/* DATA DESCRIPTION: Citation: Schneider, Kenneth; Erez, Jonathan (2006): Seawater carbonate chemistry and processes during experiments with coral Acropora eurystoma, 2006. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.726914, Supplement to: Schneider, K; Erez, J (2006): The effect of carbonate chemistry on calcification and photosynthesis in the hermatypic coral Acropora eurystoma. Limnology and Oceanography, 51(3), 1284-1293, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.3.1284 Abstract: The rise in atmospheric CO2 has caused significant decrease in sea surface pH and carbonate ion (CO3-2) concentration. This decrease has a negative effect on calcification in hermatypic corals and other calcifying organisms. We report the results of three laboratory experiments designed specifically to separate the effects of the different carbonate chemistry parameters (pH, CO3-2, CO2 [aq], total alkalinity [AT], and total inorganic carbon [CT]) on the calcification, photosynthesis, and respiration of the hermatypic coral Acropora eurystoma. The carbonate system was varied to change pH (7.9-8.5), without changing CT; CT was changed keeping the pH constant, and CT was changed keeping the pCO2 constant. In all of these experiments, calcification (both light and dark) was positively correlated with CO3-2 concentration, suggesting that the corals are not sensitive to pH or CT but to the CO3-2 concentration. A decrease of ~30% in the CO3-2 concentration (which is equivalent to a decrease of about 0.2 pH units in seawater) caused a calcification decrease of about 50%. These results suggest that calcification in today's ocean (pCO2 = 370 ppm) is lower by ~20% compared with preindustrial time (pCO2 = 280 ppm). An additional decrease of ~35% is expected if atmospheric CO2 concentration doubles (pCO2 = 560 ppm). In all of these experiments, photosynthesis and respiration did not show any significant response to changes in the carbonate chemistry of seawater. Based on this observation, we propose a mechanism by which the photosynthesis of symbionts is enhanced by coral calcification at high pH when CO2(aq) is low. Overall it seems that photosynthesis and calcification support each other mainly through internal pH regulation, which provides CO3-2 ions for calcification and CO2(aq) for photosynthesis. Keyword(s): Acropora eurystoma; Animalia; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (<20 L); Calcification/Dissolution; Cnidaria; Coast and continental shelf; Laboratory experiment; Primary production/Photosynthesis; Red Sea; Respiration; Single species; Temperate Project(s): European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis (EUR-OCEANS) (URI: https://eur-oceans.eu/) European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA) (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Project_on_Ocean_Acidification) Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC) (URI: https://www.iaea.org/services/oa-icc/science-and-collaboration/data-access-and-management) Funding: Seventh Framework Programme (FP7), grant/award no. 211384: European Project on Ocean Acidification (URI: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/211384) Sixth Framework Programme (FP6), grant/award no. 511106: European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis (URI: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/511106) Event(s): SE_06 * METHOD/DEVICE: Experiment (EXP) Comment: In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Lavigne and Gattuso, 2011) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). Parameter(s): Identification (ID) * PI: Schneider, Kenneth Experimental treatment (Exp treat) * PI: Schneider, Kenneth Carbonate system computation flag (CSC flag) * PI: Schneider, Kenneth Salinity (Sal) * PI: Schneider, Kenneth Temperature, water [°C] (Temp) * PI: Schneider, Kenneth pH (pH) * PI: Schneider, Kenneth * METHOD/DEVICE: pH meter (Radiometer PHM64) * COMMENT: NBS scale Alkalinity, total [µmol/kg] (AT) * PI: Schneider, Kenneth * METHOD/DEVICE: Titration potentiometric (URI: http://www.deepseadrilling.org/25/volume/dsdp25_13.pdf) Carbon, inorganic, dissolved [µmol/kg] (DIC) * PI: Schneider, Kenneth * METHOD/DEVICE: Measured Carbon dioxide [µmol/kg] (CO2) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Carbonate ion [µmol/kg] ([CO3]2-) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Bicarbonate ion [µmol/kg] ([HCO3]-) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air) [µatm] (fCO2water_SST_wet) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air) [µatm] (pCO2water_SST_wet) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Aragonite saturation state (Omega Arg) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Calcite saturation state (Omega Cal) * PI: Nisumaa, Anne-Marin (annemarin@gmail.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) (URI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-167-2010) Calcification rate of calcium carbonate [µmol/cm**2/h] (Calc rate CaCO3) * PI: Schneider, Kenneth * METHOD/DEVICE: Alkalinity anomaly technique (Smith and Key, 1975) (URI: http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_20/issue_3/0493.pdf) Net photosynthesis rate [mmol/m**2/h] (PN) * PI: Schneider, Kenneth * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated Gross photosynthesis [mmol/m**2/h] (PG) * PI: Schneider, Kenneth * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated, see reference(s) Respiration rate, community [mmol/m**2/h] (Comm resp) * PI: Schneider, Kenneth * METHOD/DEVICE: Calculated License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0) (URI: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) Status: Curation Level: Enhanced curation (URI: https://wiki.pangaea.de/wiki/Curation_levels) Size: 1292 data points */ ID Exp treat CSC flag Sal Temp [°C] pH AT [µmol/kg] DIC [µmol/kg] CO2 [µmol/kg] [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] Omega Arg Omega Cal Calc rate CaCO3 [µmol/cm**2/h] PN [mmol/m**2/h] PG [mmol/m**2/h] Comm resp [mmol/m**2/h] CT-Light-1 Constant CT 9 40.7 24 7.82 2268.6 2056 20.28 157.45 1878.26 715.30 717.59 2.38 3.60 0.23 5.33 11.59 CT-Light-2 Constant CT 9 40.7 24 7.88 2301.8 2056 17.53 178.60 1859.87 618.32 620.30 2.69 4.08 0.18 4.44 10.80 CT-Light-3 Constant CT 9 40.7 24 7.91 2321.7 2056 16.15 191.51 1848.34 569.53 571.35 2.89 4.38 0.00 1.66 4.69 CT-Light-4 Constant CT 9 40.7 24 8.06 2420.8 2056 11.21 257.92 1786.87 395.21 396.47 3.89 5.90 0.35 5.41 10.72 CT-Light-5 Constant CT 9 40.7 24 8.09 2448.3 2056 10.24 276.77 1768.99 360.96 362.11 4.18 6.33 0.40 5.42 12.24 CT-Light-6 Constant CT 9 40.7 24 8.10 2456.4 2056 9.97 282.37 1763.66 351.68 352.81 4.26 6.46 0.19 4.84 8.73 CT-Light-7 Constant CT 9 40.7 24 8.24 2582.3 2056 6.87 370.89 1678.23 242.43 243.20 5.60 8.48 0.53 6.58 15.34 CT-Light-8 Constant CT 9 40.7 24 8.27 2614.5 2056 6.30 393.91 1655.78 222.20 222.91 5.94 9.01 0.28 4.33 9.25 CT-Light-9 Constant CT 9 40.7 24 8.27 2616.6 2056 6.27 395.39 1654.35 220.98 221.69 5.97 9.04 0.20 4.61 8.86 CT-Light-10 Constant CT 9 40.7 24 8.40 2757.2 2056 4.39 497.57 1554.03 154.95 155.45 7.51 11.38 0.63 4.11 12.51 CT-Light-11 Constant CT 9 40.7 24 8.41 2764.3 2056 4.32 502.82 1548.86 152.32 152.80 7.59 11.50 0.42 4.31 10.31 CT-Light-12 Constant CT 9 40.7 24 8.42 2779.9 2056 4.16 514.31 1537.53 146.74 147.21 7.76 11.76 0.46 5.80 12.64 CT-Light-13 Constant CT 9 40.7 24 8.50 2880.3 2056 3.30 588.75 1463.96 116.22 116.59 8.88 13.46 0.49 3.94 10.04 CT-Light-14 Constant CT 9 40.7 24 8.50 2880.3 2056 3.30 588.75 1463.96 116.22 116.59 8.88 13.46 0.49 5.20 11.00 CT-Light-15 Constant CT 9 40.7 24 8.50 2881.6 2056 3.29 589.72 1463.00 115.87 116.24 8.90 13.49 0.92 7.00 14.44 CT-Dark-1 Constant CT 9 40.7 24 7.82 2268.6 2056 20.28 157.45 1878.26 715.30 717.59 2.38 3.60 -0.16 -6.26 CT-Dark-2 Constant CT 9 40.7 24 7.88 2301.8 2056 17.53 178.60 1859.87 618.32 620.30 2.69 4.08 -0.14 -6.36 CT-Dark-3 Constant CT 9 40.7 24 7.91 2321.7 2056 16.15 191.51 1848.34 569.53 571.35 2.89 4.38 -0.09 -3.03 CT-Dark-4 Constant CT 9 40.7 24 8.06 2420.8 2056 11.21 257.92 1786.87 395.21 396.47 3.89 5.90 0.03 -5.31 CT-Dark-5 Constant CT 9 40.7 24 8.09 2448.3 2056 10.24 276.77 1768.99 360.96 362.11 4.18 6.33 0.08 -6.81 CT-Dark-6 Constant CT 9 40.7 24 8.10 2456.4 2056 9.97 282.37 1763.66 351.68 352.81 4.26 6.46 0.03 -3.88 CT-Dark-7 Constant CT 9 40.7 24 8.24 2582.3 2056 6.87 370.89 1678.23 242.43 243.20 5.60 8.48 0.17 -8.76 CT-Dark-8 Constant CT 9 40.7 24 8.27 2614.5 2056 6.30 393.91 1655.78 222.20 222.91 5.94 9.01 0.07 -4.92 CT-Dark-9 Constant CT 9 40.7 24 8.27 2616.6 2056 6.27 395.39 1654.35 220.98 221.69 5.97 9.04 0.02 -4.25 CT-Dark-10 Constant CT 9 40.7 24 8.40 2757.2 2056 4.39 497.57 1554.03 154.95 155.45 7.51 11.38 0.54 -8.39 CT-Dark-11 Constant CT 9 40.7 24 8.41 2764.3 2056 4.32 502.82 1548.86 152.32 152.80 7.59 11.50 0.22 -6.00 CT-Dark-12 Constant CT 9 40.7 24 8.42 2779.9 2056 4.16 514.31 1537.53 146.74 147.21 7.76 11.76 0.06 -6.84 CT-Dark-13 Constant CT 9 40.7 24 8.50 2880.3 2056 3.30 588.75 1463.96 116.22 116.59 8.88 13.46 0.19 -6.10 CT-Dark-14 Constant CT 9 40.7 24 8.50 2880.3 2056 3.30 588.75 1463.96 116.22 116.59 8.88 13.46 0.41 -5.80 CT-Dark-15 Constant CT 9 40.7 24 8.50 2881.6 2056 3.29 589.72 1463.00 115.87 116.24 8.90 13.49 0.55 -7.44 pH-Light-1 Constant pH 9 40.7 24 8.28 2250.2 1743 5.23 339.02 1399.05 184.32 184.91 5.12 7.75 0.08 0.12 2.27 pH-Light-2 Constant pH 9 40.7 24 8.28 2634.2 2066 6.19 401.70 1657.70 218.39 219.09 6.06 9.19 0.12 0.69 3.42 pH-Light-3 Constant pH 9 40.7 24 8.28 3064.0 2426 7.27 471.86 1947.22 256.54 257.36 7.12 10.79 0.20 -0.32 4.72 pH-Light-4 Constant pH 9 40.7 24 8.28 2671.4 2097 6.29 407.78 1682.78 221.70 222.41 6.15 9.33 0.11 0.54 2.63 pH-Light-5 Constant pH 9 40.7 24 8.28 2665.0 2092 6.27 406.74 1678.49 221.13 221.84 6.14 9.30 0.17 3.06 7.72 pH-Light-6 Constant pH 9 40.7 24 8.28 2687.6 2110 6.33 410.42 1693.66 223.13 223.84 6.19 9.39 0.16 1.38 4.82 pH-Light-7 Constant pH 9 40.7 24 8.28 2726.0 2143 6.42 416.70 1719.58 226.55 227.27 6.29 9.53 0.00 2.90 5.59 pH-Light-8 Constant pH 9 40.7 24 8.28 2672.0 2097 6.29 407.87 1683.14 221.75 222.45 6.15 9.33 0.15 3.68 7.34 pH-Light-9 Constant pH 9 40.7 24 8.28 2036.7 1564 4.69 304.18 1255.24 165.37 165.90 4.59 6.96 0.11 2.98 12.26 pH-Light-10 Constant pH 9 40.7 24 8.28 1941.2 1484 4.45 288.60 1190.95 156.90 157.40 4.35 6.60 0.13 1.88 4.98 pH-Light-11 Constant pH 9 40.7 24 8.28 2451.8 1913 5.73 371.94 1534.88 202.21 202.86 5.61 8.51 0.29 5.17 9.21 pH-Dark-1 Constant pH 9 40.7 24 8.28 2250.2 1743 5.23 339.02 1399.05 184.32 184.91 5.12 7.75 0.02 -2.15 pH-Dark-2 Constant pH 9 40.7 24 8.28 2634.2 2066 6.19 401.70 1657.70 218.39 219.09 6.06 9.19 0.09 -2.73 pH-Dark-3 Constant pH 9 40.7 24 8.28 3064.0 2426 7.27 471.86 1947.22 256.54 257.36 7.12 10.79 0.16 -5.04 pH-Dark-4 Constant pH 9 40.7 24 8.28 2671.4 2097 6.29 407.78 1682.78 221.70 222.41 6.15 9.33 0.05 -2.10 pH-Dark-5 Constant pH 9 40.7 24 8.28 2665.0 2092 6.27 406.74 1678.49 221.13 221.84 6.14 9.30 0.07 -4.66 pH-Dark-6 Constant pH 9 40.7 24 8.28 2687.6 2110 6.33 410.42 1693.66 223.13 223.84 6.19 9.39 0.10 -3.44 pH-Dark-7 Constant pH 9 40.7 24 8.28 2726.0 2143 6.42 416.70 1719.58 226.55 227.27 6.29 9.53 0.04 -2.70 pH-Dark-8 Constant pH 9 40.7 24 8.28 2672.0 2097 6.29 407.87 1683.14 221.75 222.45 6.15 9.33 0.08 -3.66 pH-Dark-9 Constant pH 9 40.7 24 8.28 2036.7 1564 4.69 304.18 1255.24 165.37 165.90 4.59 6.96 -0.06 -9.28 pH-Dark-10 Constant pH 9 40.7 24 8.28 1941.2 1484 4.45 288.60 1190.95 156.90 157.40 4.35 6.60 0.03 -3.10 pH-Dark-11 Constant pH 9 40.7 24 8.28 2451.8 1913 5.73 371.94 1534.88 202.21 202.86 5.61 8.51 -0.04 -4.04 pH-Dark-12 Constant pH 9 40.7 24 8.28 3001.5 2374 7.12 461.66 1905.12 250.99 251.79 6.97 10.56 0.07 pH-Dark-13 Constant pH 9 40.7 24 8.28 3546.9 2832 8.49 550.68 2272.48 299.39 300.35 8.31 12.59 0.16 pCO2-Light-1 Constant pCO2 9 40.7 24 8.22 2076.4 1637 5.72 286.54 1345.19 201.61 202.26 4.32 6.55 0.36 2.88 9.20 pCO2-Light-2 Constant pCO2 9 40.7 24 8.22 2082.1 1642 5.73 287.40 1349.22 202.22 202.86 4.34 6.57 0.15 1.96 6.27 pCO2-Light-3 Constant pCO2 9 40.7 24 8.26 2220.3 1735 5.52 323.79 1405.63 194.81 195.43 4.89 7.40 0.30 2.88 8.13 pCO2-Light-4 Constant pCO2 9 40.7 24 8.25 2265.8 1781 5.83 326.19 1449.03 205.50 206.16 4.92 7.46 0.23 4.36 8.60 pCO2-Light-5 Constant pCO2 9 40.7 24 8.27 2466.0 1931 5.92 369.98 1555.16 208.69 209.36 5.58 8.46 0.20 2.53 6.62 pCO2-Light-6 Constant pCO2 9 40.7 24 8.30 2491.5 1933 5.56 386.57 1541.11 196.14 196.77 5.83 8.84 0.44 2.98 8.69 pCO2-Light-7 Constant pCO2 9 40.7 24 8.29 2819.4 2216 6.55 435.07 1774.83 231.15 231.89 6.56 9.95 0.28 3.90 8.44 pCO2-Light-8 Constant pCO2 9 40.7 24 8.39 3030.9 2293 5.13 539.59 1748.49 180.88 181.46 8.14 12.34 0.44 3.88 8.29 pCO2-Light-9 Constant pCO2 9 40.7 24 8.40 3553.4 2703 5.84 649.56 2047.49 206.04 206.70 9.80 14.85 0.34 3.83 8.13 pCO2-Light-10 Constant pCO2 9 40.7 24 8.39 3568.1 2724 6.02 645.53 2072.60 212.45 213.13 9.74 14.76 0.58 2.50 7.66 pCO2-Dark-1 Constant pCO2 9 40.7 24 8.22 2076.4 1637 5.72 286.54 1345.19 201.61 202.26 4.32 6.55 0.17 -6.32 pCO2-Dark-2 Constant pCO2 9 40.7 24 8.22 2082.1 1642 5.73 287.40 1349.22 202.22 202.86 4.34 6.57 -0.06 -4.31 pCO2-Dark-3 Constant pCO2 9 40.7 24 8.26 2220.3 1735 5.52 323.79 1405.63 194.81 195.43 4.89 7.40 0.10 -5.24 pCO2-Dark-4 Constant pCO2 9 40.7 24 8.25 2265.8 1781 5.83 326.19 1449.03 205.50 206.16 4.92 7.46 0.01 -4.24 pCO2-Dark-5 Constant pCO2 9 40.7 24 8.27 2466.0 1931 5.92 369.98 1555.16 208.69 209.36 5.58 8.46 0.06 -4.09 pCO2-Dark-6 Constant pCO2 9 40.7 24 8.30 2491.5 1933 5.56 386.57 1541.11 196.14 196.77 5.83 8.84 0.25 -5.71 pCO2-Dark-7 Constant pCO2 9 40.7 24 8.29 2819.4 2216 6.55 435.07 1774.83 231.15 231.89 6.56 9.95 0.11 -4.54 pCO2-Dark-8 Constant pCO2 9 40.7 24 8.39 3030.9 2293 5.13 539.59 1748.49 180.88 181.46 8.14 12.34 0.28 -4.41 pCO2-Dark-9 Constant pCO2 9 40.7 24 8.40 3553.4 2703 5.84 649.56 2047.49 206.04 206.70 9.80 14.85 0.14 -4.29 pCO2-Dark-10 Constant pCO2 9 40.7 24 8.39 3568.1 2724 6.02 645.53 2072.60 212.45 213.13 9.74 14.76 0.40 -5.16