58	84.97	2147.50	1.36	2.07
pH=7.57	7		34	26.2	0.4	7.57	0.05	2234	73	114.43	8.33	26	7.58	36.96	1338.45	1334.30	2025.58	84.97	2147.50	1.36	2.07
pH=7.57	7		34	26.2	0.4	7.57	0.05	2234	37	16.39	8.33	26	7.58	36.96	1338.45	1334.30	2025.58	84.97	2147.50	1.36	2.07
pH=7.57	7		34	26.2	0.4	7.57	0.05	2234	23		0.00	26	7.58	36.96	1338.45	1334.30	2025.58	84.97	2147.50	1.36	2.07
pH=7.57	7		34	26.2	0.4	7.57	0.05	2234	74		0.00	26	7.58	36.96	1338.45	1334.30	2025.58	84.97	2147.50	1.36	2.07
pH=7.57	7		34	26.2	0.4	7.57	0.05	2234	62		8.33	26	7.58	36.96	1338.45	1334.30	2025.58	84.97	2147.50	1.36	2.07
pH=7.57	7		34	26.2	0.4	7.57	0.05	2234	40		8.33	26	7.58	36.96	1338.45	1334.30	2025.58	84.97	2147.50	1.36	2.07
pH=7.57	7		34	26.2	0.4	7.57	0.05	2234	37			26	7.58	36.96	1338.45	1334.30	2025.58	84.97	2147.50	1.36	2.07
pH=7.33	3		34	26.6	0.5	7.33	0.05	2234	68	58.93		26	7.34	66.32	2425.69	2418.20	2107.56	51.62	2225.50	0.83	1.26
pH=7.33	3		34	26.6	0.5	7.33	0.05	2234	68	43.12		26	7.34	66.32	2425.69	2418.20	2107.56	51.62	2225.50	0.83	1.26
pH=7.33	3		34	26.6	0.5	7.33	0.05	2234	70	100.61		26	7.34	66.32	2425.69	2418.20	2107.56	51.62	2225.50	0.83	1.26
pH=7.33	3		34	26.6	0.5	7.33	0.05	2234	59	41.02		26	7.34	66.32	2425.69	2418.20	2107.56	51.62	2225.50	0.83	1.26
pH=7.33	3		34	26.6	0.5	7.33	0.05	2234	64	68.12		26	7.34	66.32	2425.69	2418.20	2107.56	51.62	2225.50	0.83	1.26
pH=7.33	3		34	26.6	0.5	7.33	0.05	2234	55			26	7.34	66.32	2425.69	2418.20	2107.56	51.62	2225.50	0.83	1.26
pH=7.33	3		34	26.6	0.5	7.33	0.05	2234	65			26	7.34	66.32	2425.69	2418.20	2107.56	51.62	2225.50	0.83	1.26
pH=7.33	3		34	26.6	0.5	7.33	0.05	2234	85			26	7.34	66.32	2425.69	2418.20	2107.56	51.62	2225.50	0.83	1.26
pH=7.33	3		34	26.6	0.5	7.33	0.05	2234	84			26	7.34	66.32	2425.69	2418.20	2107.56	51.62	2225.50	0.83	1.26
pH=7.33	7		34	26.6	0.5	7.33	0.05	2234	59	27.73	0.00	26	7.34	66.32	2425.69	2418.20	2107.56	51.62	2225.50	0.83	1.26
pH=7.33	7		34	26.6	0.5	7.33	0.05	2234	51	35.99	8.33	26	7.34	66.32	2425.69	2418.20	2107.56	51.62	2225.50	0.83	1.26
pH=7.33	7		34	26.6	0.5	7.33	0.05	2234	56	25.16	0.00	26	7.34	66.32	2425.69	2418.20	2107.56	51.62	2225.50	0.83	1.26
pH=7.33	7		34	26.6	0.5	7.33	0.05	2234	46	36.36	0.00	26	7.34	66.32	2425.69	2418.20	2107.56	51.62	2225.50	0.83	1.26
pH=7.33	7		34	26.6	0.5	7.33	0.05	2234	45	32.05	8.33	26	7.34	66.32	2425.69	2418.20	2107.56	51.62	2225.50	0.83	1.26
pH=7.33	7		34	26.6	0.5	7.33	0.05	2234	47		0.00	26	7.34	66.32	2425.69	2418.20	2107.56	51.62	2225.50	0.83	1.26
pH=7.33	7		34	26.6	0.5	7.33	0.05	2234	50		0.00	26	7.34	66.32	2425.69	2418.20	2107.56	51.62	2225.50	0.83	1.26
pH=7.33	7		34	26.6	0.5	7.33	0.05	2234	53		8.33	26	7.34	66.32	2425.69	2418.20	2107.56	51.62	2225.50	0.83	1.26
pH=7.33	7		34	26.6	0.5	7.33	0.05	2234	75		0.00	26	7.34	66.32	2425.69	2418.20	2107.56	51.62	2225.50	0.83	1.26