Citation:

journal.pone.0023010

Name: Seawater carbonate chemistry and Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) biological processes during experiments, 2011
Published: 2011-09-09
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Keywords: Animalia; Benthic animals; Benthos; Calcification/Dissolution; Coast and continental shelf; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or < 1 m**2); Crassostrea gigas; Growth/Morphology; Laboratory experiment; Mollusca; North Atlantic; Single species; Temperate

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Abstract:

Ocean acidification, due to anthropogenic CO2 absorption by the ocean, may have profound impacts on marine biota. Calcareous organisms are expected to be particularly sensitive due to the decreasing availability of carbonate ions driven by decreasing pH levels. Recently, some studies focused on the early life stages of mollusks that are supposedly more sensitive to environmental disturbances than adult stages. Although these studies have shown decreased growth rates and increased proportions of abnormal development under low pH conditions, they did not allow attribution to pH induced changes in physiology or changes due to a decrease in aragonite saturation state. This study aims to assess the impact of several carbonate-system perturbations on the growth of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) larvae during the first 3 days of development (until shelled D-veliger larvae). Seawater with five different chemistries was obtained by separately manipulating pH, total alkalinity and aragonite saturation state (calcium addition). Results showed that the developmental success and growth rates were not directly affected by changes in pH or aragonite saturation state but were highly correlated with the availability of carbonate ions. In contrast to previous studies, both developmental success into viable D-shaped larvae and growth rates were not significantly altered as long as carbonate ion concentrations were above aragonite saturation levels, but they strongly decreased below saturation levels. These results suggest that the mechanisms used by these organisms to regulate calcification rates are not efficient enough to compensate for the low availability of carbonate ions under corrosive conditions.

Keyword(s):

Animalia; Benthic animals; Benthos; Calcification/Dissolution; Coast and continental shelf; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or < 1 m**2); Crassostrea gigas; Growth/Morphology; Laboratory experiment; Mollusca; North Atlantic; Single species; Temperate

Project(s):

European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis (EUR-OCEANS)

European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA)

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)

Funding:

Seventh Framework Programme (FP7), grant/award no. 211384 : European Project on Ocean Acidification

Sixth Framework Programme (FP6), grant/award no. 511106 : European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis

Comment:

In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Lavigne and Gattuso, 2011) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI).

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Experimental treatment	Exp treat		Gazeau, Frédéric
2	Salinity	Sal		Gazeau, Frédéric	Conductimeter (Radiometer CDM230)
3	Salinity, standard deviation	Sal std dev	±	Gazeau, Frédéric
4	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Gazeau, Frédéric
5	Temperature, standard deviation	T std dev	±	Gazeau, Frédéric
6	pH	pH		Gazeau, Frédéric	pH meter (Metrohm, 826 pH mobile)	Total scale
7	pH, standard deviation	pH std dev	±	Gazeau, Frédéric
8	Alkalinity, total	AT	µmol/kg	Gazeau, Frédéric	Alkalinity, Gran titration (Gran, 1950)
9	Alkalinity, total, standard deviation	AT std dev	±	Gazeau, Frédéric
10	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Gazeau, Frédéric	Calculated using seacarb
11	Carbon dioxide, partial pressure, standard deviation	pCO2 std dev	±	Gazeau, Frédéric
12	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Gazeau, Frédéric	Calculated using seacarb
13	Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation	Omega Arg std dev	±	Gazeau, Frédéric
14	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Gazeau, Frédéric	Calculated using seacarb
15	Calcite saturation state, standard deviation	Omega Cal std dev	±	Gazeau, Frédéric
16	Crassostrea gigas, larvae length	C. gigas larv l	µm	Gazeau, Frédéric	Measured
17	Crassostrea gigas, length, standard deviation	C. gigas L std dev	±	Gazeau, Frédéric
18	Crassostrea gigas, larvae shell area	C. gigas larvae shell	µm²	Gazeau, Frédéric
19	Crassostrea gigas, shell area, standard deviation	C. gigas shell std dev	±	Gazeau, Frédéric
20	Crassostrea gigas, calcium, incorporated	C. gigas Ca	ng	Gazeau, Frédéric
21	Crassostrea gigas, calcium, incorporated, standard deviation	C. gigas Ca std dev	±	Gazeau, Frédéric
22	Carbonate system computation flag	CSC flag		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
23	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
24	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
25	Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	fCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
26	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
27	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
28	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)

Status:

Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)

Size:

420 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Exp treat	2 Sal (Conductimeter (Radiometer CDM...)	3 Sal std dev [±]	4 Temp [°C]	5 T std dev [±]	6 pH (Total scale, pH meter (Metroh...)	7 pH std dev [±]	8 AT [µmol/kg] (Alkalinity, Gran titration (G...)	9 AT std dev [±]	10 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb)	11 pCO2 std dev [±]	12 Omega Arg (Calculated using seacarb)	13 Omega Arg std dev [±]	14 Omega Cal (Calculated using seacarb)	15 Omega Cal std dev [±]	16 C. gigas larv l [µm] (Measured)	17 C. gigas L std dev [±]	18 C. gigas larvae shell [µm²]	19 C. gigas shell std dev [±]	20 C. gigas Ca [ng]	21 C. gigas Ca std dev [±]	22 CSC flag (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	23 CO2 [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	24 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	25 fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	26 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	27 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	28 DIC [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)
Treatment 1a	34.0	0.1	18.9	0.1	8.04	0.01	2445.03	1.20	439.56	11.89	2.86	0.05	4.41	0.08	81.95	3.60	4486.83	400.27	3.29	0.02	8	14.64	437.17	435.69	1996.52	184.37	2195.52
Treatment 1b	34.0	0.1	18.9	0.1	8.03	0.01	2460.68	2.00	451.16	13.16	2.83	0.06	4.38	0.09	80.72	3.79	4413.13	419.37	3.32	0.02	8	15.14	452.20	450.67	2018.15	182.12	2215.42
Treatment 1c	34.0	0.1	18.9	0.1	8.03	0.02	2452.39	2.50	455.42	18.72	2.80	0.08	4.33	0.13	80.53	2.56	4323.01	332.31	2.76	0.02	8	15.09	450.63	449.10	2011.13	181.49	2207.71
Treatment 2a	34.1	0.1	18.9	0.1	7.73	0.04	2448.38	0.00	998.33	90.66	1.54	0.11	2.39	0.17	79.36	3.69	4190.04	372.50	1.35	0.02	8	32.99	985.60	982.25	2205.24	99.97	2338.21
Treatment 2b	34.1	0.1	18.9	0.1	7.71	0.03	2435.55	0.00	1046.31	78.41	1.47	0.09	2.27	0.13	80.08	3.78	4329.13	398.18	3.21	0.02	8	34.51	1031.16	1027.66	2203.34	95.39	2333.25
Treatment 2c	34.1	0.1	18.9	0.1	7.72	0.03	2454.70	0.00	1015.08	76.89	1.53	0.09	2.36	0.14	79.97	3.50	4291.27	354.99	3.05	0.02	8	33.92	1013.49	1010.06	2216.05	98.18	2348.15
Treatment 3a	34.1	0.1	18.9	0.1	7.42	0.04	2439.49	0.00	2141.29	212.69	0.79	0.07	1.22	0.11	77.75	3.86	3996.41	336.66	2.08	0.02	8	70.69	2112.00	2104.83	2314.47	51.39	2436.55
Treatment 3b	34.1	0.1	18.9	0.1	7.40	0.03	2442.91	0.00	2213.97	158.16	0.77	0.05	1.19	0.08	76.65	3.48	3893.96	318.29	1.83	0.02	8	74.30	2219.79	2212.26	2323.11	49.26	2446.67
Treatment 3c	34.1	0.1	18.9	0.1	7.41	0.02	2446.80	0.00	2159.08	96.05	0.79	0.03	1.22	0.05	76.06	4.62	3852.04	404.02	1.85	0.02	8	72.64	2170.26	2162.90	2324.18	50.43	2447.25
Treatment 4a	35.4	0.1	18.9	0.1	7.65	0.05	1098.83	6.11	529.29	62.77	1.51	0.06	2.33	0.08	71.65	2.91	3509.30	286.62	1.45	0.02	8	17.51	526.83	525.04	983.93	38.23	1039.67
Treatment 4b	35.4	0.1	18.9	0.1	7.69	0.01	1093.45	0.00	473.75	15.04	1.63	0.02	2.51	0.02	72.85	3.91	3524.68	271.38	1.71	0.02	8	15.73	473.22	471.61	969.07	41.29	1026.08
Treatment 4c	34.3	0.1	18.9	0.1	7.68	0.01	1089.27	6.93	482.53	8.53	1.59	0.01	2.46	0.02	72.08	3.30	3548.69	289.87	2.03	0.02	8	16.27	486.73	485.08	971.21	39.42	1026.90
Treatment 5a	34.3	0.0	18.9	0.1	7.77	0.07	6682.33	4.62	2502.54	495.10	4.69	0.66	7.26	1.03	81.93	3.66	4427.29	395.75	2.70	0.02	8	82.16	2457.41	2449.08	6032.51	301.27	6415.93
Treatment 5b	34.3	0.0	18.9	0.1	7.55	0.02	6705.53	8.49	4263.26	206.60	2.95	0.12	4.57	0.20	80.31	4.07	4307.15	455.24	2.79	0.02	8	142.33	4256.98	4242.54	6296.82	189.48	6628.63
Treatment 5c	34.3	0.0	18.9	0.1	7.54	0.01	6771.90	2.31	4435.64	114.27	2.88	0.07	4.47	0.11	80.29	3.35	4248.40	338.21	2.93	0.02	8	147.30	4405.56	4390.61	6368.25	187.27	6702.82