Citation:

j.1365-2486.2000.00315.x

Name: Seawater carbonate chemistry and calcification during experiments with coral communities, 2000
Published: 2000
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Keywords: Benthos; Calcification/Dissolution; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or < 1 m**2); Entire community; Laboratory experiment; Not applicable; Rocky-shore community

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Abstract:

Previous studies have demonstrated that coral and algal calcification is tightly regulated by the calcium carbonate saturation state of seawater. This parameter is likely to decrease in response to the increase of dissolved CO2 resulting from the global increase of the partial pressure of atmospheric CO2. We have investigated the response of a coral reef community dominated by scleractinian corals, but also including other calcifying organisms such as calcareous algae, crustaceans, gastropods and echinoderms, and kept in an open-top mesocosm. Seawater pCO2 was modified by manipulating the pCO2 of air used to bubble the mesocosm. The aragonite saturation state (omega arag) of the seawater in the mesocosm varied between 1.3 and 5.4. Community calcification decreased as a function of increasing pCO2 and decreasing omega arag. This result is in agreement with previous data collected on scleractinian corals, coralline algae and in a reef mesocosm, even though some of these studies did not manipulate CO2 directly. Our data suggest that the rate of calcification during the last glacial maximum might have been 114% of the preindustrial rate. Moreover, using the average emission scenario (IS92a) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, we predict that the calcification rate of scleractinian-dominated communities may decrease by 21% between the pre-industrial period (year 1880) and the time at which pCO2 will double (year 2065).

Keyword(s):

Benthos; Calcification/Dissolution; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or < 1 m**2); Entire community; Laboratory experiment; Not applicable; Rocky-shore community

Project(s):

European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis (EUR-OCEANS)

European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA)

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)

Funding:

Seventh Framework Programme (FP7), grant/award no. 211384 : European Project on Ocean Acidification

Sixth Framework Programme (FP6), grant/award no. 511106 : European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis

Comment:

Caution! Values are not truly measured! In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Lavigne and Gattuso, 2011) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI).

Note that CO3 data was calculated from omega aragonite, solubility product of aragonite (Karag) and Ca concentration following: CO3=omega*Karag/Ca. Where the Karag=7.16*10**-7.

Omega aragonite and calcification rate were digitized from scanned figure 1 using software GraphClick (http://www.arizona-software.ch).

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Experimental treatment	Exp treat		Gattuso, Jean-Pierre
2	Salinity	Sal		Gattuso, Jean-Pierre
3	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Gattuso, Jean-Pierre
4	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Gattuso, Jean-Pierre
5	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Gattuso, Jean-Pierre	extracted from figure using GraphClick
6	Calcification rate of calcium carbonate	Calc rate CaCO3	mmol/m²/h	Gattuso, Jean-Pierre	extracted from figure using GraphClick
7	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
8	Carbonate system computation flag	CSC flag		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
9	pH	pH		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	Total scale
10	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
11	Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	fCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
12	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
13	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
14	Alkalinity, total	AT	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
15	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
16	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)

Status:

Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)

Size:

1360 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Exp treat	2 Sal	3 Temp [°C]	4 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm]	5 Omega Arg (extracted from figure using G...)	6 Calc rate CaCO3 [mmol/m²/h] (extracted from figure using G...)	7 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	8 CSC flag (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	9 pH (Total scale, Calculated using...)	10 CO2 [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	11 fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	12 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	13 DIC [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	14 AT [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	15 Omega Arg (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	16 Omega Cal (Calculated using seacarb afte...)
High pCO2, light	38	26	700	?1.58	?4.92	?112.98	26	7.76	19.03	697.82	1629.62	1761.6	1920.5	1.76	2.65
High pCO2, light	38	26	700	?1.84	?5.10	?131.82	26	7.80	19.03	697.82	1760.26	1911.1	2093.3	2.05	3.10
High pCO2, light	38	26	700	?1.95	?7.56	?139.62	26	7.81	19.03	697.82	1811.59	1970.2	2161.9	2.18	3.28
High pCO2, light	38	26	700	?2.18	?8.34	?156.37	26	7.83	19.03	697.82	1917.18	2092.6	2304.6	2.44	3.67
High pCO2, light	38	26	700	?2.26	?7.80	?162.10	26	7.84	19.03	697.82	1951.99	2133.1	2352.0	2.53	3.81
High pCO2, light	38	26	700	?2.40	?6.84	?171.98	26	7.85	19.03	697.82	2010.59	2201.6	2432.3	2.68	4.04
High pCO2, light	38	26	700	?2.41	?6.18	?172.77	26	7.85	19.03	697.82	2015.20	2207.0	2438.7	2.69	4.06
High pCO2, light	38	26	700	?2.65	?6.36	?189.60	26	7.87	19.03	697.82	2111.08	2319.7	2571.3	2.95	4.45
High pCO2, light	38	26	700	?2.58	?7.38	?185.09	26	7.87	19.03	697.82	2085.82	2289.9	2536.2	2.88	4.35
High pCO2, light	38	26	700	?2.54	?8.58	?182.22	26	7.87	19.03	697.82	2069.58	2270.8	2513.7	2.84	4.28
High pCO2, light	38	26	700	?2.61	?8.82	?187.09	26	7.87	19.03	697.82	2097.06	2303.2	2551.8	2.91	4.39
High pCO2, light	38	26	700	?2.74	?7.68	?196.11	26	7.88	19.03	697.82	2147.01	2362.2	2621.4	3.06	4.60
High pCO2, light	38	26	700	?2.94	?7.20	?210.86	26	7.90	19.03	697.82	2226.29	2456.2	2732.8	3.29	4.95
High pCO2, light	38	26	700	?3.05	?6.00	?218.24	26	7.91	19.03	697.82	2264.92	2502.2	2787.4	3.40	5.12
High pCO2, light	38	26	700	?3.43	?6.84	?245.66	26	7.93	19.03	697.82	2402.99	2667.7	2984.6	3.83	5.77
High pCO2, light	38	26	700	?3.36	?10.74	?240.79	26	7.93	19.03	697.82	2379.05	2638.9	2950.2	3.75	5.65
High pCO2, light	38	26	700	?3.77	?11.46	?270.29	26	7.95	19.03	697.82	2520.58	2809.9	3155.1	4.21	6.35
High pCO2, light	38	26	700	?3.98	?11.82	?285.04	26	7.96	19.03	697.82	2588.44	2892.5	3254.5	4.44	6.69
Normal pCO2, light	38	26	380	?1.90	?6.96	?135.90	26	7.93	10.33	378.82	1316.85	1463.1	1679.7	2.12	3.19
Normal pCO2, light	38	26	380	?2.57	?6.60	?184.23	26	8.00	10.33	378.82	1533.23	1727.8	2004.7	2.87	4.33
Normal pCO2, light	38	26	380	?2.77	?6.96	?198.19	26	8.02	10.33	378.82	1590.26	1798.8	2092.7	3.09	4.65
Normal pCO2, light	38	26	380	?2.75	?9.24	?196.54	26	8.01	10.33	378.82	1583.63	1790.5	2082.4	3.06	4.62
Normal pCO2, light	38	26	380	?2.84	?8.52	?203.06	26	8.02	10.33	378.82	1609.68	1823.1	2122.9	3.16	4.77
Normal pCO2, light	38	26	380	?2.89	?9.54	?207.21	26	8.03	10.33	378.82	1626.05	1843.6	2148.4	3.23	4.87
Normal pCO2, light	38	26	380	?2.94	?9.54	?210.86	26	8.03	10.33	378.82	1640.31	1861.5	2170.7	3.29	4.95
Normal pCO2, light	38	26	380	?3.29	?6.48	?235.85	26	8.05	10.33	378.82	1734.79	1981.0	2320.1	3.67	5.54
Normal pCO2, light	38	26	380	?3.55	?4.44	?253.89	26	8.07	10.33	378.82	1799.91	2064.1	2424.6	3.96	5.96
Normal pCO2, light	38	26	380	?3.41	?7.74	?244.44	26	8.06	10.33	378.82	1766.09	2020.9	2370.1	3.81	5.74
Normal pCO2, light	38	26	380	?3.39	?8.34	?242.44	26	8.06	10.33	378.82	1758.85	2011.6	2358.5	3.78	5.69
Normal pCO2, light	38	26	380	?3.24	?10.08	?231.77	26	8.05	10.33	378.82	1719.71	1961.8	2296.1	3.61	5.44
Normal pCO2, light	38	26	380	?3.39	?9.90	?242.44	26	8.06	10.33	378.82	1758.85	2011.6	2358.5	3.78	5.69
Normal pCO2, light	38	26	380	?3.47	?9.84	?248.17	26	8.07	10.33	378.82	1779.52	2038.0	2391.7	3.87	5.83
Normal pCO2, light	38	26	380	?3.52	?8.82	?251.82	26	8.07	10.33	378.82	1792.56	2054.7	2412.7	3.92	5.91
Normal pCO2, light	38	26	380	?3.49	?8.94	?249.81	26	8.07	10.33	378.82	1785.39	2045.5	2401.2	3.89	5.87
Normal pCO2, light	38	26	380	?3.48	?10.62	?249.38	26	8.07	10.33	378.82	1783.85	2043.6	2398.7	3.89	5.86
Normal pCO2, light	38	26	380	?4.35	?8.46	?311.25	26	8.11	10.33	378.82	1992.89	2314.5	2741.8	4.85	7.31
Low pCO2, light	38	26	2	?3.75	?9.06	?268.64	26	9.22	0.05	1.99	134.32	403.0	1157.4	4.19	6.31
Low pCO2, light	38	26	2	?4.04	?8.52	?289.12	26	9.24	0.05	1.99	139.34	428.5	1210.2	4.50	6.79
Low pCO2, light	38	26	2	?4.29	?7.08	?307.52	26	9.25	0.05	1.99	143.71	451.3	1257.2	4.79	7.22
Low pCO2, light	38	26	2	?4.41	?7.86	?315.76	26	9.26	0.05	1.99	145.62	461.4	1278.1	4.92	7.41
Low pCO2, light	38	26	2	?4.46	?7.14	?319.41	26	9.26	0.05	1.99	146.46	465.9	1287.3	4.98	7.50
Low pCO2, light	38	26	2	?4.35	?11.70	?311.25	26	9.25	0.05	1.99	144.58	455.9	1266.6	4.85	7.31
Low pCO2, light	38	26	2	?4.56	?12.00	?326.35	26	9.26	0.05	1.99	148.04	474.4	1304.8	5.08	7.66
Low pCO2, light	38	26	2	?4.78	?10.02	?342.32	26	9.27	0.05	1.99	151.62	494.0	1344.9	5.33	8.04
Low pCO2, light	38	26	2	?4.71	?8.58	?337.02	26	9.27	0.05	1.99	150.45	487.5	1331.6	5.25	7.91
Low pCO2, light	38	26	2	?4.75	?7.56	?339.89	26	9.27	0.05	1.99	151.08	491.0	1338.8	5.30	7.98
Low pCO2, light	38	26	2	?4.86	?8.04	?348.12	26	9.28	0.05	1.99	152.90	501.1	1359.4	5.42	8.17
Low pCO2, light	38	26	2	?4.93	?8.28	?352.99	26	9.28	0.05	1.99	153.97	507.0	1371.6	5.50	8.29
Low pCO2, light	38	26	2	?5.29	?8.94	?378.41	26	9.30	0.05	1.99	159.42	537.9	1434.7	5.90	8.89
Low pCO2, light	38	26	2	?5.42	?7.62	?388.22	26	9.30	0.05	1.99	161.47	549.7	1458.9	6.05	9.12
High pCO2, dark	38	26	700	?1.31	?-0.78	?94.15	26	7.72	19.03	697.82	1487.63	1600.8	1735.8	1.47	2.21
High pCO2, dark	38	26	700	?1.59	?-0.42	?114.20	26	7.76	19.03	697.82	1638.39	1771.6	1932.0	1.78	2.68
High pCO2, dark	38	26	700	?1.83	?0.24	?131.03	26	7.79	19.03	697.82	1754.97	1905.0	2086.2	2.04	3.08
High pCO2, dark	38	26	700	?1.87	?1.08	?133.89	26	7.80	19.03	697.82	1774.02	1926.9	2111.7	2.09	3.14
High pCO2, dark	38	26	700	?1.85	?2.28	?132.25	26	7.80	19.03	697.82	1763.12	1914.4	2097.1	2.06	3.11
High pCO2, dark	38	26	700	?2.14	?-0.84	?153.51	26	7.83	19.03	697.82	1899.56	2072.1	2280.7	2.39	3.60
High pCO2, dark	38	26	700	?2.56	?0.42	?183.01	26	7.87	19.03	697.82	2074.07	2276.1	2519.9	2.85	4.30
High pCO2, dark	38	26	700	?2.87	?2.58	?205.13	26	7.89	19.03	697.82	2195.83	2420.0	2689.9	3.20	4.82
High pCO2, dark	38	26	700	?2.89	?3.06	?206.78	26	7.89	19.03	697.82	2204.65	2430.4	2702.3	3.22	4.86
High pCO2, dark	38	26	700	?2.94	?3.00	?210.43	26	7.90	19.03	697.82	2224.02	2453.5	2729.6	3.28	4.94
High pCO2, dark	38	26	700	?3.94	?2.82	?281.75	26	7.96	19.03	697.82	2573.46	2874.2	3232.5	4.39	6.62
Normal pCO2, dark	38	26	380	?1.57	?-0.90	?112.56	26	7.89	10.33	378.82	1198.45	1321.3	1507.7	1.75	2.64
Normal pCO2, dark	38	26	380	?1.49	?0.90	?106.83	26	7.88	10.33	378.82	1167.55	1284.7	1463.5	1.66	2.51
Normal pCO2, dark	38	26	380	?2.01	?3.06	?144.13	26	7.95	10.33	378.82	1356.14	1510.6	1737.6	2.25	3.38
Normal pCO2, dark	38	26	380	?2.30	?1.50	?164.97	26	7.98	10.33	378.82	1450.88	1626.2	1879.3	2.57	3.87
Normal pCO2, dark	38	26	380	?2.18	?0.42	?156.37	26	7.97	10.33	378.82	1412.55	1579.2	1821.7	2.44	3.67
Normal pCO2, dark	38	26	380	?2.51	?0.66	?179.72	26	8.00	10.33	378.82	1514.35	1704.4	1975.8	2.80	4.22
Normal pCO2, dark	38	26	380	?2.58	?2.22	?185.09	26	8.00	10.33	378.82	1536.81	1732.2	2010.2	2.88	4.35
Normal pCO2, dark	38	26	380	?2.64	?2.94	?189.17	26	8.01	10.33	378.82	1553.65	1753.2	2036.1	2.95	4.44
Normal pCO2, dark	38	26	380	?2.79	?1.98	?199.84	26	8.02	10.33	378.82	1596.87	1807.0	2102.9	3.11	4.69
Normal pCO2, dark	38	26	380	?3.00	?2.28	?214.59	26	8.03	10.33	378.82	1654.75	1879.7	2193.4	3.34	5.04
Normal pCO2, dark	38	26	380	?3.55	?2.22	?254.25	26	8.07	10.33	378.82	1801.18	2065.8	2426.6	3.96	5.97
Low pCO2, dark	38	26	2	?1.78	?-1.68	?127.73	26	9.06	0.05	1.99	92.62	220.4	769.8	1.99	3.00
Low pCO2, dark	38	26	2	?2.23	?-0.24	?159.67	26	9.11	0.05	1.99	103.55	263.3	863.1	2.49	3.75
Low pCO2, dark	38	26	2	?2.32	?0.12	?166.26	26	9.12	0.05	1.99	105.67	272.0	881.8	2.59	3.90
Low pCO2, dark	38	26	2	?2.81	?0.18	?201.48	26	9.16	0.05	1.99	116.32	317.9	979.4	3.14	4.73
Low pCO2, dark	38	26	2	?3.41	?1.32	?244.01	26	9.20	0.05	1.99	128.01	372.1	1093.1	3.80	5.73
Low pCO2, dark	38	26	2	?3.95	?1.32	?282.53	26	9.23	0.05	1.99	137.75	420.3	1193.3	4.40	6.63
Low pCO2, dark	38	26	2	?3.99	?2.70	?285.83	26	9.24	0.05	1.99	138.55	424.4	1201.8	4.45	6.71
Low pCO2, dark	38	26	2	?4.03	?2.58	?288.26	26	9.24	0.05	1.99	139.14	427.4	1208.0	4.49	6.77
Low pCO2, dark	38	26	2	?4.32	?2.22	?309.17	26	9.25	0.05	1.99	144.10	453.3	1261.3	4.82	7.26
Low pCO2, dark	38	26	2	?4.35	?2.70	?311.60	26	9.25	0.05	1.99	144.66	456.3	1267.5	4.85	7.32
Low pCO2, dark	38	26	2	?4.71	?2.88	?337.45	26	9.27	0.05	1.99	150.54	488.1	1332.7	5.26	7.92
Low pCO2, dark	38	26	2	?4.76	?3.90	?341.10	26	9.27	0.05	1.99	151.35	492.5	1341.9	5.31	8.01
Low pCO2, dark	38	26	2	?5.22	?6.54	?373.90	26	9.29	0.05	1.99	158.46	532.4	1423.5	5.83	8.78