Citation:

ab00009

Name: Seawater carbonate chemistry and processes during experiments with Crassostrea gigas, 2007
Published: 2007
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Keywords: Animalia; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (<20 L); Calcification/Dissolution; Coast and continental shelf; Crassostrea gigas; Development; Growth/Morphology; Laboratory experiment; Mollusca; North Pacific; Pelagos; Single species; Temperate; Zooplankton

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Abstract:

This study demonstrated that the increased partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in seawater and the attendant acidification that are projected to occur by the year 2300 will severely impact the early development of the oyster Crassostrea gigas. Eggs of the oyster were artificially fertilized and incubated for 48 h in seawater acidified to pH 7.4 by equilibrating it with CO2-enriched air (CO2 group), and the larval morphology and degree of shell mineralization were compared with the control treatment (air-equilibrated seawater). Only 5% of the CO2 group developed into normal 'D-shaped' veliger larvae as compared with 68% in the control group, although no difference was observed between the groups up to the trochophore stage. Thus, during embryogenesis, the calcification process appears to be particularly affected by low pH and/or the low CaCO3 saturation state of high-CO2 seawater. Veliger larvae with fully mineralized shells accounted for 30% of the CO2-group larvae, compared with 72% in the control (p < 0.005). Shell mineralization was completely inhibited in 45% of the CO2-group larvae, but only in 16% of the control (p < 0.05). Normal D-shaped veligers of the control group exhibited increased shell length and height between 24 and 48 h after fertilization, while the few D-shaped veligers of the CO2 group showed no shell growth during the same period. Our results suggest that future ocean acidification will have deleterious impacts on the early development of marine benthic calcifying organisms.

Keyword(s):

Animalia; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (<20 L); Calcification/Dissolution; Coast and continental shelf; Crassostrea gigas; Development; Growth/Morphology; Laboratory experiment; Mollusca; North Pacific; Pelagos; Single species; Temperate; Zooplankton

Project(s):

European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis (EUR-OCEANS)

European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA)

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)

Funding:

Seventh Framework Programme (FP7), grant/award no. 211384 : European Project on Ocean Acidification

Sixth Framework Programme (FP6), grant/award no. 511106 : European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis

Event(s):

Kurihara_etal_07 * Method/Device: Experiment (EXP)

Comment:

In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Lavigne and Gattuso, 2011) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI).

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Experimental treatment	Exp treat		Kurihara, Haruko
2	Carbonate system computation flag	CSC flag		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
3	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Kurihara, Haruko
4	Salinity	Sal		Kurihara, Haruko	Refractometer (Atago 100-S)
5	pH	pH		Kurihara, Haruko	pH meter (Mettler Toledo, USA)	NBS scale
6	pH	pH		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	Total scale
7	Alkalinity, total	AT	µmol/kg	Kurihara, Haruko	pH meter (PHM290, Radiometer)
8	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
9	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
10	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
11	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
12	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
13	Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	fCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
14	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
15	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
16	Proportion	Prop	%	Kurihara, Haruko		of each stage
17	Crassostrea gigas, larvae length	C. gigas larv l	µm	Kurihara, Haruko	Measured
18	Crassostrea gigas, larvae height	C. gigas larv h	µm	Kurihara, Haruko	Measured
19	Crassostrea gigas, non mineralized	C. gigas non min	%	Kurihara, Haruko	Measured
20	Crassostrea gigas, partially mineralized	C. gigas part min	%	Kurihara, Haruko	Measured
21	Crassostrea gigas, fully mineralized	C. gigas ful min	%	Kurihara, Haruko	Measured

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)

Status:

Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)

Size:

2170 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Exp treat	2 CSC flag (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	3 Temp [°C]	4 Sal (Refractometer (Atago 100-S))	5 pH (NBS scale, pH meter (Mettler ...)	6 pH (Total scale, Calculated using...)	7 AT [µmol/kg] (pH meter (PHM290, Radiometer))	8 DIC [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	9 CO2 [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	10 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	11 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	12 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	13 fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	14 Omega Arg (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	15 Omega Cal (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	16 Prop [%] (of each stage)	17 C. gigas larv l [µm] (Measured)	18 C. gigas larv h [µm] (Measured)	19 C. gigas non min [%] (Measured)	20 C. gigas part min [%] (Measured)	21 C. gigas ful min [%] (Measured)
Control; Stage: Egg; Duration: 0h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.08	1964.0	1703.1	9.40	1517.16	176.53	313.38	312.37	2.80	4.28
Control; Stage: 2 cell; Duration: 0h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.08	1964.0	1703.1	9.40	1517.16	176.53	313.38	312.37	2.80	4.28
Control; Stage: 4 cell; Duration: 0h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.08	1964.0	1703.1	9.40	1517.16	176.53	313.38	312.37	2.80	4.28
Control; Stage: 8 cell; Duration: 0h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.08	1964.0	1703.1	9.40	1517.16	176.53	313.38	312.37	2.80	4.28
Control; Stage: 16 cell; Duration: 0h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.08	1964.0	1703.1	9.40	1517.16	176.53	313.38	312.37	2.80	4.28
Control; Stage: Morula; Duration: 0h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.08	1964.0	1703.1	9.40	1517.16	176.53	313.38	312.37	2.80	4.28
Control; Stage: Blastula; Duration: 0h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.08	1964.0	1703.1	9.40	1517.16	176.53	313.38	312.37	2.80	4.28
Control; Stage: Gastrula; Duration: 0h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.08	1964.0	1703.1	9.40	1517.16	176.53	313.38	312.37	2.80	4.28
Control; Stage: Trocophore; Duration: 0h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.08	1964.0	1703.1	9.40	1517.16	176.53	313.38	312.37	2.80	4.28
Control; Stage: D-shaped; Duration: 0h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.08	1964.0	1703.1	9.40	1517.16	176.53	313.38	312.37	2.80	4.28
Control; Stage: Abnormal; Duration: 0h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.08	1964.0	1703.1	9.40	1517.16	176.53	313.38	312.37	2.80	4.28
CO2; Stage: Egg; Duration: 0h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.28	1964.0	1982.6	72.06	1875.35	35.19	2401.91	2394.16	0.56	0.85
CO2; Stage: 2 cell; Duration: 0h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.28	1964.0	1982.6	72.06	1875.35	35.19	2401.91	2394.16	0.56	0.85
CO2; Stage: 4 cell; Duration: 0h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.28	1964.0	1982.6	72.06	1875.35	35.19	2401.91	2394.16	0.56	0.85
CO2; Stage: 8 cell; Duration: 0h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.28	1964.0	1982.6	72.06	1875.35	35.19	2401.91	2394.16	0.56	0.85
CO2; Stage: 16 cell; Duration: 0h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.28	1964.0	1982.6	72.06	1875.35	35.19	2401.91	2394.16	0.56	0.85
CO2; Stage: Morula; Duration: 0h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.28	1964.0	1982.6	72.06	1875.35	35.19	2401.91	2394.16	0.56	0.85
CO2; Stage: Blastula; Duration: 0h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.28	1964.0	1982.6	72.06	1875.35	35.19	2401.91	2394.16	0.56	0.85
CO2; Stage: Gastrula; Duration: 0h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.28	1964.0	1982.6	72.06	1875.35	35.19	2401.91	2394.16	0.56	0.85
CO2; Stage: Trocophore; Duration: 0h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.28	1964.0	1982.6	72.06	1875.35	35.19	2401.91	2394.16	0.56	0.85
CO2; Stage: D-shaped; Duration: 0h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.28	1964.0	1982.6	72.06	1875.35	35.19	2401.91	2394.16	0.56	0.85
CO2; Stage: Abnormal; Duration: 0h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.28	1964.0	1982.6	72.06	1875.35	35.19	2401.91	2394.16	0.56	0.85
Control; Stage: Egg; Duration: 2h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1722.2	10.46	1546.87	164.87	348.82	347.70	2.61	4.00	43.4
Control; Stage: 2 cell; Duration: 2h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1722.2	10.46	1546.87	164.87	348.82	347.70	2.61	4.00	19.4
Control; Stage: 4 cell; Duration: 2h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1722.2	10.46	1546.87	164.87	348.82	347.70	2.61	4.00	13.4
Control; Stage: 8 cell; Duration: 2h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1722.2	10.46	1546.87	164.87	348.82	347.70	2.61	4.00	14.4
Control; Stage: 16 cell; Duration: 2h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1722.2	10.46	1546.87	164.87	348.82	347.70	2.61	4.00	4.8
Control; Stage: Morula; Duration: 2h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1722.2	10.46	1546.87	164.87	348.82	347.70	2.61	4.00	0.4
Control; Stage: Blastula; Duration: 2h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1722.2	10.46	1546.87	164.87	348.82	347.70	2.61	4.00	0.0
Control; Stage: Gastrula; Duration: 2h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1722.2	10.46	1546.87	164.87	348.82	347.70	2.61	4.00	0.0
Control; Stage: Trocophore; Duration: 2h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1722.2	10.46	1546.87	164.87	348.82	347.70	2.61	4.00	0.0
Control; Stage: D-shaped; Duration: 2h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1722.2	10.46	1546.87	164.87	348.82	347.70	2.61	4.00	0.0
Control; Stage: Abnormal; Duration: 2h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1722.2	10.46	1546.87	164.87	348.82	347.70	2.61	4.00	4.2
CO2; Stage: Egg; Duration: 2h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.32	1964.0	1971.6	65.73	1867.61	38.26	2191.12	2184.05	0.61	0.93	43.2
CO2; Stage: 2 cell; Duration: 2h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.32	1964.0	1971.6	65.73	1867.61	38.26	2191.12	2184.05	0.61	0.93	21.8
CO2; Stage: 4 cell; Duration: 2h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.32	1964.0	1971.6	65.73	1867.61	38.26	2191.12	2184.05	0.61	0.93	18.0
CO2; Stage: 8 cell; Duration: 2h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.32	1964.0	1971.6	65.73	1867.61	38.26	2191.12	2184.05	0.61	0.93	7.6
CO2; Stage: 16 cell; Duration: 2h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.32	1964.0	1971.6	65.73	1867.61	38.26	2191.12	2184.05	0.61	0.93	1.6
CO2; Stage: Morula; Duration: 2h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.32	1964.0	1971.6	65.73	1867.61	38.26	2191.12	2184.05	0.61	0.93	0.4
CO2; Stage: Blastula; Duration: 2h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.32	1964.0	1971.6	65.73	1867.61	38.26	2191.12	2184.05	0.61	0.93	0.0
CO2; Stage: Gastrula; Duration: 2h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.32	1964.0	1971.6	65.73	1867.61	38.26	2191.12	2184.05	0.61	0.93	0.0
CO2; Stage: Trocophore; Duration: 2h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.32	1964.0	1971.6	65.73	1867.61	38.26	2191.12	2184.05	0.61	0.93	0.0
CO2; Stage: D-shaped; Duration: 2h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.32	1964.0	1971.6	65.73	1867.61	38.26	2191.12	2184.05	0.61	0.93	0.0
CO2; Stage: Abnormal; Duration: 2h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.32	1964.0	1971.6	65.73	1867.61	38.26	2191.12	2184.05	0.61	0.93	7.4
Control; Stage: Egg; Duration: 3h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1722.2	10.46	1546.87	164.87	348.82	347.70	2.61	4.00	31.6
Control; Stage: 2 cell; Duration: 3h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1722.2	10.46	1546.87	164.87	348.82	347.70	2.61	4.00	4.0
Control; Stage: 4 cell; Duration: 3h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1722.2	10.46	1546.87	164.87	348.82	347.70	2.61	4.00	7.4
Control; Stage: 8 cell; Duration: 3h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1722.2	10.46	1546.87	164.87	348.82	347.70	2.61	4.00	12.8
Control; Stage: 16 cell; Duration: 3h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1722.2	10.46	1546.87	164.87	348.82	347.70	2.61	4.00	32.8
Control; Stage: Morula; Duration: 3h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1722.2	10.46	1546.87	164.87	348.82	347.70	2.61	4.00	6.8
Control; Stage: Blastula; Duration: 3h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1722.2	10.46	1546.87	164.87	348.82	347.70	2.61	4.00	0.0
Control; Stage: Gastrula; Duration: 3h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1722.2	10.46	1546.87	164.87	348.82	347.70	2.61	4.00	0.0
Control; Stage: Trocophore; Duration: 3h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1722.2	10.46	1546.87	164.87	348.82	347.70	2.61	4.00	0.0
Control; Stage: D-shaped; Duration: 3h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1722.2	10.46	1546.87	164.87	348.82	347.70	2.61	4.00	0.0
Control; Stage: Abnormal; Duration: 3h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1722.2	10.46	1546.87	164.87	348.82	347.70	2.61	4.00	4.6
CO2; Stage: Egg; Duration: 3h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.32	1964.0	1973.3	66.68	1868.85	37.77	2222.71	2215.54	0.60	0.92	38.6
CO2; Stage: 2 cell; Duration: 3h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.32	1964.0	1973.3	66.68	1868.85	37.77	2222.71	2215.54	0.60	0.92	5.8
CO2; Stage: 4 cell; Duration: 3h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.32	1964.0	1973.3	66.68	1868.85	37.77	2222.71	2215.54	0.60	0.92	10.8
CO2; Stage: 8 cell; Duration: 3h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.32	1964.0	1973.3	66.68	1868.85	37.77	2222.71	2215.54	0.60	0.92	15.8
CO2; Stage: 16 cell; Duration: 3h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.32	1964.0	1973.3	66.68	1868.85	37.77	2222.71	2215.54	0.60	0.92	16.0
CO2; Stage: Morula; Duration: 3h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.32	1964.0	1973.3	66.68	1868.85	37.77	2222.71	2215.54	0.60	0.92	5.4
CO2; Stage: Blastula; Duration: 3h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.32	1964.0	1973.3	66.68	1868.85	37.77	2222.71	2215.54	0.60	0.92	0.0
CO2; Stage: Gastrula; Duration: 3h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.32	1964.0	1973.3	66.68	1868.85	37.77	2222.71	2215.54	0.60	0.92	0.0
CO2; Stage: Trocophore; Duration: 3h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.32	1964.0	1973.3	66.68	1868.85	37.77	2222.71	2215.54	0.60	0.92	0.0
CO2; Stage: D-shaped; Duration: 3h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.32	1964.0	1973.3	66.68	1868.85	37.77	2222.71	2215.54	0.60	0.92	0.0
CO2; Stage: Abnormal; Duration: 3h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.32	1964.0	1973.3	66.68	1868.85	37.77	2222.71	2215.54	0.60	0.92	7.6
Control; Stage: Egg; Duration: 8h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1719.2	10.29	1542.22	166.69	342.93	341.82	2.64	4.04	22.2
Control; Stage: 2 cell; Duration: 8h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1719.2	10.29	1542.22	166.69	342.93	341.82	2.64	4.04	0.0
Control; Stage: 4 cell; Duration: 8h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1719.2	10.29	1542.22	166.69	342.93	341.82	2.64	4.04	0.2
Control; Stage: 8 cell; Duration: 8h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1719.2	10.29	1542.22	166.69	342.93	341.82	2.64	4.04	0.4
Control; Stage: 16 cell; Duration: 8h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1719.2	10.29	1542.22	166.69	342.93	341.82	2.64	4.04	0.6
Control; Stage: Morula; Duration: 8h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1719.2	10.29	1542.22	166.69	342.93	341.82	2.64	4.04	7.2
Control; Stage: Blastula; Duration: 8h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1719.2	10.29	1542.22	166.69	342.93	341.82	2.64	4.04	30.0
Control; Stage: Gastrula; Duration: 8h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1719.2	10.29	1542.22	166.69	342.93	341.82	2.64	4.04	31.6
Control; Stage: Trocophore; Duration: 8h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1719.2	10.29	1542.22	166.69	342.93	341.82	2.64	4.04	2.0
Control; Stage: D-shaped; Duration: 8h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1719.2	10.29	1542.22	166.69	342.93	341.82	2.64	4.04	1.0
Control; Stage: Abnormal; Duration: 8h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.04	1964.0	1719.2	10.29	1542.22	166.69	342.93	341.82	2.64	4.04	4.8
CO2; Stage: Egg; Duration: 8h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.33	1964.0	1969.9	64.80	1866.34	38.76	2159.89	2152.93	0.61	0.94	27.8
CO2; Stage: 2 cell; Duration: 8h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.33	1964.0	1969.9	64.80	1866.34	38.76	2159.89	2152.93	0.61	0.94	0.2
CO2; Stage: 4 cell; Duration: 8h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.33	1964.0	1969.9	64.80	1866.34	38.76	2159.89	2152.93	0.61	0.94	0.2
CO2; Stage: 8 cell; Duration: 8h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.33	1964.0	1969.9	64.80	1866.34	38.76	2159.89	2152.93	0.61	0.94	0.2
CO2; Stage: 16 cell; Duration: 8h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.33	1964.0	1969.9	64.80	1866.34	38.76	2159.89	2152.93	0.61	0.94	4.4
CO2; Stage: Morula; Duration: 8h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.33	1964.0	1969.9	64.80	1866.34	38.76	2159.89	2152.93	0.61	0.94	17.4
CO2; Stage: Blastula; Duration: 8h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.33	1964.0	1969.9	64.80	1866.34	38.76	2159.89	2152.93	0.61	0.94	24.4
CO2; Stage: Gastrula; Duration: 8h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.33	1964.0	1969.9	64.80	1866.34	38.76	2159.89	2152.93	0.61	0.94	21.0
CO2; Stage: Trocophore; Duration: 8h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.33	1964.0	1969.9	64.80	1866.34	38.76	2159.89	2152.93	0.61	0.94	0.0
CO2; Stage: D-shaped; Duration: 8h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.33	1964.0	1969.9	64.80	1866.34	38.76	2159.89	2152.93	0.61	0.94	0.0
CO2; Stage: Abnormal; Duration: 8h	26	23	33.7	7.5	7.33	1964.0	1969.9	64.80	1866.34	38.76	2159.89	2152.93	0.61	0.94	4.4
Control; Stage: Egg; Duration: 24h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.02	1964.0	1730.0	10.94	1558.93	160.13	364.78	363.60	2.54	3.88	2.0
Control; Stage: 2 cell; Duration: 24h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.02	1964.0	1730.0	10.94	1558.93	160.13	364.78	363.60	2.54	3.88	0.0
Control; Stage: 4 cell; Duration: 24h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.02	1964.0	1730.0	10.94	1558.93	160.13	364.78	363.60	2.54	3.88	0.0
Control; Stage: 8 cell; Duration: 24h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.02	1964.0	1730.0	10.94	1558.93	160.13	364.78	363.60	2.54	3.88	0.0
Control; Stage: 16 cell; Duration: 24h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.02	1964.0	1730.0	10.94	1558.93	160.13	364.78	363.60	2.54	3.88	0.0
Control; Stage: Morula; Duration: 24h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.02	1964.0	1730.0	10.94	1558.93	160.13	364.78	363.60	2.54	3.88	0.0
Control; Stage: Blastula; Duration: 24h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.02	1964.0	1730.0	10.94	1558.93	160.13	364.78	363.60	2.54	3.88	0.6
Control; Stage: Gastrula; Duration: 24h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.02	1964.0	1730.0	10.94	1558.93	160.13	364.78	363.60	2.54	3.88	0.0
Control; Stage: Trocophore; Duration: 24h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.02	1964.0	1730.0	10.94	1558.93	160.13	364.78	363.60	2.54	3.88	11.8
Control; Stage: D-shaped; Duration: 24h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.02	1964.0	1730.0	10.94	1558.93	160.13	364.78	363.60	2.54	3.88	65.4	55.16	66.88
Control; Stage: Abnormal; Duration: 24h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.02	1964.0	1730.0	10.94	1558.93	160.13	364.78	363.60	2.54	3.88	20.2
Control; Stage: Embryos; Duration: 24h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.02	1964.0	1730.0	10.94	1558.93	160.13	364.78	363.60	2.54	3.88				23.77	10.20	66.03
CO2; Stage: Egg; Duration: 24h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.31	1964.0	1976.2	68.32	1870.94	36.94	2277.44	2270.09	0.59	0.90	6.6
CO2; Stage: 2 cell; Duration: 24h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.31	1964.0	1976.2	68.32	1870.94	36.94	2277.44	2270.09	0.59	0.90	0.0
CO2; Stage: 4 cell; Duration: 24h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.31	1964.0	1976.2	68.32	1870.94	36.94	2277.44	2270.09	0.59	0.90	0.2
CO2; Stage: 8 cell; Duration: 24h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.31	1964.0	1976.2	68.32	1870.94	36.94	2277.44	2270.09	0.59	0.90	0.0
CO2; Stage: 16 cell; Duration: 24h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.31	1964.0	1976.2	68.32	1870.94	36.94	2277.44	2270.09	0.59	0.90	0.0
CO2; Stage: Morula; Duration: 24h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.31	1964.0	1976.2	68.32	1870.94	36.94	2277.44	2270.09	0.59	0.90	0.0
CO2; Stage: Blastula; Duration: 24h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.31	1964.0	1976.2	68.32	1870.94	36.94	2277.44	2270.09	0.59	0.90	0.8
CO2; Stage: Gastrula; Duration: 24h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.31	1964.0	1976.2	68.32	1870.94	36.94	2277.44	2270.09	0.59	0.90	0.0
CO2; Stage: Trocophore; Duration: 24h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.31	1964.0	1976.2	68.32	1870.94	36.94	2277.44	2270.09	0.59	0.90	11.2
CO2; Stage: D-shaped; Duration: 24h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.31	1964.0	1976.2	68.32	1870.94	36.94	2277.44	2270.09	0.59	0.90	4.4	61.64	72.46
CO2; Stage: Abnormal; Duration: 24h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.31	1964.0	1976.2	68.32	1870.94	36.94	2277.44	2270.09	0.59	0.90	76.8
CO2; Stage: Embryos; Duration: 24h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.31	1964.0	1976.2	68.32	1870.94	36.94	2277.44	2270.09	0.59	0.90				48.79	34.03	17.17
Control; Stage: Egg; Duration: 48h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.02	1964.0	1731.9	11.06	1561.86	158.97	368.80	367.62	2.52	3.85	0.2
Control; Stage: 2 cell; Duration: 48h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.02	1964.0	1731.9	11.06	1561.86	158.97	368.80	367.62	2.52	3.85	0.0
Control; Stage: 4 cell; Duration: 48h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.02	1964.0	1731.9	11.06	1561.86	158.97	368.80	367.62	2.52	3.85	0.0
Control; Stage: 8 cell; Duration: 48h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.02	1964.0	1731.9	11.06	1561.86	158.97	368.80	367.62	2.52	3.85	0.0
Control; Stage: 16 cell; Duration: 48h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.02	1964.0	1731.9	11.06	1561.86	158.97	368.80	367.62	2.52	3.85	0.0
Control; Stage: Morula; Duration: 48h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.02	1964.0	1731.9	11.06	1561.86	158.97	368.80	367.62	2.52	3.85	0.0
Control; Stage: Blastula; Duration: 48h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.02	1964.0	1731.9	11.06	1561.86	158.97	368.80	367.62	2.52	3.85	0.0
Control; Stage: Gastrula; Duration: 48h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.02	1964.0	1731.9	11.06	1561.86	158.97	368.80	367.62	2.52	3.85	0.0
Control; Stage: Trocophore; Duration: 48h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.02	1964.0	1731.9	11.06	1561.86	158.97	368.80	367.62	2.52	3.85	2.3
Control; Stage: D-shaped; Duration: 48h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.02	1964.0	1731.9	11.06	1561.86	158.97	368.80	367.62	2.52	3.85	68.4	50.94	56.04
Control; Stage: Abnormal; Duration: 48h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.02	1964.0	1731.9	11.06	1561.86	158.97	368.80	367.62	2.52	3.85	29.1
Control; Stage: Embryos; Duration: 48h	26	23	33.7	8.2	8.02	1964.0	1731.9	11.06	1561.86	158.97	368.80	367.62	2.52	3.85				15.57	11.95	72.49
CO2; Stage: Egg; Duration: 48h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.29	1964.0	1982.0	71.70	1874.95	35.35	2390.03	2382.32	0.56	0.86	2.2
CO2; Stage: 2 cell; Duration: 48h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.29	1964.0	1982.0	71.70	1874.95	35.35	2390.03	2382.32	0.56	0.86	0.0
CO2; Stage: 4 cell; Duration: 48h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.29	1964.0	1982.0	71.70	1874.95	35.35	2390.03	2382.32	0.56	0.86	0.0
CO2; Stage: 8 cell; Duration: 48h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.29	1964.0	1982.0	71.70	1874.95	35.35	2390.03	2382.32	0.56	0.86	0.0
CO2; Stage: 16 cell; Duration: 48h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.29	1964.0	1982.0	71.70	1874.95	35.35	2390.03	2382.32	0.56	0.86	0.0
CO2; Stage: Morula; Duration: 48h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.29	1964.0	1982.0	71.70	1874.95	35.35	2390.03	2382.32	0.56	0.86	0.0
CO2; Stage: Blastula; Duration: 48h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.29	1964.0	1982.0	71.70	1874.95	35.35	2390.03	2382.32	0.56	0.86	0.2
CO2; Stage: Gastrula; Duration: 48h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.29	1964.0	1982.0	71.70	1874.95	35.35	2390.03	2382.32	0.56	0.86	0.0
CO2; Stage: Trocophore; Duration: 48h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.29	1964.0	1982.0	71.70	1874.95	35.35	2390.03	2382.32	0.56	0.86	2.1
CO2; Stage: D-shaped; Duration: 48h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.29	1964.0	1982.0	71.70	1874.95	35.35	2390.03	2382.32	0.56	0.86	4.5	48.89	56.73
CO2; Stage: Abnormal; Duration: 48h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.29	1964.0	1982.0	71.70	1874.95	35.35	2390.03	2382.32	0.56	0.86	90.9
CO2; Stage: Embryos; Duration: 48h	26	23	33.7	7.4	7.29	1964.0	1982.0	71.70	1874.95	35.35	2390.03	2382.32	0.56	0.86				44.90	24.83	30.27