/* DATA DESCRIPTION: Citation: Jury, Christopher P; Whitehead, Robert F; Szmant, A M (2010): Seawater carbonate chemistry and calcification during experiments with a coral Madracis auretenra, 2010. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.729055, Supplement to: Jury, CP et al. (2010): Effects of variations in carbonate chemistry on the calcification rates of Madracis auretenra (= Madracis mirabilis sensu Wells, 1973): bicarbonate concentrations best predict calcification rates. Global Change Biology, 16(5), 1632-1644, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02057.x Abstract: Physiological data and models of coral calcification indicate that corals utilize a combination of seawater bicarbonate and (mainly) respiratory CO2 for calcification, not seawater carbonate. However, a number of investigators are attributing observed negative effects of experimental seawater acidification by CO2 or hydrochloric acid additions to a reduction in seawater carbonate ion concentration and thus aragonite saturation state. Thus, there is a discrepancy between the physiological and geochemical views of coral biomineralization. Furthermore, not all calcifying organisms respond negatively to decreased pH or saturation state. Together, these discrepancies suggest that other physiological mechanisms, such as a direct effect of reduced pH on calcium or bicarbonate ion transport and/or variable ability to regulate internal pH, are responsible for the variability in reported experimental effects of acidification on calcification. To distinguish the effects of pH, carbonate concentration and bicarbonate concentration on coral calcification, incubations were performed with the coral Madracis auretenra (= Madracis mirabilis sensu Wells, 1973) in modified seawater chemistries. Carbonate parameters were manipulated to isolate the effects of each parameter more effectively than in previous studies, with a total of six different chemistries. Among treatment differences were highly significant. The corals responded strongly to variation in bicarbonate concentration, but not consistently to carbonate concentration, aragonite saturation state or pH. Corals calcified at normal or elevated rates under low pH (7.6-7.8) when the seawater bicarbonate concentrations were above 1800 µm. Conversely, corals incubated at normal pH had low calcification rates if the bicarbonate concentration was lowered. These results demonstrate that coral responses to ocean acidification are more diverse than currently thought, and question the reliability of using carbonate concentration or aragonite saturation state as the sole predictor of the effects of ocean acidification on coral calcification. Keyword(s): Animalia; Benthic animals; Benthos; Calcification/Dissolution; Cnidaria; Coast and continental shelf; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or < 1 m**2); Laboratory experiment; Madracis mirabilis; Not applicable; Single species; Tropical Project(s): European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis (EUR-OCEANS) (URI: https://eur-oceans.eu/) European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA) (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Project_on_Ocean_Acidification) Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC) (URI: https://www.iaea.org/services/oa-icc/science-and-collaboration/data-access-and-management) Funding: Seventh Framework Programme (FP7), grant/award no. 211384: European Project on Ocean Acidification (URI: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/211384) Sixth Framework Programme (FP6), grant/award no. 511106: European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis (URI: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/511106) Comment: In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Lavigne and Gattuso, 2011) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). Parameter(s): Date (Date) * PI: Szmant, A M (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6943-6270, szmanta@uncw.edu) Identification (ID) * PI: Szmant, A M (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6943-6270, szmanta@uncw.edu) Experimental treatment (Exp treat) * PI: Szmant, A M (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6943-6270, szmanta@uncw.edu) Carbonate system computation flag (CSC flag) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Salinity (Sal) * PI: Szmant, A M (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6943-6270, szmanta@uncw.edu) Temperature, water [°C] (Temp) * PI: Szmant, A M (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6943-6270, szmanta@uncw.edu) Radiation, photosynthetically active [µmol/m**2/s] (PAR) * PI: Szmant, A M (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6943-6270, szmanta@uncw.edu) pH (pH) * PI: Szmant, A M (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6943-6270, szmanta@uncw.edu) * METHOD/DEVICE: m-cresol purple, Clayton & Byrne 1993 (URI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(93)90048-8) * COMMENT: Total scale Alkalinity, total [µmol/kg] (AT) * PI: Szmant, A M (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6943-6270, szmanta@uncw.edu) * METHOD/DEVICE: Alkalinity, measured accrding to Yao and Byrne (1998) (URI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00018-1) Carbon dioxide [µmol/kg] (CO2) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air) [µatm] (pCO2water_SST_wet) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air) [µatm] (fCO2water_SST_wet) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Bicarbonate ion [µmol/kg] ([HCO3]-) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Carbonate ion [µmol/kg] ([CO3]2-) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Carbon, inorganic, dissolved [µmol/kg] (DIC) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Aragonite saturation state (Omega Arg) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Calcite saturation state (Omega Cal) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Calcification rate of calcium carbonate [µmol/cm**2/h] (Calc rate CaCO3) * PI: Szmant, A M (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6943-6270, szmanta@uncw.edu) * METHOD/DEVICE: Aluminium foil method (Marsh, 1970) (URI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1933661) * COMMENT: Coral 1 Calcification rate of calcium carbonate [µmol/cm**2/h] (Calc rate CaCO3) * PI: Szmant, A M (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6943-6270, szmanta@uncw.edu) * METHOD/DEVICE: Aluminium foil method (Marsh, 1970) (URI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1933661) * COMMENT: Coral 2 Calcification rate of calcium carbonate [µmol/cm**2/h] (Calc rate CaCO3) * PI: Szmant, A M (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6943-6270, szmanta@uncw.edu) * METHOD/DEVICE: Aluminium foil method (Marsh, 1970) (URI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1933661) * COMMENT: Coral 3 Calcification rate of calcium carbonate [µmol/cm**2/h] (Calc rate CaCO3) * PI: Szmant, A M (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6943-6270, szmanta@uncw.edu) * METHOD/DEVICE: Aluminium foil method (Marsh, 1970) (URI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1933661) * COMMENT: Coral 4 Calcification rate of calcium carbonate [µmol/cm**2/h] (Calc rate CaCO3) * PI: Szmant, A M (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6943-6270, szmanta@uncw.edu) * METHOD/DEVICE: Aluminium foil method (Marsh, 1970) (URI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1933661) * COMMENT: Coral 5 Calcification rate of calcium carbonate [µmol/cm**2/h] (Calc rate CaCO3) * PI: Szmant, A M (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6943-6270, szmanta@uncw.edu) * METHOD/DEVICE: Aluminium foil method (Marsh, 1970) (URI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1933661) * COMMENT: Coral 6 License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0) (URI: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) Status: Curation Level: Enhanced curation (URI: https://wiki.pangaea.de/wiki/Curation_levels) Size: 880 data points */ Date ID Exp treat CSC flag (Calculated using seacarb afte...) Sal Temp [°C] PAR [µmol/m**2/s] pH (Total scale, m-cresol purple,...) AT [µmol/kg] (Alkalinity, measured accrding...) CO2 [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) DIC [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) Omega Arg (Calculated using seacarb afte...) Omega Cal (Calculated using seacarb afte...) Calc rate CaCO3 [µmol/cm**2/h] (Coral 1, Aluminium foil metho...) Calc rate CaCO3 [µmol/cm**2/h] (Coral 2, Aluminium foil metho...) Calc rate CaCO3 [µmol/cm**2/h] (Coral 3, Aluminium foil metho...) Calc rate CaCO3 [µmol/cm**2/h] (Coral 4, Aluminium foil metho...) Calc rate CaCO3 [µmol/cm**2/h] (Coral 5, Aluminium foil metho...) Calc rate CaCO3 [µmol/cm**2/h] (Coral 6, Aluminium foil metho...) 2007-05-08 Incubation 1 Control 8 36 28 110 8.08 2432 9.80 374.38 373.24 1785.51 264.94 2060.2 4.23 6.35 0.331 0.399 0.342 2007-08-08 Incubation 1 Low pH, low carb 8 36 28 110 7.81 2451 20.98 801.80 799.37 2053.58 163.64 2238.2 2.62 3.92 0.503 0.541 0.445 2007-10-08 Incubation 1 Low pH, low carb 8 36 28 110 8.05 1486 6.33 242.01 241.27 1077.15 149.16 1232.6 2.38 3.58 0.208 0.272 0.213 2007-11-08 Incubation 1 Control 8 36 28 110 8.05 2439 10.72 409.68 408.44 1823.45 252.51 2086.7 4.04 6.06 0.413 0.476 0.406 2007-08-13 Incubation 1 Control 8 36 28 110 8.04 2453 11.10 424.20 422.91 1845.08 249.69 2105.9 3.99 5.99 0.493 0.469 0.372 2007-08-14 Incubation 1 Low pH, norm carb 8 36 28 110 7.80 4161 37.01 1414.66 1410.37 3540.79 275.73 3853.5 4.41 6.61 0.672 0.545 0.480 2007-08-15 Incubation 1 Control 8 36 28 110 8.06 2450 10.46 399.88 398.67 1821.30 258.09 2089.8 4.12 6.19 0.486 0.551 0.443 2007-08-17 Incubation 1 Control 8 36 28 110 8.06 2461 10.21 390.27 389.09 1818.93 263.76 2092.9 4.21 6.32 0.500 0.540 0.442 2007-08-30 Incubation 1 Control 8 36 28 110 8.07 2446 10.15 387.78 386.60 1807.30 262.07 2079.5 4.19 6.28 0.672 0.598 0.607 2007-08-09 Incubation 1 Low pH, low carb 8 36 28 110 7.78 2468 22.89 874.77 872.11 2090.94 155.50 2269.3 2.48 3.73 0.207 0.409 0.509 2008-08-01 Incubation 1 Very low pH, very low carb 8 36 28 110 7.61 2475 35.72 1365.37 1361.22 2206.46 110.94 2353.1 1.77 2.66 0.426 0.508 0.385 2008-12-01 Incubation 1 Control 8 36 28 110 8.08 2520 10.17 388.61 387.43 1853.37 275.01 2138.5 4.39 6.59 0.477 0.658 0.533 2008-01-20 Incubation 1 Norm pH, very low carb 8 36 28 110 8.06 1093 4.39 167.74 167.23 763.96 108.26 876.6 1.73 2.60 0.268 0.223 0.236 2008-01-21 Incubation 1 Control 8 36 28 110 8.07 2487 10.32 394.60 393.40 1839.09 266.68 2116.1 4.26 6.39 0.438 0.417 0.431 2007-05-08 Incubation 2 Control 8 36 28 110 8.04 2447 11.07 423.11 421.83 1840.35 249.05 2100.5 3.98 5.97 0.356 0.407 0.327 2007-08-08 Incubation 2 Control 8 36 28 110 8.04 2479 10.90 416.72 415.46 1854.78 256.85 2122.5 4.10 6.16 0.393 0.373 0.336 2007-10-08 Incubation 2 Control 8 36 28 110 8.06 2498 10.68 408.10 406.86 1858.70 263.39 2132.8 4.21 6.32 0.419 0.428 0.381 2007-11-08 Incubation 2 Low pH, norm carb 8 36 28 110 7.80 4199 37.36 1427.80 1423.46 3573.66 278.29 3889.3 4.45 6.67 0.583 0.580 0.437 2007-08-13 Incubation 2 Low pH, low carb 8 36 28 110 7.80 2475 21.76 831.82 829.30 2081.99 162.13 2265.9 2.59 3.89 0.433 0.369 0.311 2007-08-14 Incubation 2 Control 8 36 28 110 8.07 2417 10.02 382.96 381.79 1784.82 258.81 2053.7 4.14 6.21 0.529 0.417 0.397 2007-08-15 Incubation 2 Control 8 36 28 110 8.06 2482 10.30 393.77 392.57 1835.21 266.12 2111.6 4.25 6.38 0.424 0.418 0.363 2007-08-17 Incubation 2 Norm pH, low carb 8 36 28 110 8.06 1575 6.55 250.19 249.43 1139.52 161.48 1307.5 2.58 3.87 0.314 0.289 0.259 2007-08-30 Incubation 2 Low pH, low carb 8 36 28 110 7.78 2432 22.54 861.66 859.04 2059.60 153.17 2235.3 2.45 3.67 0.684 0.629 0.622 2007-08-09 Incubation 2 Control 8 36 28 110 8.08 2480 10.00 382.14 380.98 1822.52 270.43 2103.0 4.32 6.48 0.195 0.333 0.406 2008-08-01 Incubation 2 Control 8 36 28 110 8.07 2467 10.24 391.27 390.08 1823.58 264.43 2098.3 4.23 6.34 0.375 0.448 0.353 2008-12-01 Incubation 2 Very low pH, very low carb 8 36 28 110 7.61 2494 36.00 1376.05 1371.87 2223.73 111.81 2371.5 1.79 2.68 0.400 0.523 0.391 2008-01-20 Incubation 2 Control 8 36 28 110 8.05 2524 11.11 424.64 423.35 1890.02 261.73 2162.9 4.18 6.28 0.599 0.532 0.515 2008-01-21 Incubation 2 Norm pH, very low carb 8 36 28 110 8.06 1126 4.54 173.38 172.85 789.67 111.90 906.1 1.79 2.68 0.214 0.187 0.209 2007-07-10 Incubation 1 Low pH, low carb 8 36 28 110 7.79 2438 22.01 841.17 838.62 2057.46 156.57 2236.0 2.50 3.75 0.296 0.212 0.336 2007-08-10 Incubation 1 Control 8 36 28 110 8.08 2485 10.02 382.95 381.79 1826.38 271.01 2107.4 4.33 6.50 0.315 0.271 0.373 2007-09-10 Incubation 1 Control 8 36 28 110 8.07 2450 10.16 388.44 387.26 1810.40 262.52 2083.1 4.20 6.30 0.388 0.369 0.484 2007-10-14 Incubation 1 Low pH, norm carb 8 36 28 110 7.78 4155 38.96 1489.17 1484.64 3559.51 264.72 3863.2 4.23 6.35 0.317 0.352 0.455 2007-10-20 Incubation 1 Norm pH, low carb 8 36 28 110 8.07 1505 6.05 231.27 230.56 1077.85 156.30 1240.2 2.50 3.75 0.123 0.171 0.205 2007-10-21 Incubation 1 Control 8 36 28 110 8.07 2464 10.22 390.77 389.59 1821.26 264.10 2095.6 4.22 6.33 0.318 0.313 0.367 2007-04-11 Incubation 1 Control 8 36 28 110 8.06 2435 10.40 397.32 396.11 1809.61 256.43 2076.4 4.10 6.15 0.286 0.303 0.297 2007-11-28 Incubation 1 Control 8 36 28 110 8.08 2444 9.85 376.32 375.18 1794.76 266.32 2070.9 4.26 6.39 0.304 0.320 0.357 2007-07-10 Incubation 2 Control 8 36 28 110 8.08 2463 9.93 379.39 378.24 1809.41 268.49 2087.8 4.29 6.44 0.281 0.185 0.336 2007-08-10 Incubation 2 Low pH, norm carb 8 36 28 110 7.79 4265 38.97 1489.45 1484.93 3643.12 277.24 3959.3 4.43 6.65 0.379 0.305 0.408 2007-09-10 Incubation 2 Control 8 36 28 110 8.07 2467 10.24 391.27 390.08 1823.58 264.43 2098.3 4.23 6.34 0.393 0.329 0.437 2007-10-14 Incubation 2 Control 8 36 28 110 8.08 2473 9.97 381.01 379.85 1817.12 269.63 2096.7 4.31 6.47 0.271 0.297 0.361 2007-10-20 Incubation 2 Control 8 36 28 110 8.08 2442 9.84 376.00 374.86 1793.22 266.09 2069.1 4.25 6.38 0.249 0.264 0.359 2007-10-21 Incubation 2 Norm pH, low carb 8 36 28 110 8.06 1494 6.18 236.34 235.62 1076.41 152.53 1235.1 2.44 3.66 0.169 0.173 0.234 2007-04-11 Incubation 2 Control 8 36 28 110 8.07 2484 10.31 394.10 392.90 1836.76 266.34 2113.4 4.26 6.39 0.276 0.312 0.323 2007-11-28 Incubation 2 Low pH, low, carb 8 36 28 110 7.78 2463 22.84 872.95 870.30 2086.58 155.18 2264.6 2.48 3.72 0.329 0.369 0.414