Citation:

lo.2011.56.6.2040

Name: Seawater carbonate chemistry, growth rate and PIC and POC production during experiments with Emiliania huxleyi (B92/11), 2011
Published: 2011-11-10
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Keywords: Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (<20 L); Calcification/Dissolution; Chromista; Emiliania huxleyi; Growth/Morphology; Haptophyta; Laboratory experiment; Laboratory strains; North Atlantic; Pelagos; Phytoplankton; Primary production/Photosynthesis; Single species

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Abstract:

The coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi was cultured under a broad range of carbonate chemistry conditions to distinguish the effects of individual carbonate system parameters on growth, primary production, and calcification. In the first experiment, alkalinity was kept constant and the fugacity of CO2(fCO2) varied from 2 to 600 Pa (1Pa ~ 10 µatm). In the second experiment, pH was kept constant (pHfree = 8) with fCO2 varying from 4 to 370 Pa. Results of the constant-alkalinity approach revealed physiological optima for growth, calcification, and organic carbon production at fCO2 values of ~20Pa, ~40 Pa, and ~80 Pa, respectively. Comparing this with the constant-pH approach showed that growth and organic carbon production increased similarly from low to intermediate CO2 levels but started to diverge towards higher CO2 levels. In the high CO2 range, growth rates and organic carbon production decreased steadily with declining pH at constant alkalinity while remaining consistently higher at constant pH. This suggests that growth and organic carbon production rates are directly related to CO2 at low (sub-saturating) concentrations, whereas towards higher CO2 levels they are adversely affected by the associated decrease in pH. A pH dependence at high fCO2 is also indicated for calcification rates, while the key carbonate system parameter determining calcification at low fCO2 remains unclear. These results imply that key metabolic processes in coccolithophores have their optima at different carbonate chemistry conditions and are influenced by different parameters of the carbonate system at both sides of the optimum.

Keyword(s):

Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (<20 L); Calcification/Dissolution; Chromista; Emiliania huxleyi; Growth/Morphology; Haptophyta; Laboratory experiment; Laboratory strains; North Atlantic; Pelagos; Phytoplankton; Primary production/Photosynthesis; Single species

Project(s):

Biological Impacts of Ocean Acidification (BIOACID)

European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis (EUR-OCEANS)

European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA)

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)

Funding:

Seventh Framework Programme (FP7), grant/award no. 211384 : European Project on Ocean Acidification

Sixth Framework Programme (FP6), grant/award no. 511106 : European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis

Comment:

In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Lavigne and Gattuso, 2011) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI).

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Experimental treatment	Exp treat		Bach, Lennart Thomas
2	Salinity	Sal		Bach, Lennart Thomas
3	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Bach, Lennart Thomas
4	Radiation, photosynthetically active	PAR	µmol/m²/s	Bach, Lennart Thomas
5	Light:Dark cycle	L:D	hh:hh	Bach, Lennart Thomas	Measured
6	Fugacity of carbon dioxide in seawater, standard deviation	fCO2 std dev	±	Bach, Lennart Thomas	Calculated using CO2SYS
7	Fugacity of carbon dioxide in seawater, standard deviation	fCO2 std dev	±	Bach, Lennart Thomas	Calculated using CO2SYS
8	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Bach, Lennart Thomas	Photometry
9	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Bach, Lennart Thomas	Photometry
10	Alkalinity, total	AT	µmol/kg	Bach, Lennart Thomas	Potentiometric open-cell titration
11	Alkalinity, total	AT	µmol/kg	Bach, Lennart Thomas	Potentiometric open-cell titration
12	pH	pH		Bach, Lennart Thomas	Titration potentiometric	T0; Free scale
13	pH	pH		Bach, Lennart Thomas	Titration potentiometric	Tfin; Free scale
14	Growth rate	µ	#/day	Bach, Lennart Thomas	Calculated
15	Emiliania huxleyi, diameter	E. huxleyi diam	µm	Bach, Lennart Thomas	Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
16	Particulate organic carbon production per cell	POC prod/cell	pg/#/day	Bach, Lennart Thomas	Calculated
17	Particulate inorganic carbon production per cell	PIC prod/cell	pg/#/day	Bach, Lennart Thomas	Calculated
18	Chlorophyll a production per cell	Chl a prod/cell	pg/#/day	Bach, Lennart Thomas	Pigments, Turner fluorometer
19	Particulate inorganic carbon/particulate organic carbon ratio	PIC/POC		Bach, Lennart Thomas
20	Carbonate system computation flag	CSC flag		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
21	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	T0
22	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	T0
23	Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	fCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	T0
24	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	T0
25	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	T0
26	Alkalinity, total	AT	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	T0
27	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	T0
28	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	T0
29	pH	pH		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	T0; Total scale
30	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	Tfin
31	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	Tfin
32	Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	fCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	Tfin
33	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	Tfin
34	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	Tfin
35	Alkalinity, total	AT	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	Tfin
36	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	Tfin
37	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	Tfin
38	pH	pH		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	Tfin; Total scale

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)

Status:

Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)

Size:

1396 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Exp treat	2 Sal	3 Temp [°C]	4 PAR [µmol/m²/s]	5 L:D [hh:hh] (Measured)	6 fCO2 std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	7 fCO2 std dev [±] (Calculated using CO2SYS)	8 DIC [µmol/kg] (Photometry)	9 DIC [µmol/kg] (Photometry)	10 AT [µmol/kg] (Potentiometric open-cell titr...)	11 AT [µmol/kg] (Potentiometric open-cell titr...)	12 pH (T0; Free scale, Titration pot...)	13 pH (Tfin; Free scale, Titration p...)	14 µ [#/day] (Calculated)	15 E. huxleyi diam [µm] (Scanning electron microscope ...)	16 POC prod/cell [pg/#/day] (Calculated)	17 PIC prod/cell [pg/#/day] (Calculated)	18 Chl a prod/cell [pg/#/day] (Pigments, Turner fluorometer)	19 PIC/POC	20 CSC flag (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	21 CO2 [µmol/kg] (T0, Calculated using seacarb ...)	22 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (T0, Calculated using seacarb ...)	23 fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (T0, Calculated using seacarb ...)	24 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (T0, Calculated using seacarb ...)	25 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (T0, Calculated using seacarb ...)	26 AT [µmol/kg] (T0, Calculated using seacarb ...)	27 Omega Arg (T0, Calculated using seacarb ...)	28 Omega Cal (T0, Calculated using seacarb ...)	29 pH (T0; Total scale, Calculated u...)	30 CO2 [µmol/kg] (Tfin, Calculated using seacar...)	31 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Tfin, Calculated using seacar...)	32 fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Tfin, Calculated using seacar...)	33 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Tfin, Calculated using seacar...)	34 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Tfin, Calculated using seacar...)	35 AT [µmol/kg] (Tfin, Calculated using seacar...)	36 Omega Arg (Tfin, Calculated using seacar...)	37 Omega Cal (Tfin, Calculated using seacar...)	38 pH (Tfin; Total scale, Calculated...)
variable pH	35	15	150	16:08	2.0	2.0	1427.2	1414.4	2341.6	2326.6	9.06	9.06	0.34	3.57	4.4	2.4	0.04	0.54	9	0.75	20.15	20.07	831.49	594.96	2314.35	9.10	14.17	8.98	0.75	19.97	19.89	824.03	589.62	2296.22	9.02	14.05	8.98
variable pH	35	15	150	16:08	5.1	5.0	1626.3	1597.8	2340.8	2308.0	8.81	8.81	0.69	4.11	4.7	4.1	0.06	0.87	9	1.86	49.91	49.73	1158.35	466.09	2315.51	7.13	11.10	8.73	1.83	49.03	48.86	1138.05	457.92	2278.88	7.01	10.91	8.73
variable pH	35	15	150	16:08	9.3	8.9	1763.1	1734.1	2331.3	2305.7	8.63	8.64	0.98	4.25	7.8	5.4	0.09	0.69	9	3.38	90.65	90.33	1390.15	369.57	2307.24	5.65	8.80	8.55	3.24	86.71	86.41	1360.70	370.16	2281.50	5.66	8.82	8.56
variable pH	35	15	150	16:08	14.5	14.0	1870.5	1838.0	2331.8	2298.7	8.49	8.49	1.07	4.65	9.6	7.2	0.11	0.75	9	5.26	140.79	140.29	1564.03	301.21	2310.90	4.61	7.18	8.41	5.16	138.34	137.85	1536.86	295.98	2273.25	4.53	7.05	8.41
variable pH	35	15	150	16:08	22.0	20.4	1961.8	1921.5	2325.4	2294.3	8.35	8.37	1.11	4.77	13.3	8.9	0.15	0.67	9	7.95	213.06	212.30	1714.63	239.22	2307.80	3.66	5.70	8.27	7.40	198.19	197.48	1670.11	243.99	2276.81	3.73	5.81	8.29
variable pH	35	15	150	16:08	30.9	27.4	2027.4	1964.5	2316.2	2268.9	8.23	8.26	1.11	4.84	12.6	9.1	0.16	0.72	9	11.15	298.66	297.60	1823.28	192.97	2301.97	2.95	4.60	8.15	10.02	268.35	267.40	1755.41	199.07	2251.49	3.05	4.74	8.18
variable pH	35	15	150	16:08	42.6	38.2	2094.9	2032.8	2322.6	2272.7	8.11	8.14	1.09	4.84	11.8	11.0	0.16	0.93	9	15.51	415.65	414.17	1924.85	154.54	2307.98	2.36	3.68	8.03	13.98	374.61	373.28	1858.90	159.91	2257.16	2.45	3.81	8.06
variable pH	35	15	150	16:08	54.8	44.9	2147.0	2062.7	2331.1	2273.0	8.02	8.08	1.11	4.81	13.4	8.9	0.16	0.66	9	19.80	530.50	528.60	1996.89	130.31	2319.64	1.99	3.10	7.94	16.44	440.46	438.89	1903.63	142.63	2258.78	2.18	3.40	8.00
variable pH	35	15	150	16:08	71.1	54.9	2172.2	2090.7	2311.8	2265.8	7.92	8.01	1.07	4.84	14.3	7.2	0.14	0.50	9	25.48	682.58	680.15	2040.93	105.79	2303.32	1.62	2.52	7.84	19.75	529.23	527.35	1946.79	124.15	2256.00	1.90	2.96	7.93
variable pH	35	15	150	16:08	80.6	70.3	2209.2	2140.8	2331.5	2278.0	7.87	7.91	1.07	4.78	12.2	4.8	0.18	0.39	9	29.19	781.94	779.15	2083.75	96.27	2322.13	1.47	2.29	7.79	25.72	688.96	686.51	2013.11	101.98	2266.84	1.56	2.43	7.83
variable pH	35	15	150	16:08	96.0	84.5	2226.7	2158.0	2322.6	2267.0	7.80	7.84	1.07	4.67	9.8	6.0	0.16	0.62	9	34.71	929.86	926.55	2109.06	82.93	2314.55	1.27	1.98	7.72	30.61	820.06	817.13	2039.46	87.93	2258.40	1.35	2.09	7.76
variable pH	35	15	150	16:08	108.3	91.3	2231.3	2183.1	2310.1	2282.6	7.75	7.81	1.04	4.91	10.8	6.9	0.14	0.64	9	39.11	1047.73	1043.99	2117.97	74.22	2302.08	1.14	1.77	7.67	33.24	890.44	887.27	2066.70	83.16	2273.49	1.27	1.98	7.73
variable pH	35	15	150	16:08	108.5	94.9	2246.7	2207.1	2325.7	2302.9	7.75	7.80	1.05	4.50	11.7	7.1	0.15	0.61	9	39.38	1054.96	1051.20	2132.59	74.74	2317.72	1.14	1.78	7.67	34.40	921.67	918.39	2090.50	82.20	2294.52	1.26	1.96	7.72
variable pH	35	15	150	16:08	131.2	104.8	2283.5	2188.7	2337.5	2267.5	7.68	7.76	1.01	4.84	9.6	6.0	0.14	0.62	9	47.11	1262.15	1257.65	2171.61	64.78	2331.88	0.99	1.54	7.60	37.47	1003.95	1000.37	2076.75	74.48	2262.12	1.14	1.77	7.68
variable pH	35	15	150	16:08	189.2	173.7	2299.2	2267.3	2302.4	2280.6	7.52	7.55	0.94	4.70	11.7	4.1	0.13	0.35	9	68.53	1836.08	1829.54	2185.57	45.10	2297.46	0.69	1.07	7.44	63.11	1690.75	1684.72	2156.51	47.68	2275.04	0.73	1.14	7.47
variable pH	35	15	150	16:08	266.7	228.0	2350.7	2305.0	2306.5	2281.7	7.38	7.44	0.85	4.59	10.7	3.5	0.13	0.33	9	96.15	2575.99	2566.81	2221.34	33.21	2303.66	0.51	0.79	7.30	82.38	2207.00	2199.14	2185.12	37.51	2278.31	0.57	0.89	7.36
variable pH	35	15	150	16:08	336.5	286.6	2393.7	2355.7	2313.7	2300.1	7.28	7.35	0.78	4.55	10.0	3.0	0.10	0.30	9	122.32	3277.11	3265.43	2244.72	26.66	2310.74	0.41	0.64	7.20	103.04	2760.62	2750.78	2221.66	31.00	2298.53	0.47	0.74	7.27
variable pH	35	15	150	16:08	431.3	324.4	2448.0	2388.4	2325.2	2313.7	7.18	7.30	0.67	4.61	6.8	2.4	0.08	0.35	9	155.78	4173.56	4158.69	2270.80	21.42	2323.76	0.33	0.51	7.10	116.76	3128.24	3117.09	2243.74	27.90	2312.83	0.43	0.66	7.22
variable pH	35	15	150	16:08	538.0	432.2	2490.9	2428.0	2322.1	2303.0	7.09	7.18	0.60	4.33	5.4	1.9	0.06	0.35	9	192.51	5157.46	5139.08	2280.91	17.49	2324.11	0.27	0.42	7.01	154.51	4139.47	4124.71	2252.25	21.24	2304.86	0.33	0.51	7.10
variable pH	35	15	150	16:08	604.0	509.3	2548.5	2478.7	2353.0	2320.7	7.04	7.11	0.51	4.49	4.7	1.5	0.05	0.31	9	219.09	5869.71	5848.79	2313.60	15.81	2352.55	0.24	0.38	6.96	183.52	4916.69	4899.16	2276.90	18.28	2322.08	0.28	0.44	7.03
constant pH	35	15	150	16:08	4.3	3.9	159.6	136.5			7.99	7.98	0.71	3.57	3.4	0.9	0.08	0.28	9	1.58	42.40	42.25	148.95	9.07	225.61	0.14	0.22	7.91	1.39	37.15	37.01	127.52	7.59	200.07	0.12	0.18	7.90
constant pH	35	15	150	16:08	8.4	7.6	311.0	289.0			7.99	8.00	0.86	3.71	4.5	0.0	0.10	0.00	9	3.08	82.62	82.33	290.24	17.68	384.12	0.27	0.42	7.91	2.80	74.95	74.68	269.41	16.79	362.70	0.26	0.40	7.92
constant pH	35	15	150	16:08	10.0	9.2	362.7	340.0			7.99	8.00	0.93	3.85	6.8	0.0	0.13	0.00	9	3.60	96.35	96.01	338.49	20.61	438.24	0.32	0.49	7.91	3.29	88.17	87.86	316.96	19.75	416.17	0.30	0.47	7.92
constant pH	35	15	150	16:08	13.8	12.4	509.3	462.9			7.99	8.00	1.07	4.27	7.4	2.0	0.15	0.27	9	5.05	135.30	134.82	475.30	28.95	591.72	0.44	0.69	7.91	4.48	120.04	119.61	431.53	26.89	545.02	0.41	0.64	7.92
constant pH	35	15	150	16:08	19.5	18.9	721.1	689.8			7.99	7.99	1.10	4.52	10.2	3.0	0.14	0.29	9	7.15	191.57	190.88	672.96	40.98	813.46	0.63	0.98	7.91	6.84	183.25	182.60	643.75	39.21	780.69	0.60	0.93	7.91
constant pH	35	15	150	16:08	23.7	21.2	842.4	773.8			7.98	7.99	1.10	4.83	11.1	5.1	0.18	0.46	9	8.56	229.25	228.43	787.00	46.84	938.05	0.72	1.12	7.90	7.67	205.57	204.83	722.15	43.98	868.63	0.67	1.05	7.91
constant pH	35	15	150	16:08	40.3	38.4	1463.0	1397.4			7.99	7.99	1.09	4.68	12.9	6.2	0.18	0.48	9	14.51	388.66	387.27	1365.34	83.15	1590.17	1.27	1.98	7.91	13.86	371.23	369.91	1304.12	79.42	1521.49	1.22	1.89	7.91
constant pH	35	15	150	16:08	50.8	49.4	1853.4	1781.5			7.99	7.99	1.09	4.67	13.6	6.8	0.19	0.50	9	18.38	492.37	490.62	1729.68	105.34	1998.89	1.61	2.51	7.91	17.67	473.27	471.59	1662.58	101.25	1923.61	1.55	2.41	7.91
constant pH	35	15	150	16:08	60.0	63.3	2283.5	2283.5			8.01	7.99	1.08	4.80			0.21		9	21.58	578.04	575.98	2126.32	135.60	2458.43	2.07	3.23	7.93	22.64	606.63	604.47	2131.07	129.79	2449.17	1.99	3.09	7.91
constant pH	35	15	150	16:08	78.0	81.8	2879.1	2879.1			7.99	7.98	1.12	4.86			0.17		9	28.55	764.86	762.13	2686.91	163.64	3072.71	2.50	3.90	7.91	29.25	783.51	780.72	2689.77	160.08	3067.30	2.45	3.81	7.90
constant pH	35	15	150	16:08	91.9	92.9	3452.9	3381.2			8.00	7.99	1.09	4.73	11.6	8.9	0.20	0.77	9	33.42	895.43	892.24	3218.88	200.60	3679.78	3.07	4.78	7.92	33.53	898.25	895.05	3155.50	192.18	3598.37	2.94	4.58	7.91
constant pH	35	15	150	16:08	108.0	107.0	4054.5	3995.2			8.00	8.00	1.07	4.83	10.7	7.5	0.20	0.70	9	39.25	1051.44	1047.70	3779.70	235.55	4310.51	3.60	5.61	7.92	38.67	1036.06	1032.37	3724.42	232.11	4248.34	3.55	5.53	7.92
constant pH	35	15	150	16:08	143.0	141.0	5279.6	5219.2			7.99	8.00	1.07	4.81	11.0	6.6	0.18	0.61	9	52.35	1402.58	1397.58	4927.17	300.07	5585.85	4.59	7.15	7.91	50.52	1353.48	1348.66	4865.46	303.22	5531.60	4.64	7.22	7.92
constant pH	35	15	150	16:08	150.4	155.8	5623.6	5623.6			8.00	7.99	1.09	4.68			0.20		9	54.43	1458.35	1453.16	5242.45	326.71	5955.58	5.00	7.78	7.92	55.76	1493.96	1488.64	5248.21	319.63	5945.99	4.89	7.62	7.91
constant pH	35	15	150	16:08	196.0	197.1	7390.8	7328.8			8.00	8.00	1.08	4.79	10.6	6.7	0.19	0.63	9	71.54	1916.64	1909.81	6889.88	429.38	7808.35	6.57	10.23	7.92	70.94	1900.56	1893.79	6832.08	425.78	7743.34	6.51	10.14	7.92
constant pH	35	15	150	16:08	240.5	241.9	8994.2	8994.2			8.00	8.00	1.03	4.73			0.20		9	87.06	2332.44	2324.13	8384.61	522.53	9489.38	8.00	12.45	7.92	87.06	2332.44	2324.13	8384.61	522.53	9489.38	8.00	12.45	7.92
constant pH	35	15	150	16:08	331.2	323.4	12386.7	12334.3			8.00	8.01	1.05	4.77	11.9	5.5	0.17	0.46	9	119.90	3212.21	3200.76	11547.18	719.63	13046.13	11.01	17.15	7.92	116.54	3122.28	3111.15	11485.32	732.44	13011.11	11.21	17.45	7.93
constant pH	35	15	150	16:08	370.9	370.2	14108.0	14061.2			8.01	8.01	1.03	4.78	12.6	5.8	0.19	0.46	9	133.30	3571.27	3558.54	13136.93	837.77	14873.38	12.82	19.96	7.93	132.86	3559.42	3546.73	13093.35	834.99	14824.24	12.78	19.89	7.93