/* DATA DESCRIPTION: Citation: Connell, Sean D; Russell, Bayden D (2010): Seawater carbonate chemistry and coverage and dry weight of Ecklonia radiata during experiments, 2010. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.758189, Supplement to: Connell, SD; Russell, BD (2010): The direct effects of increasing CO2 and temperature on non-calcifying organisms: increasing the potential for phase shifts in kelp forests. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 277(1686), 1409-1415, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.2069 Abstract: Predictions about the ecological consequences of oceanic uptake of CO2 have been preoccupied with the effects of ocean acidification on calcifying organisms, particularly those critical to the formation of habitats (e.g. coral reefs) or their maintenance (e.g. grazing echinoderms). This focus overlooks the direct effects of CO2 on non-calcareous taxa, particularly those that play critical roles in ecosystem shifts. We used two experiments to investigate whether increased CO2 could exacerbate kelp loss by facilitating non-calcareous algae that, we hypothesized, (i) inhibit the recovery of kelp forests on an urbanized coast, and (ii) form more extensive covers and greater biomass under moderate future CO2 and associated temperature increases. Our experimental removal of turfs from a phase-shifted system (i.e. kelp- to turf-dominated) revealed that the number of kelp recruits increased, thereby indicating that turfs can inhibit kelp recruitment. Future CO2 and temperature interacted synergistically to have a positive effect on the abundance of algal turfs, whereby they had twice the biomass and occupied over four times more available space than under current conditions. We suggest that the current preoccupation with the negative effects of ocean acidification on marine calcifiers overlooks potentially profound effects of increasing CO2 and temperature on non-calcifying organisms. Keyword(s): Benthos; Coast and continental shelf; Community composition and diversity; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or < 1 m**2); Entire community; Indian Ocean; Laboratory experiment; Primary production/Photosynthesis; Rocky-shore community; Temperate; Temperature Project(s): European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis (EUR-OCEANS) (URI: https://eur-oceans.eu/) European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA) (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Project_on_Ocean_Acidification) Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC) (URI: https://www.iaea.org/services/oa-icc/science-and-collaboration/data-access-and-management) Funding: Seventh Framework Programme (FP7), grant/award no. 211384: European Project on Ocean Acidification (URI: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/211384) Sixth Framework Programme (FP6), grant/award no. 511106: European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis (URI: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/511106) Comment: In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Lavigne and Gattuso, 2011) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). Parameter(s): Experimental treatment (Exp treat) * PI: Connell, Sean D (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5350-6852, sean.connell@adelaide.edu.au) * METHOD/DEVICE: Measured Salinity (Sal) * PI: Connell, Sean D (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5350-6852, sean.connell@adelaide.edu.au) * METHOD/DEVICE: Measured Temperature, water [°C] (Temp) * PI: Connell, Sean D (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5350-6852, sean.connell@adelaide.edu.au) * METHOD/DEVICE: Measured Alkalinity, total [µmol/kg] (AT) * PI: Connell, Sean D (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5350-6852, sean.connell@adelaide.edu.au) * METHOD/DEVICE: Measured Carbon, inorganic, dissolved [µmol/kg] (DIC) * PI: Connell, Sean D (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5350-6852, sean.connell@adelaide.edu.au) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using CO2SYS (URI: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/co2rprt.html) pH (pH) * PI: Connell, Sean D (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5350-6852, sean.connell@adelaide.edu.au) * COMMENT: NBS scale Ecklonia radiata, cover [%] (E. radiata cov) * PI: Connell, Sean D (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5350-6852, sean.connell@adelaide.edu.au) * METHOD/DEVICE: Measured Ecklonia radiata, cover, standard error [±] (E. radiata cov std e) * PI: Connell, Sean D (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5350-6852, sean.connell@adelaide.edu.au) Ecklonia radiata, dry mass [mg] (E. radiata dm) * PI: Connell, Sean D (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5350-6852, sean.connell@adelaide.edu.au) * METHOD/DEVICE: Measured Ecklonia radiata, dry mass, standard error [±] (E. radiata w std e) * PI: Connell, Sean D (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5350-6852, sean.connell@adelaide.edu.au) Effective quantum yield (Y) * PI: Connell, Sean D (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5350-6852, sean.connell@adelaide.edu.au) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated Effective quantum yield, standard error [±] (Y std e) * PI: Connell, Sean D (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5350-6852, sean.connell@adelaide.edu.au) Carbonate system computation flag (CSC flag) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) pH (pH) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) * COMMENT: Total scale Carbon dioxide [µmol/kg] (CO2) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air) [µatm] (pCO2water_SST_wet) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air) [µatm] (fCO2water_SST_wet) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Bicarbonate ion [µmol/kg] ([HCO3]-) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Carbonate ion [µmol/kg] ([CO3]2-) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Aragonite saturation state (Omega Arg) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Calcite saturation state (Omega Cal) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0) (URI: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) Status: Curation Level: Enhanced curation (URI: https://wiki.pangaea.de/wiki/Curation_levels) Size: 84 data points */ Exp treat (Measured) Sal (Measured) Temp [°C] (Measured) AT [µmol/kg] (Measured) DIC [µmol/kg] (Calculated using CO2SYS) pH (NBS scale) E. radiata cov [%] (Measured) E. radiata cov std e [±] E. radiata dm [mg] (Measured) E. radiata w std e [±] Y (Calculated) Y std e [±] CSC flag (Calculated using seacarb afte...) pH (Total scale, Calculated using...) CO2 [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) Omega Arg (Calculated using seacarb afte...) Omega Cal (Calculated using seacarb afte...) Contol CO2 ambient T 37 17 2696 2375 8.11 20.0 0.0 2.95 0.43 0.653 0.008 26 8.12 13.19 379.18 377.86 2126.17 235.54 3.58 5.54 Control CO2 elevate T 37 20 2910 2538 8.11 66.0 3.7 8.11 1.13 0.632 0.011 26 8.12 13.04 408.08 406.71 2245.94 278.82 4.28 6.56 Low CO2 ambient T 37 17 2764 2544 7.93 19.0 1.0 8.72 0.88 0.688 0.009 26 7.94 22.07 634.31 632.11 2349.85 171.99 2.61 4.04 Low CO2 elevated T 37 20 3066 2802 7.93 90.5 3.4 15.09 0.98 0.651 0.016 26 7.94 22.58 706.65 704.28 2568.79 210.63 3.23 4.96