Citation:

epic.29739.d001

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Abstract:

In the blood of Antarctic notothenioid and Arctic gadiform fishes, freezing is inhibited by antifreeze glycopeptide macromolecules (AFGP). These antifreeze molecules are built up of repeating tripeptide units (Ala-Ala-Thr)n, to which the disaccharide fl-D-galactosyl-(1->3)a-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine is linked through the hydroxyl oxygen of the threonyl residue. Species of Liparididae, Zoarcidae, Cottidae and Pleuronectidae synthezise only unglycosylated antifreeze peptides (AFP). It could be demonstrated for the Antarctic silverfish Pleuragramma antarcticum that the synthesis of AFGP is not constitutive but rather regulated by water temperature. Moreover a novel glycopeptid was isolated and characterised from P. antarcticum, the Pleuragramma-antifreeze glycopeptid (PAGP). The level of antifreeze concentration was dependent on the ambient water temperature, the depth of distribution, the life cycle and the evolution of the species. Surprisingly, detectable AFGPs in perciform fish of the Antarctic and gadiform fish of the Arctic and Antarctic could illustrate, that before the continental drift occurred a precursor glycopeptid existed, and that the existence of freezing resistance in some species reflects the past glaciation. The wide distribution and high heterogeneity of AFPs point to the assumption that these peptides are results of cold shock stress responses.

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Comment
1	Area/locality	Area		see references
2	Family	Family		see references
3	Species	Species		see references
4	Type	Type		see references	AF-Typ
5	Percentage	Perc	%	see references	FRG
6	Thermal hysteresis	TH	°C	see references
7	Thermal hysteresis	TH	°C	see references	Serum
8	Area/locality	Area		see references	Fangregion
9	Temperature, water, minimum	Temp min	°C	see references	# means "about"
10	Temperature, water, maximum	Temp max	°C	see references
11	Occurrence	Occur		see references	Verbreitung
12	Mode of life	Living		see references	Lebensweise
13	Reference/source	Reference		see references

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)

Size:

761 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Area	2 Family	3 Species	4 Type (AF-Typ)	5 Perc [%] (FRG)	6 TH [°C]	7 TH [°C] (Serum)	8 Area (Fangregion)	9 Temp min [°C] (# means "about")	10 Temp max [°C]	11 Occur (Verbreitung)	12 Living (Lebensweise)	13 Reference
Antarktis	Nototheniidae	Gobionotothen gibberifrons	AFGP	0.0270			Elephant Island	-1.0	1.0	5-750	benthisch	vorliegende Arbeit
Antarktis	Nototheniidae	Notothenia coriiceps	AFGP				Balleny Islands	-1.0	1.0	0-550	benthisch	DOBBS et al. 1974, DOBBS & DEVRIES 1975, FRANKS & MORRIS 1978, EASTMAN 1990
Antarktis	Nototheniidae	N. angustata				0.00	Neuseeland	>5.0			benthisch	DOBBS et al. 1974, DOBBS & DEVRIES 1975, EASTMAN 1990
Antarktis	Nototheniidae	Lepidonotothen kempi	AFGP	0.0636	0.52		Lasarewmeer	-1.2		100-900	benthisch	vorliegende Arbeit
Antarktis	Nototheniidae	L. larseni	AFGP			0.40	Balleny Islands	-1.0	1.0	30-550	benthisch	DOBBS et al. 1974, DOBBS & DEVRIES 1975, EASTMAN 1990, DEVRIES & LIN 1977
Antarktis	Nototheniidae	Aethotaxis mitopteryx	AFGP	0.0356	0.89	1.31	Lasarewmeer	-1.9		100-850	pelagisch	vorliegende Arbeit
Antarktis	Nototheniidae	Pleuragramma antarcticum	AFGP	0.0267	1.20	0.97	Weddellmeer	-1.9		0-900	pelagisch	vorliegende Arbeit
Antarktis	Nototheniidae	P. antarcticum	PAGP	0.0143	0.12							vorliegende Arbeit
Antarktis	Nototheniidae	Dissostichus mawsoni	AFGP	0.1053	1.10	1.15	Weddellmeer	-1.9		80-1600	pelagisch	vorliegende Arbeit, DOBBS et al. 1974, DOBBS & DEVRIES 1975, EASTMAN & DEVRIES 1986, DEVRIES et al. 1970
Antarktis	Nototheniidae	D. eleginoides				0.00	Chile	>5.0		70-1500	pelagisch	DOBBS et al. 1974, DOBBS & DEVRIES 1975, EASTMAN 1990
Antarktis	Nototheniidae	Pagothenia borchgrevinki	AFGP			1.23	McMurdo	-1.9		0-30	cryopelag.	DOBBS et al. 1974, DOBBS & DEVRIES 1975, DEVRIES et al. 1970, DEVRIES & LIN 1977
Antarktis	Nototheniidae	Trematomus bernacchii	AFGP	0.1021	1.01	1.12	Weddellmeer	-1.9		100-700	benthisch	vorliegende Arbeit, DOBBS & DEVRIES 1975, HASCHEMEYER & JANNASCH 1983, DEVRIES & LIN 1977
Antarktis	Nototheniidae	T. hansoni	AFGP			0.95	McMurdo	-1.9		5-550	benthisch	DOBBS et al. 1974, DOBBS & DEVRIES 1975, EASTMAN & DEVRIES 1986, SCHNEPPENHEIM & THEEDE 1982, RAHMANN et al. 1984
Antarktis	Nototheniidae	T. eulepidotus	AFGP	0.1989	1.02	1.02	Weddellmeer	-1.8		70-550	benthopel.	vorliegende Arbeit
Antarktis	Nototheniidae	T. lepidorhinus	AFGP	0.1351	0.97	0.97	Weddellmeer	-1.9		200-900	benthopel.	vorliegende Arbeit
Antarktis	Nototheniidae	T. loennbergii	AFGP	0.1204	0.95	0.95	Weddellmeer	-1.9		60-830	benthopel.	vorliegende Arbeit
Antarktis	Nototheniidae	T. newnesi	AFGP				McMurdo	-1.9		0-400	benthisch	DOBBS et al. 1974, DOBBS & DEVRIES 1975, HASCHEMEYER & JANNASCH 1983, EASTMAN 1990
Antarktis	Nototheniidae	T. nicolai	AFGP				McMurdo	-1.9		0-420	benthisch	DOBBS et al. 1974, DOBBS & DEVRIES 1975, EASTMAN 1990
Antarktis	Nototheniidae	T. pennellii	AFGP	0.3337	1.06	1.26	Weddellmeer	-1.9		0-730	benthisch	vorliegende Arbeit
Antarktis	Artedidraconidae	Artedidraco orianae	AFGP				Ross Meer	-1.9		80-800	benthisch	HASCHEMEYER & JANNASCH 1983
Antarktis	Artedidraconidae	A. loennbergi	AFGP	0.0977	0.85		Weddellmeer	-1.9		230-600	benthisch	vorliegende Arbeit
Antarktis	Artedidraconidae	Histiodraco velifer	AFGP				Ross Meer	-1.9		200-680	benthisch	HASCHEMEYER & JANNASCH 1983
Antarktis	Artedidraconidae	Dolloidraco longedorsalis	AFGP	0.0879	0.81		Weddellmeer	-1.9		200-2250	benthisch	vorliegende Arbeit
Antarktis	Artedidraconidae	P. marmorata	AFGP	0.1595	0.87		Weddellmeer	-1.9		140-1400	benthisch	vorliegende Arbeit
Antarktis	Artedidraconidae	P. scotti	AFGP	0.1627	0.89		Weddellmeer	-1.9		110-1200	benthisch	vorliegende Arbeit
Antarktis	Artedidraconidae	P. dolichobranchiata	AFGP				Ross Meer	-1.9		200-550	benthisch	HASCHEMEYER & JANNASCH 1983
Antarktis	Bathydraconidae	Bathydraco marri	AFGP	0.0279	0.85		Weddellmeer	-1.9		300-1250	benthisch	vorliegende Arbeit
Antarktis	Bathydraconidae	B. marri	AF II	0.0651	0.84							vorliegende Arbeit
Antarktis	Bathydraconidae	Gymnodraco acuticeps	AFGP	0.1973	0.90		McMurdo	-1.9		0-550	benthisch	vorliegende Arbeit, DOBBS et al. 1974, DOBBS & DEVRIES 1975, EASTMAN & DEVRIES 1986, DEVRIES & LIN 1977
Antarktis	Bathydraconidae	Gerlachea australis	AFGP	0.1643	0.84	0.91	Weddellmeer	-1.9		200-670	benthisch	vorliegende Arbeit
Antarktis	Bathydraconidae	Racovitzia glacialis	AFGP	0.1147	0.84	0.92	Weddellmeer	-1.9		220-610	benthisch	vorliegende Arbeit, RAHMANN et al. 1984
Antarktis	Bathydraconidae	Prionodraco evansii	AFGP			0.74	Weddellmeer	-1.9		70-550	benthisch	RAHMANN et al. 1984
Antarktis	Channichthyidae	Chaenodraco wilsoni	AFGP	0.2835	0.57	0.80	Weddellmeer	-1.9		200-800	benthopel.	vorliegende Arbeit, RAHMANN et al. 1984
Antarktis	Channichthyidae	Chaenocephalus aceratus	AFGP			0.56	Subantarktis	-1.0	1.0	5-770	benthopel.	SCHNEPPENHEIM & THEEDE 1982, DEVRIES & SOMERO 1970
Antarktis	Channichthyidae	Chionodraco myersi	AFGP	0.1544	0.89		Weddellmeer	-1.9		200-800	benthopel.	vorliegende Arbeit
Antarktis	Channichthyidae	C. hamatus	AFGP	0.2576	0.80		Weddellmeer	-1.9		0-600	benthopel.	vorliegende Arbeit, SCHNEPPENHEIM & THEEDE 1982, HASCHEMEYER & JANNASCH 1983
Antarktis	Channichthyidae	C. rastrospinosus	AFGP			0.80	Subantarktis	-1.0	1.0	0-1000	benthopel.	HASCHEMEYER & JANNASCH 1983, RAHMANN et al. 1984
Antarktis	Channichthyidae	Cryodraco antarcticus	AFGP	0.0920	0.65		Weddellmeer	-1.9		200-800	benthopel.	vorliegende Arbeit
Antarktis	Channichthyidae	Dacodraco hunteri	AFGP	0.0809	1.00		Lazarewmeer	-1.9		300-800	pelagisch	vorliegende Arbeit
Antarktis	Channichthyidae	Neopagetopsis ionah	AFGP	0.0621	0.52		Weddellmeer	-1.9		20-900	benthopel.	vorliegende Arbeit
Antarktis	Channichthyidae	Pagetopsis maculatus	AFGP	0.1796	0.94		Weddellmeer	-1.9		200-800	benthisch	vorliegende Arbeit
Antarktis	Channichthyidae	P. macropterus	AFGP	0.2498	0.97		Weddellmeer	-1.9		0-650	benthisch	vorliegende Arbeit
Antarktis	Muraenolepididae	Muraenolepis marmoratus	(AFGP)	0.0076	0.56		Lazarevmeer	#0.5		20-1600	benthisch	vorliegende Arbeit
Antarktis	Zoarcidae	Lycodichthys dearborni	AFP III			0.78	McMurdo	#0.5		550-590	benthisch	SCHRAG et al. 1987, DEVRIES & SOMERO 1970, DEVRIES & LIN 1977
Antarktis	Zoarcidae	Pachycara brachycephulum	AFP III			0.42	McMurdo	#0.5		200-1800	benthisch	CHENG & DEVRIES 1989
Antarktis	Zoarcidae	Lycenchelys hureaui	AFP	0.0041	#0.10		Lazarevmeer	#0.5		560-940	benthisch	vorliegende Arbeit
Antarktis	Liparididae	Paraliparis somovi	AFP	0.0103	0.54		Lazarevmeer	#0.5		400-850	pelagisch	vorliegende Arbeit
Antarktis	Liparididae	P. devriesi				0.08	McMurdo	#0.5		500-700	pelagisch	DEVRIES & LIN 1977
Antarktis	Myctophidae	Gymnoscopelus opisthopterus	AFP	0.0070	#0.10		Lazarevmeer	#0.5		>500	pelagisch	vorliegende Arbeit
Antarktis	Macrouridae	Macrourus holotrachys	(AFGP)	0.0031	#0.10		Lazarevmeer	#0.5		150-1100	benthopel.	vorliegende Arbeit
Antarktis	Rajidae	Bathyraja maccaini		<0.0010			Lazarevmeer	-1.0	1.0	#500	benthisch	vorliegende Arbeit
Arktis/nord-boreal	Gadidae	Arctogadus glacialis	AFGP	0.2856	0.63		N/O-Groenland	-1.0	1.0	90-490	benthopel.	vorliegende Arbeit
Arktis/nord-boreal	Gadidae	Boreogadus saida	AFGP			0.67	Barentsee	-1.9	2.0	0-100	cryopelag.	OSUGA & FEENEY 1978, MORRIS et al. 1978
Arktis/nord-boreal	Gadidae	Gadus ogac	AFGP			1.18	Labrador	-1.9	4.0	20-150	benthopel.	VANVOORHIES et al. 1978
Arktis/nord-boreal	Gadidae	G. morhua	AFGP				Neufundland	0.0	6.0	30-200	benthopel.	HEW et al. 1981, FLETCHER et al. 1987
Arktis/nord-boreal	Gadidae	Microgadus tomcod	AFGP			0.54	New Brunswick				benthopel.	FLETCHER et al. 1982b
Arktis/nord-boreal	Gadidae	Eleginus gracilis	AFGP			0.57	Alaska	-1.9	2.0	0-100	benthopel.	RAYMOND et al. 1975, BURCHAM et al. 1986
Arktis/nord-boreal	Pleuronectidae	Pleuronectes platessa	AFP			0.78	Nordsee	0.0	12.0	0-200	benthisch	RAHMANN et al. 1984
Arktis/nord-boreal	Pleuronectidae	PI. quadrituberculatus	AFP I				Neufundland	0.0	12.0	0-200	benthisch	DEVRIES 1980, HEW et al. 1986b, SCOTT et al. 1986, DAVIES et al. 1982, PICKETT et al. 1984
Arktis/nord-boreal	Pleuronectidae	Pseudopl. americanus	AFP I			0.50	Neufundland	0.0	12.0	0-200	benthisch	DUMAN & DEVRIES 1976, HEW & YIP 1976, HEW et al. 1986a
Arktis/nord-boreal	Pleuronectidae	Limanda ferruginea	AFP I				Labrador			20-180	benthisch	SCOTT et al. 1987, HEW et al. 1986b, SCOTT et al. 1986, DAVIES et al. 1982, PICKETT et al. 1984
Arktis/nord-boreal	Cottidae	Icelus bicornis	AFP	0.0146		0.00	N/O-Groenland	-1.0	1.0	10-560	benthisch	vorliegende Arbeit
Arktis/nord-boreal	Cottidae	Triglops nybelini	AFP	0.0137		0.00	N/O-Groenland	-1.0	1.0	50-300	benthisch	vorliegende Arbeit
Arktis/nord-boreal	Cottidae	Myoxocephalus scorpius	AFP I			0.60	Labrador	0.0	12.0	0-60	benthisch	HEW et al. 1980, HEW et al. 1985, HEW & FLETCHER 1985
Arktis/nord-boreal	Cottidae	M. aenaeus	AFP I				Neufundland	0.0	12.0	15-20	benthisch	HEW et al. 1987, CHAKRABARTTY et al. 1988
Arktis/nord-boreal	Cottidae	M. scorpiodes	AFP I				Neufundland	0.0	12.0	0-30	benthisch	FLETCHER et al. 1982a, HEW et al. 1986b, SCOTT et al. 1986, DAVIES et al. 1982, PICKETT et al. 1984
Arktis/nord-boreal	Cottidae	Hemitripterus americanus	AFP Il			0.53	Neufundland	0.0	12.0	0-50	benthisch	SLAUGHTER et al. 1981, NG et al. 1986
Arktis/nord-boreal	Zoarcidae	Lycodes polaris	AFP III				Labrador	-1.0	1.0	100-300	benthisch	SCHRAG et al. 1987, DEVRIES 1980, LI et al. 1985
Arktis/nord-boreal	Zoarcidae	Macrozoarces americanus	AFP III			0.92	Neufundland	0.0	12.0		benthisch	ANANTHANARAYANAN et al. 1986, HEW et al. 1984, LI et al. 1985
Arktis/nord-boreal	Liparididae	Liparis fabricii	AFP	0.0106	<0.10		N/O-Groenland	-1.0	1.0	200	benthopel.	vorliegende Arbeit
Arktis/nord-boreal	Clupeidae	Clupea harengus harengus	AFP				Nord-Atlantik	0.0	12.0	0-200	pelagisch	EWART & FLETCHER 1990
Arktis/nord-boreal	Osmeridae	Osmerus mordax	AFP				Nord-Atlantik	0.0	12.0	0-150	pelagisch	EWART & FLETCHER 1990