/* DATA DESCRIPTION: Citation: García-Herrera, Ricardo; Können, Gunther P; Wheeler, Dennis A; Prieto, Maria del Rosario; Jones, Philip D; Koek, Frits B (2010): Meteorological observations during VENUS cruise from Paramaribo to Curaçao started at 1850-09-17. Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut, De Bilt, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.752695, In: Jones, Philip D; Wheeler, Dennis A; Können, Gunther P; Koek, Frits B; Prieto, Maria del Rosario; García-Herrera, Ricardo (2007): Climatological observations from ship logbooks between 1750 and 1854 (release 2.1). PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.611088 Related to: García-Herrera, Ricardo; Können, Gunther P; Wheeler, Dennis A; Prieto, Maria del Rosario; Jones, Philip D; Koek, Frits B (2005): CLIWOC: A Climatological Database for the World's Oceans 1750–1854 (and 10 more publications about CLIWOC results in the same volume). Climatic Change, 73(1-2), 1-12ff, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-6952-6 Project(s): Climatological Database for the Worlds Oceans: 1750-1854 (CLIWOC) (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLIWOC) Funding: Fifth Framework Programme (FP5), grant/award no. EVK2-CT-2000-00090: Climatological Database for the Worlds Oceans: 1750-1854 (URI: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/EVK2-CT-2000-00090) Coverage: MEDIAN LATITUDE: 10.695556 * MEDIAN LONGITUDE: -61.490000 * SOUTH-BOUND LATITUDE: 6.320000 * WEST-BOUND LONGITUDE: -68.500000 * NORTH-BOUND LATITUDE: 11.920000 * EAST-BOUND LONGITUDE: -55.330000 DATE/TIME START: 1850-09-17T16:00:00 * DATE/TIME END: 1850-09-25T17:00:00 Event(s): Venus_18500917_X_REIS_8_PI-17-25 * LATITUDE START: 5.950000 * LONGITUDE START: -55.190000 * LATITUDE END: 12.370000 * LONGITUDE END: -68.570000 * DATE/TIME START: 1850-09-17T00:00:00 * DATE/TIME END: 1850-09-25T00:00:00 * CAMPAIGN: Cliwoc_cruise * METHOD/DEVICE: Underway cruise track measurements (CT) * COMMENT: Ship: Venus (Brik), Voyage: Paramaribo - Curacao, 1st Observer: J.L. Van Hasselt (Kltz), Company: MAR Parameter(s): DATE/TIME (Date/Time) * GEOCODE LATITUDE (Latitude) * GEOCODE LONGITUDE (Longitude) * GEOCODE Wind direction [deg] (dd) * COMMENT: Wind direction (from which the wind is blowing) in whole degrees from: 1-360; 361 = calm, 362 = variable. It is not clear from many logbook entries whether the wind direction has been corrected for the magnetic variation (or declination). To avoid any misunderstanding, all winds from reports that included a valid position in the period 1750-1854 were corrected. All other wind directions are given without being corrected. Wind speed [m/s] (ff) * COMMENT: calculated from the descriptive terms of wind force given in the observations Pressure, atmospheric [hPa] (PPPP) * COMMENT: No temperature correction was applied. The following factors have been used for the conversion to hPa: 2.54 cm in an inch; 13.596 specific gravity of mercury; 980.65 cm/s gravity at 45° latitude Temperature, air [°C] (TTT) Landmark (Landmark) * COMMENT: Name of first landmark Bearing (Bearing) * COMMENT: Bearing of the first landmark Distance to landmark [arbitrary units] (Distance) * COMMENT: Distance to the first landmark Landmark (Landmark) * COMMENT: Name of second landmark Bearing (Bearing) * COMMENT: Bearing of the second landmark Landmark (Landmark) * COMMENT: Name of third landmark Bearing (Bearing) * COMMENT: Bearing of the third landmark Distance to landmark [arbitrary units] (Distance) * COMMENT: Distance to the third landmark - (-) * COMMENT: 1 If position is considered to be coastal (in port or near coastal disturbances) Comment (Comment) * COMMENT: Other remarks, that were not possible to put in the other remark fields Declination [deg] (Decl) * COMMENT: It is generally accepted by the CLIWOC team that the wind directions, reported by the ships officers, were relative to the magnetic North direction. Navigators were well aware of the difference between the true and magnetic north direction, but the compasses (we assumed that the bearing-compasses were mostly used for determining the wind direction) were not always adjusted. Therefore the wind direction has to be corrected. The magnetic declination (or variation, as it is known on board ships) is given for the whole CLIWOC period (1750-1850) for every 5x5 degree square. The number was added to the wind direction to get the true wind direction. Wind scale reference [#] (Wind scale ref) * COMMENT: Name of, or reference to the wind scale that has been used Sensor reading [arbitrary units] (Reading) * COMMENT: Reading of the (outside) air thermometer Sensor reading [arbitrary units] (Reading) * COMMENT: Reading of the air pressure Wind direction description (Wind dir descr) * COMMENT: All reported wind directions on this day. The wind direction is the direction that points to where the wind comes from. Wind force description (Wind force descr) * COMMENT: All reported wind forces on this day Cloud type (Cloud type) Gusts (Gusts) * COMMENT: 1 If wind gusts are reported Precipitation/Rain (Rain) * COMMENT: 1 If rain was reported Fog (Fog) * COMMENT: 1 If fog was reported Snow type (Snow) * COMMENT: 1 If snow was reported Thunder (Thunder) * COMMENT: 1 If thunder and or lightning was reported Hail (Hail) * COMMENT: 1 If hail was reported Sea ice (Sea ice) * COMMENT: 1 If sea-ice or icebergs were reported Identification (ID) * COMMENT: CLIWOC 2.1 line number License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0) (URI: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) Size: 198 data points */ Date/Time Latitude Longitude dd [deg] (Wind direction (from which th...) ff [m/s] (calculated from the descripti...) PPPP [hPa] (No temperature correction was...) TTT [°C] Landmark (Name of first landmark) Bearing (Bearing of the first landmark) Distance [arbitrary units] (Distance to the first landmark) Landmark (Name of second landmark) Bearing (Bearing of the second landmark) Landmark (Name of third landmark) Bearing (Bearing of the third landmark) Distance [arbitrary units] (Distance to the third landmark) - (1 If position is considered t...) Comment (Other remarks, that were not ...) Decl [deg] (It is generally accepted by t...) Wind scale ref [#] (Name of, or reference to the ...) Reading [arbitrary units] (Reading of the (outside) air ...) Reading [arbitrary units] (Reading of the air pressure) Wind dir descr (All reported wind directions ...) Wind force descr (All reported wind forces on t...) Cloud type Gusts (1 If wind gusts are reported) Rain (1 If rain was reported) Fog (1 If fog was reported) Snow (1 If snow was reported) Thunder (1 If thunder and or lightning...) Hail (1 If hail was reported) Sea ice (1 If sea-ice or icebergs were...) ID (CLIWOC 2.1 line number) 1850-09-17T16:00 6.32 -55.33 115 6.7 1020.0 29.4 2 4 85.00 765.00 OZO 4 V00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 266311 1850-09-18T16:00 9.27 -56.77 69 9.3 1021.3 29.4 1 5 85.00 766.00 ONO 5 V00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 266312 1850-09-19T16:00 10.72 -57.98 93 1.0 1021.3 30.0 KLEIN TABAGO WNW 1/2 W 37 3 1 86.00 766.00 O 1 V00, V01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 266313 1850-09-20T16:00 11.38 -59.58 71 1.0 1022.7 30.0 NOORDHOEK TABAGO W 1/4 Z 14 3 1 86.00 767.00 ONO 1 V01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 266314 1850-09-21T16:00 11.65 -61.43 71 1.0 1022.7 29.4 GRANADA, WESTHOEK NW 1/2 N WESTHOEK TABAGO ZO 1/2 O W/Z O TESTIGOS W T/Z W/Z/ W 24 3 1 85.00 767.00 ONO 1 V00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 266315 1850-09-22T16:00 11.73 -62.80 72 1.0 1020.0 29.4 NOORDHOEK EILAND BLANKA W 1/2 N 37 4 1 85.00 765.00 ONO 1 V00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 266316 1850-09-23T16:00 11.65 -64.40 94 1.0 1020.0 30.0 ORCHILLAS W 1/2 W 23 4 1 86.00 765.00 O 1 V00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 266317 1850-09-24T16:00 11.62 -66.62 94 4.6 1018.7 28.9 BONAIRE NNW 2/3 W 26 4 3 84.00 764.00 O 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 266318 1850-09-25T17:00 11.92 -68.50 140 1.0 1018.7 28.9 KL. CURAÇAO, VUURTOREN NWTW 3/4 W DE BRANDARIS/BONAIRE NNO 1 S AVONDS HAVEN CURAÇAO. 5 1 84.00 764.00 ZO 1 V00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 266319