Citation:

230Th Activity Ratio as a Tracer for Bioproductivity of the Ocean. In: Fischer, G & Wefer, G (eds.), Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography - Examples from the South Atlantic, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 393-408

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Abstract:

In large areas of the world's oceans, there is a relationship between the mass flux of particulate matter and the unsupported 231Pa/230Th (xs231Pa/xs230Th) activity ratio of recent sediments. This observation forms the basis for using the xs231Pa/xs230Th ratio as a proxy for past changes in export productivity. However, a simple relationship between xs231Pa/xs 230Th ratio and particle flux requires that the water residence time in an ocean basin is far in excess of the scavenging residence time of 231Pa, and that the composition of sinking particles maintains a strong preference for the adsorption of 230Th over 231Pa with a constant 230Th/231Pa fractionation factor (F). The best correlation between xs231Pa/xs230Th ratio and mass flux is found in the Pacific Ocean. In the Atlantic, the contrast in the xs231Pa/xs230Th ratios between open ocean (low flux regions) and ocean margins (high flux regions) is much less pronounced due to the shorter residence time of deep water, resulting in less effective boundary scavenging of 231Pa. In the Southern Ocean, south of the Polar Front, there is no more a simple relationship between xs231Pa/xs230Th and particle flux. This is a result of a southward decrease in F, probably reflecting the increased opal content of sinking particles. Opal does not fractionate 231Pa and 230Th significantly. This lack of fractionation results in high xs231Pa/xs230Th ratios in opal-dominated regions, even in areas of very low particle fluxes such as the Weddell Sea. The xs231Pa/xs230Th ratio can therefore only be used as a paleoproductivity proxy if, in the time interval of interest, changes in the basin ventilation rate and differential scavenging of both radionuclides due to changes in the chemical composition of particulate matter can be excluded.

Project(s):

Marine Geochemistry @ AWI (AWI_MarGeoChem)

South Atlantic in Late Quaternary: Reconstruction of Budget and Currents (SFB261)

Coverage:

Median Latitude: -7.143739 * Median Longitude: -121.539218 * South-bound Latitude: -76.413300 * West-bound Longitude: 0.000000 * North-bound Latitude: 77.460000 * East-bound Longitude: -3.206670

Minimum Elevation: 0.0 m * Maximum Elevation: 0.0 m

Event(s):

SURWalter1999 * Elevation Start: 0.0 m * Elevation End: 0.0 m * Campaign: * Method/Device: Multiple investigations (MULT) * Comment: This is a virtual site to link a compiled data set from ocean bottom sediments

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Sample code/label	Sample label				data compiled from different sources
2	LATITUDE	Latitude				Geocode
3	LONGITUDE	Longitude				Geocode
4	Depth, top/min	Depth top	m			data compiled from different sources
5	Depth, bottom/max	Depth bot	m			data compiled from different sources
6	Protactinium-231/Thorium-230 excess	231Pa/230Th xs			see reference(s)	data compiled from different sources
7	Protactinium-231/Thorium-230 excess, standard deviation	231Pa/230Th xs std dev	±		see reference(s)	data compiled from different sources
8	Reference/source	Reference		Walter, Hans-Jürgen

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)

Size:

1917 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Sample label	2 Latitude	3 Longitude	4 Depth top [m]	5 Depth bot [m]	6 231Pa/230Th xs	7 231Pa/230Th xs std dev [±]	8 Reference
PS1991-1	-76.4133	-30.3533	0.000	0.050	0.080	0.009	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2011-1	-71.0950	-20.7800	0.000	0.010	0.161	0.009	Walter et al. (1997)
PS1981-1	-70.1317	-14.2533	0.005	0.020	0.143	0.008	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2684-1	-69.4167	-95.0233	0.000	0.005	0.172	0.004	Walter (unpubl.)
PS1979-1	-69.3667	-16.4967	0.005	0.020	0.146	0.008	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2049-3	-69.0867	0.8900	0.000	0.050	0.105	0.006	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2039-2	-69.0233	6.2283	0.000	0.050	0.151	0.009	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2040-1	-68.8417	6.2350	0.000	0.010	0.134	0.008	Walter et al. (1997)
PS1978-1	-68.8400	-17.8933	0.005	0.020	0.161	0.008	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2686-2	-68.3217	-89.6267	0.000	0.005	0.175	0.006	Walter (unpubl.)
PS2055-3	-68.2900	6.2483	0.000	0.012	0.170	0.010	Walter et al. (1997)
PS1976-1	-67.8417	-20.8450	0.005	0.020	0.184	0.011	Walter et al. (1997)
PS1968-1	-67.4783	-31.1100	0.000	0.005	0.161	0.010	Walter et al. (1997)
PS1974-1	-67.2217	-24.1467	0.005	0.020	0.162	0.008	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2052-2	-66.8050	6.2633	0.000	0.010	0.178	0.009	Walter et al. (1997)
PS1966-1	-66.6267	-27.1250	0.000	0.005	0.174	0.009	Walter et al. (1997)
PS1964-1	-66.2767	-30.2967	0.005	0.020	0.144	0.009	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2589-2	-66.0017	24.9767	0.000	0.050	0.147	0.006	Walter et al. (1997)
PS1961-1	-65.7200	-35.4483	0.005	0.020	0.136	0.008	Walter et al. (1997)
PS1957-1	-65.6717	-37.7433	0.000	0.005	0.145	0.007	Walter et al. (1997)
PS1959-1	-65.4117	-37.9133	0.000	0.005	0.148	0.007	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2692-1	-65.1383	-90.6833	0.000	0.005	0.139	0.006	Walter (unpubl.)
E11-11	-64.8333	-114.4670	0.000	0.050	0.078	0.003	Ku (1966)
PS1955-1	-64.8200	-42.5033	0.000	0.005	0.160	0.010	Walter et al. (1997)
PS1954-1	-64.4067	-45.8033	0.005	0.020	0.142	0.008	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2600-2	-63.1833	34.5267	0.000	0.050	0.154	0.006	Walter et al. (1997)
E17-9	-63.0833	-135.1170	0.070	0.100	0.148	0.005	Lao et al. (1992)
PS2697-1	-62.9967	-89.9967	0.000	0.005	0.119	0.004	Walter (unpubl.)
PS2579-4	-62.9633	7.7733	0.000	0.050	0.163	0.009	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2578-3	-62.1233	5.0300	0.000	0.050	0.131	0.006	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2678-2	-61.5000	-97.6850	0.000	0.005	0.133	0.005	Walter (unpubl.)
PS2577-2	-61.2200	2.1950	0.000	0.005	0.095	0.004	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2072-2	-60.5650	3.9600	0.000	0.010	0.166	0.007	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2602-3	-60.3750	36.5817	0.000	0.050	0.154	0.007	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2320-2	-60.1000	-44.8467	0.000	0.010	0.125	0.007	Walter et al. (1997)
E15-6	-59.9667	-101.3170	0.040	0.070	0.097	0.006	Lao et al. (1992)
PS2312-1	-59.8267	-39.7050	0.000	0.010	0.188	0.012	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2283-6	-59.7350	-23.2750	0.000	0.010	0.149	0.008	Walter et al. (1997)
RC 13 271	-59.6500	4.5167	0.140	0.160	0.127	0.006	DeMaster (1979)
PS2575-1a	-59.4467	-3.2067	0.000	0.005	0.179	0.010	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2307-2	-59.0583	-35.5767	0.000	0.010	0.142	0.008	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2331-1a	-59.0400	-48.9933	0.000	0.010	0.105	0.008	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2370-4	-58.4867	-5.9983	0.000	0.050	0.140	0.008	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2334-1a	-57.9183	-52.0000	0.000	0.010	0.090	0.005	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2675-4	-57.8817	-93.5017	0.000	0.005	0.101	0.003	Walter (unpubl.)
PS2288-1	-57.7567	-25.3367	0.000	0.010	0.162	0.011	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2604-4	-57.5983	38.5900	0.000	0.050	0.161	0.009	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2299-1	-57.5100	-30.2350	0.000	0.010	0.149	0.008	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2714-6	-57.4467	-89.2717	0.000	0.005	0.098	0.004	Walter (unpubl.)
PS2336-1a	-57.1517	-53.9883	0.000	0.010	0.123	0.006	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2371-1	-57.0550	-6.0083	0.000	0.050	0.176	0.009	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2280-1	-56.8283	-22.3250	0.000	0.010	0.130	0.007	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2364-1	-56.0717	-6.8433	0.000	0.050	0.130	0.008	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2339-1a	-56.0317	-56.9433	0.000	0.010	0.112	0.006	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2369-4	-55.8517	-5.9933	0.000	0.050	0.159	0.007	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2667-3	-55.6517	-89.8150	0.000	0.005	0.096	0.003	Walter (unpubl.)
PS1772-6	-55.4583	1.1667	0.010	0.020	0.152	0.009	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2342-1a	-55.2583	-57.9850	0.000	0.010	0.132	0.009	Walter et al. (1997)
PS1782-8	-55.1900	-18.6100	0.000	0.050	0.155	0.008	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2365-2	-55.0083	-6.0050	0.000	0.050	0.256	0.015	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2361-1	-55.0017	-6.0467	0.000	0.050	0.238	0.013	Walter et al. (1997)
AII 107-022	-54.8000	-3.3333	0.030	0.040	0.231	0.014	Yu (1994)
PS2276-2	-54.6350	-23.9550	0.000	0.010	0.120	0.007	Walter et al. (1997)
RC 13 255	-54.5833	2.9000	0.040	0.070	0.143	0.008	DeMaster (1979)
RC 11 76	-54.3833	-22.1333	0.100	0.130	0.193	0.017	DeMaster (1979)
PS2372-1	-53.9967	-6.0033	0.000	0.050	0.094	0.005	Walter et al. (1997)
RC-13-259	-53.8833	-4.9333	0.230	0.230	0.213	0.009	Kumar (1994)
PS2353-2a	-53.6067	-58.9767	0.000	0.010	0.094	0.008	Walter et al. (1997)
RC 13 259	-53.5500	4.9333	0.050	0.080	0.294	0.026	DeMaster (1979)
RC 17-58	-53.5167	36.6333	0.070	0.090	0.111	0.007	DeMaster (1979)
PS2362-1	-53.0017	-5.9983	0.000	0.050	0.172	0.010	Walter et al. (1997)
AII 76-16	-53.0000	35.6333	0.000	0.010	0.123	0.007	DeMaster (1979)
PS2273-2	-52.6567	-30.5517	0.000	0.010	0.119	0.007	Walter et al. (1997)
PS1768-1	-52.5917	4.4600	0.010	0.020	0.114	0.008	Walter et al. (1997)
RC-13-271	-51.9833	4.5167	0.310	0.310	0.110	0.004	Kumar (1994)
PS1765-1	-51.8317	4.8633	0.000	0.050	0.123	0.006	Walter et al. (1997)
PS1780-1	-51.6833	-15.2733	0.000	0.050	0.151	0.008	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2271-1	-51.5317	-31.3717	0.000	0.010	0.112	0.006	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2661-4	-51.4083	-89.3450	0.000	0.005	0.079	0.004	Walter (unpubl.)
PS2366-1	-50.9983	-6.0000	0.000	0.050	0.147	0.010	Walter et al. (1997)
PS1775-5	-50.9517	-7.5017	0.000	0.050	0.088	0.004	Walter et al. (1997)
PS1779-3	-50.3950	-14.0750	0.000	0.050	0.093	0.005	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2269-5	-50.3717	-33.2450	0.000	0.010	0.116	0.006	Walter et al. (1997)
PS1759-1	-50.1533	5.7550	0.000	0.050	0.089	0.004	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2611-3	-49.5050	38.8267	0.000	0.050	0.110	0.005	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2367-1	-49.0000	-6.0017	0.000	0.050	0.084	0.004	Walter et al. (1997)
RC-13-254	-48.5667	5.1167	0.130	0.130	0.071	0.003	Kumar (1994)
PS2262-7	-48.5017	-37.0050	0.000	0.010	0.098	0.007	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2376-1	-48.5017	-6.0033	0.000	0.050	0.085	0.004	Walter et al. (1997)
PS1777-7	-48.2317	-11.0367	0.000	0.015	0.100	0.006	Walter et al. (1997)
VM 29-105	-48.0833	18.6833	0.030	0.060	0.090	0.003	DeMaster (1979)
PS2363-1	-48.0017	-6.0017	0.000	0.050	0.069	0.003	Walter et al. (1997)
RC8-81	-47.9500	-159.0500	0.030	0.040	0.074	0.003	Lao et al. (1992)
PS1755-1	-47.7883	7.1017	0.010	0.020	0.078	0.004	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2368-1	-46.8717	-5.7167	0.000	0.005	0.055	0.003	Walter et al. (1997)
KH-71-5-24-2	-46.3217	-127.7730	0.000	0.020	0.034	0.002	Yang et al. (1986)
RC-15-93	-46.1000	-13.2167	0.330	0.330	0.082	0.003	Kumar (1994)
PS1752-5	-45.6200	9.6083	0.000	0.050	0.070	0.003	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2257-1	-45.0117	-38.5417	0.000	0.010	0.090	0.005	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2256-4	-44.5167	-44.4517	0.000	0.010	0.085	0.008	Walter et al. (1997)
PS1751-2	-44.4883	10.4717	0.000	0.020	0.074	0.004	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2254-1	-43.9717	-50.1067	0.000	0.010	0.092	0.005	Walter et al. (1997)
PS2562-3	-43.1867	31.5867	0.000	0.050	0.073	0.003	Walter et al. (1997)
V22-108	-43.1833	-3.2500	0.130	0.130	0.038	0.001	Kumar (1994)
RC 15-101	-42.9833	-41.5667	0.040	0.070	0.094	0.009	DeMaster (1979)
RC-15-94	-42.9000	-20.8500	0.150	0.150	0.051	0.003	Kumar (1994)
228KG	-42.0217	-156.9680	0.000	0.000	0.034		Schmitz et al. (1986)
242KG	-42.0150	-160.2130	0.000	0.000	0.036		Schmitz et al. (1986)
198KG	-42.0050	-150.9770	0.000	0.000	0.029		Schmitz et al. (1986)
46KG	-41.9883	-120.2120	0.000	0.000	0.048		Schmitz et al. (1986)
79KG	-41.9567	-129.8780	0.000	0.000	0.040		Schmitz et al. (1986)
251KG	-41.9467	-163.0750	0.000	0.000	0.042		Schmitz et al. (1986)
23KG	-41.6100	-110.6880	0.000	0.000	0.053		Schmitz et al. (1986)
AII76-3	-41.5500	20.2000	0.000	0.010	0.048	0.003	DeMaster (1979)
RC15-61	-40.6167	-77.2000	0.060	0.090	0.075	0.004	Lao et al. (1992)
RC 12-294	-37.2667	-10.1000	0.100	0.100	0.045	0.003	Yu (1994)
G972	-36.2583	-176.8980	0.000	0.000	0.071		Schmitz et al. (1986)
GPC 5	-33.6833	-57.6167	0.320	0.320	0.054	0.003	Bacon and Rosholt (1982)
AII 107-065	-32.0333	-36.1833	0.030	0.040	0.048	0.004	Yu (1994)
KH-79-4-12	-31.9950	160.6220	0.000	0.050	0.136	0.028	Yang et al. (1986)
G981	-31.3767	-171.2300	0.000	0.000	0.050		Schmitz et al. (1986)
VM 19-240	-30.5833	-13.2833	0.200	0.200	0.040	0.002	Yu (1994)
KH-71-5-42-2	-27.5800	-88.0500	0.000	0.020	0.054	0.011	Yang et al. (1986)
KH-79-4-14	-24.9533	165.1450	0.000	0.020	0.062	0.008	Yang et al. (1986)
G993	-23.5350	-162.9020	0.000	0.000	0.036		Schmitz et al. (1986)
214KG	-21.6000	-161.5330	0.000	0.000	0.032		Schmitz et al. (1986)
210KG	-21.6000	-160.5000	0.000	0.000	0.023		Schmitz et al. (1986)
KH-71-5-44-2	-20.8350	-93.3533	0.060	0.080	0.025	0.002	Yang et al. (1986)
KH-71-5-15-2	-20.3800	-148.0430	0.030	0.060	0.034	0.002	Yang et al. (1986)
154-18	-20.0317	-113.8570	0.000	0.020	0.199	0.012	Shimmield and Price (1988)
154-19	-19.8383	-116.6300	0.000	0.010	0.076	0.006	Shimmield and Price (1988)
154-20	-19.6633	-117.9670	0.000	0.010	0.057	0.003	Shimmield and Price (1988)
V18-299	-16.1167	-149.6670	0.000	0.050	0.044	0.002	Lao et al. (1992)
154-4	-12.6217	-134.8500	0.060	0.070	0.037	0.002	Shimmield and Price (1988)
154-5	-12.3183	-125.6030	0.010	0.020	0.070	0.005	Shimmield and Price (1988)
154-6	-12.0700	-119.7780	0.020	0.030	0.077	0.006	Shimmield and Price (1988)
V18-258	-11.8667	-165.7500	0.000	0.050	0.036	0.002	Ku (1966)
KH-71-5-12-3	-11.0233	-146.0250	0.030	0.060	0.091	0.007	Yang et al. (1986)
154-8	-10.8083	-113.8680	0.000	0.010	0.110	0.008	Shimmield and Price (1988)
154-10	-10.2850	-111.3280	0.000	0.010	0.160	0.009	Shimmield and Price (1988)
VM 22-174	-10.0667	-12.8167	0.080	0.080	0.050	0.001	Yu (1994)
KH-71-5-53-2	-8.2550	-112.7020	0.050	0.080	0.080	0.006	Yang et al. (1986)
VNTR01-10GC	-4.5100	-102.0200	0.000	0.020	0.128	0.006	this study
V19-29	-3.5833	-83.9333	0.170	0.190	0.183	0.010	Lao et al. (1992)
KH-79-4-10	-3.3167	159.3070	0.000	0.015	0.175	0.036	Yang et al. (1986)
VNTR01-13GC	-3.0900	-90.8200	0.000	0.020	0.143	0.004	this study
VNTR01-12GC	-3.0100	-95.0700	0.000	0.020	0.119	0.003	this study
VNTR01-09GC	-3.0000	-110.5000	0.000	0.020	0.109	0.004	this study
V19-28	-2.3667	-84.6500	0.170	0.190	0.200	0.009	Lao et al. (1992)
KH-79-4-9	-0.2917	158.1120	0.000	0.010	0.123	0.020	Yang et al. (1986)
VM 30-040	-0.2000	-23.1333	0.150	0.150	0.040	0.001	Yu (1994)
oj erdc bx88	-0.0500	155.8700	0.039	0.039	0.087	0.004	this study
oj erdc bx125	-0.0500	161.0000	0.043	0.043	0.053	0.003	this study
KH-79-4-18	-0.0117	163.9950	0.000	0.020	0.049	0.004	Yang et al. (1986)
VNTR01-08PC	0.0400	-110.4800	0.040	0.060	0.113	0.004	this study
Y69-071P	0.0900	-86.4800	0.010	0.030	0.193	0.006	this study
VNTR01-11GC	0.1400	-95.3400	0.010	0.030	0.137	0.006	this study
v 9-97	0.3833	-29.8667	0.050	0.080	0.084	0.004	Ku (1966)
V28-238	1.0167	160.4830	0.000	0.080	0.067	0.003	Lao et al. (1992)
VNTR01-07GC	1.0200	-110.5700	0.000	0.020	0.116	0.003	this study
MANOP C	1.0333	-138.9330	0.015	0.021	0.064	0.002	Lao et al. (1992)
KLH 093	1.2317	-102.0630	0.075	0.075	0.161	0.028	Frank et al. (1994)
KLH 068	1.2317	-101.6120	0.025	0.025	0.071	0.025	Frank et al. (1994)
VM 25-059	1.3667	-39.4833	0.080	0.080	0.042	0.002	Yu (1994)
VNTR01-15GC	1.4900	-89.8600	0.000	0.020	0.167	0.007	this study
RC11-210	1.8167	-140.0500	0.050	0.070	0.073	0.003	Lao et al. (1992)
EN 66-29	2.4667	-19.7667	0.020	0.120	0.047	0.003	Yu (1994)
VNTR01-16PC	2.6000	-89.7300	0.000	0.020	0.106	0.004	this study
P7	2.6050	-83.9867	0.070	0.070	0.286		Yang et al. (1995)
VNTR01-05GC	2.7600	-110.5800	0.000	0.020	0.094	0.004	this study
VNTR01-06GC	2.7600	-110.5500	0.000	0.020	0.092	0.004	this study
GIK10147-1	3.8367	-145.0280	0.000	0.020	0.044	0.006	Mueller and Mangini (1980)
GIK10145-1	3.9917	-144.8220	0.000	0.020	0.033	0.014	Mueller and Mangini (1980)
KNR 110-82	4.3333	-43.4833	0.000	0.130	0.046	0.003	Yu (1994)
KNR 110-91	4.7667	-43.3000	0.000	0.000	0.029	0.002	Yu (1994)
EN 66-38	4.9167	-20.5000	0.025	0.095	0.051	0.003	Yu (1994)
KNR 110-55	4.9500	-42.9000	0.040	0.170	0.052	0.004	Yu (1994)
KH-79-4-8	5.0100	156.1430	0.000	0.015	0.026	0.007	Yang et al. (1986)
KH-79-4-19	5.0567	165.9220	0.000	0.020	0.042	0.003	Yang et al. (1986)
KH-79-1-5	5.1817	130.4650	0.000	0.015	0.095	0.015	Yang et al. (1986)
VNTR01-04GC	5.3500	-110.0900	0.000	0.020	0.093	0.004	this study
GIK10132-1	6.2200	-148.9550	0.000	0.040	0.038	0.004	Mueller and Mangini (1980)
VNTR01-03GC	7.1700	-109.7400	0.000	0.020	0.089	0.002	this study
Y71-3-02	7.1700	-85.1500	0.000	0.020	0.121	0.005	this study
VNTR01-02PC	7.1900	-109.7500	0.000	0.020	0.073	0.003	this study
VNTR01-19PC	7.9100	-90.4400	0.000	0.020	0.136	0.006	this study
KH-78-1-1036	8.0050	176.9520	0.000	0.040	0.031	0.002	Yang et al. (1986)
1858 358 bl	8.0100	-143.5500	0.000	0.030	0.034	0.006	Mangini and Kuehnel (1987)
A47-16	9.0383	-151.1900	0.000	0.010	0.028	0.002	Cochran and Krishnaswami (1980)
Valdivia 10141	9.1083	-148.7780	0.000	0.020	0.028	0.004	Mangini and Sonntag (1977)
GIK10141-1	9.1083	-148.7780	0.000	0.020	0.035	0.005	Mueller and Mangini (1980)
GIK10140-1	9.2500	-148.7420	0.000	0.020	0.044	0.009	Mueller and Mangini (1980)
1858 163 bl	9.2700	-146.0300	0.000	0.030	0.027	0.005	Mangini and Kuehnel (1987)
10175	9.3217	-146.0180	0.000	0.020	0.022	0.002	Mueller and Mangini (1980)
1858 254 bl	9.3300	-146.0900	0.000	0.030	0.031	0.004	Mangini and Kuehnel (1987)
1858 232 bl	9.3500	-146.0500	0.000	0.030	0.034	0.008	Mangini and Kuehnel (1987)
GIK10149-1	9.5083	-146.1580	0.000	0.020	0.042	0.005	Mueller and Mangini (1980)
VNTR01-21GC	9.5900	-94.6000	0.000	0.020	0.150	0.006	this study
1858 195 bl	9.6700	-146.0900	0.000	0.030	0.023	0.008	Mangini and Kuehnel (1987)
KH-78-1-1038	10.0033	176.9880	0.000	0.040	0.027	0.002	Yang et al. (1986)
KH-79-4-7	10.7883	153.7180	0.000	0.010	0.033	0.005	Yang et al. (1986)
MANOP S	11.0500	-140.0830	0.015	0.021	0.025	0.001	Lao et al. (1992)
B52-39	11.2467	-139.0680	0.000	0.010	0.033	0.002	Cochran and Krishnaswami (1980)
VNTR01-01PC	11.2500	-109.6100	0.010	0.030	0.056	0.002	this study
V18-258	11.8667	-165.7500	0.000	0.050	0.028	0.002	Ku (1965)
1858 21 bl	12.3200	-150.0500	0.000	0.030	0.043	0.006	Mangini and Kuehnel (1987)
1858 151 bl	12.3400	-150.1700	0.000	0.030	0.032	0.003	Mangini and Kuehnel (1987)
VNTR01-22GC	13.0100	-99.3700	0.000	0.020	0.154	0.007	this study
Valdivia 10127	13.6950	-151.9830	0.020	0.040	0.031	0.002	Mangini and Sonntag (1977)
CH 75-2-8	14.0167	-54.0167	0.020	0.040	0.031	0.002	Anderson et al. (1983)
KK1, core1	14.1167	-153.1670	0.000	0.010	0.040	0.001	Anderson et al. (1983)
VM 22-197	14.1667	-18.5833	0.250	0.250	0.051	0.003	Yu (1994)
C57-58	15.1583	-125.9070	0.000	0.010	0.034	0.002	Cochran and Krishnaswami (1980)
KK1, core2	15.3333	-151.5670	0.000	0.030	0.034	0.001	Anderson et al. (1983)
KNR 64-05	16.5167	-74.8000	0.060	0.075	0.054	0.003	Yu (1994)
v 12-122	17.0000	-74.4000	0.100	0.150	0.077	0.007	Ku (1966)
v 16-21	17.2833	-48.4667	0.020	0.100	0.053	0.003	Ku (1966)
VM 30-049	18.4333	-21.0833	0.100	0.150	0.082	0.003	Yu (1994)
ktb 14	18.4667	-21.0500	0.000	0.010	0.070	0.005	Legeleux (1994)
ktb 11	18.5000	-21.0833	0.000	0.010	0.070	0.009	Legeleux (1994)
KH-79-4-22	20.0450	158.6000	0.000	0.020	0.040	0.003	Yang et al. (1986)
ktb 09	20.5333	-18.6000	0.000	0.010	0.160	0.037	Legeleux (1994)
V21-59	20.9167	-158.1000	0.050	0.060	0.081	0.004	Lao et al. (1992)
ktb 10	21.0500	-31.2000	0.000	0.010	0.033	0.004	Legeleux (1994)
ktb 12	21.0667	-31.1500	0.000	0.010	0.032	0.004	Legeleux (1994)
AII 42-41	22.2333	-56.6500	0.000	0.050	0.039	0.004	Ku et al. (1972)
VM 23-100	22.6833	-21.3000	0.100	0.100	0.035	0.001	Yu (1994)
core 12310	23.5000	-18.7167	0.020	0.040	0.102	0.013	Mangini and Dieter-Haass (1983)
KH-79-4-6	23.7917	147.6230	0.000	0.015	0.022	0.005	Yang et al. (1986)
163-9	24.2500	-115.0000	0.000	0.010	0.097	0.008	Shimmield et al. (1986)
163-10	24.6000	-114.0500	0.000	0.020	0.131	0.005	Shimmield et al. (1986)
145-7	24.7000	-114.1000	0.000	0.010	0.088	0.004	Shimmield et al. (1986)
163-14	24.7000	-113.7000	0.000	0.010	0.141		Shimmield et al. (1986)
145-8	24.9500	-113.5000	0.000	0.010	0.120	0.005	Shimmield et al. (1986)
163-7	24.9500	-113.5000	0.000	0.020	0.145	0.010	Shimmield et al. (1986)
v 10-95	26.5167	-51.7833	0.000	0.060	0.023	0.003	Ku (1966)
KH-74-4-21	26.7617	139.7080	0.020	0.080	0.105	0.015	Yang et al. (1986)
V21-71	27.9000	162.5170	0.000	0.020	0.036	0.002	Ku (1966)
KH-79-4-5	29.2800	144.0330	0.000	0.015	0.058	0.008	Yang et al. (1986)
KH-80-2-9	30.0000	-170.0130	0.000	0.020	0.045	0.003	Yang et al. (1986)
KH-75-3-2-2	30.0000	143.5130	0.000	0.025	0.091	0.007	Yang et al. (1986)
KH-80-3-16	31.7250	157.4450	0.000	0.015	0.195	0.032	Yang et al. (1986)
SCB QP2	32.5833	-118.1670	0.000	0.100	0.198	0.011	Lao et al. (1992)
M36/2_192-MUC	32.9967	-21.9917	0.000	0.000	0.042	0.009	Scholten, unpublished
BC31	33.7500	-118.8000	0.000	0.010	0.500		Huh etal. (1987)
KH-75-3-14-2	34.3967	145.0300	0.000	0.030	0.076	0.007	Yang et al. (1986)
KH-83-3-D	34.8667	154.7700	0.000	0.010	0.090	0.008	Yang et al. (1986)
V32-126	35.3167	174.9000	0.070	0.080	0.064	0.003	Lao et al. (1992)
PS BC151	35.6333	-121.6170	0.000	0.010	0.157	0.015	Lao et al. (1992)
VM 26-176	36.0000	-72.0000	0.080	0.100	0.066	0.004	Yu (1994)
PS BC166	36.1000	-122.6000	0.000	0.010	0.163	0.019	Lao et al. (1992)
PS BC150	36.1833	-122.3670	0.000	0.010	0.190	0.047	Lao et al. (1992)
PS BC133	36.2000	-122.2670	0.000	0.010	0.966	0.058	Lao et al. (1992)
V32-128	36.4500	177.1500	0.080	0.100	0.062	0.005	Lao et al. (1992)
EN 187 BC8	36.8667	-74.5733	0.010	0.020	0.053	0.015	Anderson et al. (1994)
EN 187 BC9	36.8700	-74.5633	0.060	0.080	0.075	0.014	Anderson et al. (1994)
EN 187 BC10	36.8750	-74.6133	0.010	0.020	0.089	0.029	Anderson et al. (1994)
EN 187 BC11	37.0383	-74.5717	0.020	0.030	0.062	0.023	Anderson et al. (1994)
en 187-bc6	37.4000	-73.8283	0.000	0.010	0.055	0.007	Anderson et al. (1991)
en 179-bc7	37.4183	-73.8233	0.000	0.010	0.051	0.006	Anderson et al. (1991)
en 179-bc4	37.5283	-74.0383	0.010	0.020	0.071	0.011	Anderson et al. (1991)
EN 187 BC5	37.6183	-74.1667	0.040	0.050	0.069	0.014	Anderson et al. (1994)
EN 187 BC4	37.6217	-74.2217	0.030	0.040	0.063	0.023	Anderson et al. (1994)
EN 179 BC2	37.6250	-74.1667	0.040	0.050	0.050	0.011	Anderson et al. (1994)
EN 179 BC3	37.6400	-74.1433	0.020	0.030	0.075	0.016	Anderson et al. (1994)
V21-146	37.6833	163.0330	0.100	0.110	0.093	0.005	Lao et al. (1992)
MANOP R	38.0000	-158.0000	0.000	0.050	0.043	0.002	Lao et al. (1992)
KH-80-2-8	38.0550	-179.7620	0.000	0.010	0.073	0.005	Yang et al. (1986)
KH-84-3-16	38.2867	135.4920	0.000	0.015	0.413	0.055	Yang et al. (1986)
KH-80-2-6	39.0417	166.0050	0.020	0.030	0.113	0.011	Yang et al. (1986)
oce 152 bc5	39.1333	-70.9333	0.000	0.005	0.063	0.003	Anderson et al. (1991)
EN 123 BC1	39.1367	-70.9250	0.010	0.015	0.053	0.003	Anderson et al. (1994)
EN 123 BC3	39.5817	-70.9200	0.000	0.010	0.061	0.005	Anderson et al. (1994)
RC14-105	39.6833	157.5500	0.100	0.120	0.090	0.005	Lao et al. (1992)
OCE 152-BC9	39.6983	-70.9133	0.000	0.005	0.091	0.007	Anderson et al. (1994)
oce 152 bc8	39.7750	-70.9650	0.000	0.005	0.071	0.007	Anderson et al. (1991)
EN 123 BC4	39.8033	-70.9283	0.010	0.015	0.076	0.008	Anderson et al. (1994)
OCE 152-BC1	39.8117	-70.9433	0.000	0.020	0.082	0.008	Anderson et al. (1994)
EN 123 BC6	39.8133	-70.9233	0.000	0.010	0.066	0.006	Anderson et al. (1994)
KH-84-3-5	39.9583	145.4380	0.000	0.015	0.144	0.021	Yang et al. (1986)
KH-80-2-5	40.0033	156.0000	0.000	0.010	0.128	0.014	Yang et al. (1986)
V20-88	40.1833	-151.6500	0.000	0.000	0.044	0.002	Lao et al. (1992)
VM 30-097	41.0000	-33.9333	0.050	0.160	0.272	0.010	Yu (1994)
W8709A-1	41.5500	-131.9500	0.010	0.030	0.081	0.003	Lao et al. (1992)
chn 82-23	41.6333	-27.3333	0.000	0.050	0.057	0.003	Ku et al. (1972)
chn 82-24	41.7167	-32.8500	0.000	0.050	0.047	0.002	Ku et al. (1972)
CHN 82-004	41.7167	-32.8500	0.020	0.040	0.065	0.005	Yu (1994)
chn 82-30	41.8500	-26.4667	0.000	0.100	0.065	0.004	Ku et al. (1972)
chn 82-28	42.0000	-29.9000	0.000	0.100	0.055	0.004	Ku et al. (1972)
W8709A-13	42.1167	-125.7500	0.040	0.050	0.217	0.036	Lao et al. (1992)
chn 82-26	42.1667	-31.6333	0.000	0.100	0.057	0.003	Ku et al. (1972)
W8709A-8	42.2667	-127.6830	0.090	0.100	0.180	0.011	Lao et al. (1992)
chn 82-25	42.3167	-28.5833	0.000	0.060	0.041	0.003	Ku et al. (1972)
chn 82-31	42.3833	-31.8000	0.000	0.100	0.050	0.003	Ku et al. (1972)
CHN 82-011	42.3833	-31.8000	0.035	0.050	0.053	0.004	Yu (1994)
chn 82-33	42.4833	-28.6667	0.000	0.100	0.070	0.007	Ku et al. (1972)
KH-83-3-BC	43.3000	154.7070	0.000	0.010	0.290	0.034	Yang et al. (1986)
chn 82-42	43.3333	-28.0833	0.000	0.100	0.061	0.004	Ku et al. (1972)
chn 82-41	43.3667	-28.2333	0.000	0.100	0.093	0.005	Ku et al. (1972)
CHN 82-015	43.3667	-28.2333	0.030	0.040	0.069	0.006	Yu (1994)
CHN 82-020	43.5000	-29.8667	0.040	0.060	0.052	0.003	Yu (1994)
chn 82-32	43.7500	-27.7833	0.000	0.100	0.058	0.004	Ku et al. (1972)
VM 29-179	44.0000	-24.5333	0.160	0.160	0.044	0.002	Yu (1994)
V20-85	44.9000	-143.6170	0.000	0.010	0.044	0.002	Lao et al. (1992)
KH-83-3-C	45.0250	159.9950	0.000	0.010	0.161	0.012	Yang et al. (1986)
V20-122	46.5667	161.6830	0.080	0.100	0.145	0.007	Lao et al. (1992)
KH-78-3-4	53.5000	177.2580	0.000	0.025	0.219	0.027	Yang et al. (1986)
M36/2_MC435	54.6117	-21.1500	0.000	0.000	0.073	0.013	Scholten, unpublished
RC14-121	54.8500	-170.6830	0.250	0.270	0.154	0.016	Lao et al. (1992)
VM 28-014	64.7833	-29.5667	0.130	0.130	0.108	0.004	Yu (1994)
VM 27-086	66.6000	1.1167	0.090	0.090	0.087	0.005	Yu (1994)
HM-79-26	66.9000	-5.9333	0.000	0.000	0.071	0.004	Yu (1994)
HM-71-19	69.4833	-9.5167	0.000	0.000	0.077	0.006	Yu (1994)
GIK17730-2	72.1117	7.3883	0.000	0.010	0.145	0.010	Scholten et al. (1995)
23293	72.6217	-6.5917	0.000	0.010	0.079	0.011	Scholten et al. (1995)
HM-94-18/3	73.5000	5.6833	0.000	0.000	0.045	0.003	Yu (1994)
21893	74.8683	-10.1100	0.000	0.010	0.101	0.009	Scholten et al. (1995)
17729	75.0000	0.0000	0.000	0.010	0.078	0.006	Scholten et al. (1995)
21895	75.4133	-7.3100	0.000	0.010	0.076	0.008	Scholten et al. (1995)
GIK17726-1	75.4983	3.5617	0.000	0.010	0.072	0.006	Scholten et al. (1995)
GIK17728-1	76.5200	3.6250	0.000	0.010	0.105	0.009	Scholten et al. (1995)
GIK17725-1	77.4600	4.5800	0.000	0.010	0.077	0.005	Scholten et al. (1995)