Not logged in
PANGAEA.
Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science

König-Langlo, Gert (1990): Radiosonde PS10/02119 during POLARSTERN cruise ANT-V/5 on 1987-04-07 09:22h [dataset]. Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.379568, In: König-Langlo, G (1990): Upper air soundings during POLARSTERN cruise ANT-V/5 [dataset publication series]. Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.853622

Always quote citation above when using data! You can download the citation in several formats below.

RIS CitationBibTeX CitationShow MapGoogle Earth

Coverage:
Latitude: 21.670000 * Longitude: -30.000000
Date/Time Start: 1987-04-07T09:22:00 * Date/Time End: 1987-04-07T09:22:00
Minimum ALTITUDE: 10 m * Maximum ALTITUDE: 28019 m
Event(s):
PS10/02119 * Latitude: 21.670000 * Longitude: -30.000000 * Date/Time: 1987-04-07T09:22:00 * Location: Canarias Sea * Campaign: ANT-V/5 (PS10) * Basis: Polarstern * Method/Device: Radiosonde (RADIO)
Comment:
Height of tropopause 16835 m, precipitable water content 2.0757 cm
Size:
3548 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:


Altitude [m]

PPPP [hPa]

TTT [°C]

RH [%]

dd [deg]

ff [m/s]
101017.021.1822626.7
551011.722.172
831008.521.672
1261003.421.173
158999.720.873
209993.820.477
259988.119.978
311982.119.479
355977.019.078
386973.518.878
427968.918.677
466964.518.279
502960.417.8802745.8
546955.517.5802725.9
579951.817.2792716.1
617947.517.1702726.1
648944.117.1682726.1
685940.016.8672736.2
724935.716.5692746.3
757932.016.3672766.2
794928.016.2622746.3
827924.416.0622766.0
869919.815.7632766.2
901916.315.6612766.2
937912.415.3592756.4
974908.415.0602756.4
1026902.914.4622746.6
1063898.914.2632736.7
1096895.413.9672736.7
1134891.313.6672736.8
1171887.413.2682717.0
1208883.512.9682716.9
1246879.512.7672717.0
1278876.212.5682707.0
1319871.912.0682687.2
1352868.411.8702687.3
1393864.211.5702667.5
1440859.311.2662657.7
1469856.311.0652657.9
1501853.010.8642657.7
1542848.810.4632657.7
1587844.310.2582667.8
1625840.49.9592658.0
1668836.19.7562658.0
1702832.69.5582658.3
1739828.99.2622648.4
1775825.38.9652648.3
1811821.78.6682638.3
1860816.98.2652638.5
1904812.58.1542648.7
1938809.28.1472638.7
1968806.28.1422638.5
2006802.58.5282618.7
2049798.49.3212638.6
2082795.210.0152628.7
2120791.610.972618.7
2154788.311.472608.7
2184785.511.7525610.0
2221782.011.7425410.5
2252779.111.7424911.9
2289775.711.7424812.2
2325772.311.7424712.7
2358769.311.5524513.3
2395765.911.6524413.8
2433762.411.5524314.5
2463759.711.3524314.9
2488757.411.1524215.3
2529753.711.0524215.7
2556751.210.8624116.1
2592748.010.7624016.2
2625745.010.3724016.3
2661741.810.1724016.4
2693738.910.0723916.9
2735735.29.5723917.0
2775731.79.3723917.0
2809728.79.2823817.0
2843725.79.0823717.2
2879722.58.8823717.7
2911719.78.5923717.9
2944716.88.3823617.8
2985713.38.0723618.0
3014710.88.0723517.8
3044708.27.7723417.5
3082704.97.3723417.8
3111702.47.0723518.4
3147699.46.8723518.4
3187696.06.5723418.6
3216693.56.2723418.6
3253690.45.9723418.7
3288687.45.6723418.8
3320684.75.4723418.8
3360681.45.1723519.0
3404677.74.9723519.2
3433675.34.6723519.3
3467672.54.3723619.5
3508669.14.1723619.8
3544666.13.9723719.9
3579663.33.7723720.0
3618660.13.7623720.1
3655657.13.7523820.6
3683654.83.5523920.8
3718652.03.4523920.7
3763648.43.0524020.7
3795645.82.8424020.6
3835642.62.7424020.5
3873639.62.5424020.5
3906637.02.1424020.5
3942634.22.0324020.5
3977631.41.7224020.3
4011628.81.4224020.3
4040626.51.2224020.2
4081623.30.9224020.3
4113620.80.7324020.3
4144618.40.4423920.3
4189615.0-0.1623920.3
4235611.4-0.4623920.4
4276608.3-0.8623920.3
4317605.2-1.1623920.3
4362601.8-1.5623920.4
4399599.0-1.7623920.6
4435596.3-2.1623920.9
4467593.9-2.4623921.1
4511590.6-2.7623921.2
4546588.0-3.1723921.4
4581585.4-3.2823921.6
4623582.3-3.5823921.8
4657579.8-3.8824022.0
4695577.0-4.1824022.2
4736574.0-4.4724022.5
4776571.1-4.6724022.6
4813568.4-4.9624022.7
4852565.6-5.0524022.8
4892562.7-5.3524022.8
4931559.9-5.7524022.9
4971557.1-6.0524023.0
5009554.4-6.2624023.0
5051551.4-6.5624023.2
5095548.3-6.8824023.2
5135545.5-7.0724123.2
5177542.6-7.1724123.1
5215539.9-7.3724123.1
5253537.3-7.4624223.2
5291534.7-7.8724223.0
5332531.9-7.8624223.0
5368529.4-8.0624322.7
5401527.2-8.1524422.7
5437524.7-8.3424522.2
5477522.0-8.6424621.9
5512519.7-8.9424621.8
5546517.4-8.9924721.3
5588514.6-8.81624720.9
5621512.4-8.92324921.7
5661509.8-9.22725021.6
5696507.5-9.32725121.3
5737504.8-9.92825221.1
5770502.6-10.23025320.9
5804500.4-10.63125420.7
5835498.4-10.73225321.4
5874495.9-11.13225421.3
5906493.8-11.33425521.1
5937491.8-11.73525521.0
5970489.7-11.94125520.9
6004487.5-12.34225620.9
6033485.7-12.54225620.9
6066483.6-12.74325721.0
6091482.0-13.04025721.3
6124479.9-13.24025821.1
6154478.0-13.63725821.3
6185476.1-13.93625821.4
6217474.1-14.13625821.5
6249472.1-14.63625921.5
6281470.1-14.84425921.5
6310468.3-14.95525921.9
6339466.5-15.16525922.2
6372464.5-15.46925822.5
6404462.5-15.87025822.7
6433460.7-16.06925822.9
6466458.7-16.16725823.1
6494457.0-16.36625823.3
6526455.1-16.46725723.4
6555453.3-16.86725723.6
6582451.7-16.96625623.8
6612449.9-17.16625524.2
6645447.9-17.36625524.3
6672446.3-17.66525424.4
6701444.6-17.86525424.3
6733442.7-18.06625324.5
6763440.9-18.26725224.6
6797438.9-18.36425224.7
6828437.1-18.15925124.8
6860435.2-18.35725124.8
6889433.5-18.55725024.9
6922431.6-18.85625025.1
6962429.3-19.15525025.2
6995427.4-19.35525025.2
7025425.7-19.75424925.4
7060423.7-20.05524925.5
7098421.5-20.35724925.2
7133419.5-20.55524825.5
7170417.4-20.95424925.6
7202415.6-21.15524925.9
7236413.7-21.55524925.7
7275411.5-21.75324925.9
7311409.5-22.05125026.3
7346407.6-22.25025026.2
7383405.5-22.55025126.3
7418403.6-22.74925126.2
7456401.5-22.95025226.5
7495399.4-23.25125326.9
7531397.4-23.45125327.1
7566395.5-24.05125327.1
7592394.1-24.05225427.2
7637391.7-24.55425427.2
7670389.9-24.75625527.2
7708387.9-24.95325627.2
7738386.3-25.05325628.0
7768384.7-25.35225628.3
7810382.5-25.55225728.7
7846380.6-25.95225728.6
7884378.6-26.15225728.9
7918376.8-26.55325829.4
7951375.1-26.65225829.6
7982373.5-26.85125830.1
8021371.5-27.25125830.2
8057369.6-27.55025830.3
8089368.0-27.84925830.6
8114366.7-28.04825830.9
8151364.8-28.34825831.2
8179363.4-28.54825831.9
8215361.6-28.74525832.0
8250359.8-28.74125832.2
8286358.0-28.83925832.6
8310356.8-29.03925832.7
8342355.2-29.33925832.8
8375353.6-29.43825832.9
8407352.0-29.63825732.8
8437350.5-29.93825732.5
8472348.8-30.23925732.5
8505347.2-30.63925732.6
8538345.6-30.63825632.6
8564344.3-30.93925632.6
8597342.7-31.24125532.5
8630341.1-31.44025532.6
8664339.5-31.64025532.4
8693338.1-31.74025432.2
8724336.6-31.84225332.3
8752335.3-32.14225332.3
8788333.6-32.44125232.5
8815332.3-32.64225132.5
8853330.5-33.04325132.8
8888328.9-33.24425032.8
8915327.6-33.54425033.0
8950326.0-33.84425033.2
8978324.7-34.14424933.3
9014323.0-34.44524833.1
9043321.7-34.64524833.5
9077320.1-34.94624833.9
9112318.5-35.24724834.9
9148316.9-35.64624835.6
9176315.6-35.74524836.0
9211314.0-36.04424836.2
9245312.5-36.04424836.8
9269311.4-36.24324737.2
9305309.8-36.44024837.4
9339308.3-36.73924837.6
9370306.9-36.93824837.9
9404305.4-36.63124838.0
9434304.1-36.42624838.5
9468302.6-36.42324838.4
9495301.4-36.72124838.3
9535299.7-36.91924838.3
9562298.5-37.21824838.2
9593297.2-37.41724838.4
9623295.9-37.71724838.3
9658294.4-37.91624838.3
9691293.0-38.21624838.2
9724291.6-38.51524938.2
9757290.2-38.61424938.3
9790288.8-38.81324938.2
9823287.4-38.91224938.3
9857286.0-39.01124938.4
9886284.8-39.21025038.4
9924283.2-39.1825038.2
9961281.7-39.1725138.2
9995280.3-39.4725138.3
10027279.0-39.6625238.2
10063277.5-39.9625338.1
10095276.2-40.2625338.1
10138274.5-40.4625438.3
10170273.2-40.6625637.2
10205271.8-40.9525637.5
10243270.3-41.0525737.4
10275269.0-41.2525737.4
10311267.6-41.6525837.7
10354265.9-42.1525837.7
10390264.5-42.2525937.9
10428263.0-42.8526038.1
10467261.5-43.0526038.5
10500260.2-43.3526837.6
10531259.0-43.6526638.1
10576257.3-44.1526638.2
10610256.0-44.1626738.3
10644254.7-44.6626937.6
10673253.6-44.6626837.5
10707252.3-44.8626638.1
10736251.2-45.0626538.8
10771249.9-45.1626439.4
10803248.7-45.2625942.7
10835247.5-45.4625843.4
10865246.4-45.5625843.8
10895245.3-45.7625843.9
10928244.1-45.8625744.1
10963242.8-46.1625744.7
10991241.8-46.3625644.3
11026240.5-46.5625644.4
11057239.4-46.6625644.0
11087238.3-46.6625644.0
11121237.1-46.6625643.6
11157235.8-46.9625642.8
11188234.7-47.1625642.1
11220233.6-47.3525641.7
11254232.4-47.6525541.1
11285231.3-47.8525742.5
11316230.2-48.2525742.0
11351229.0-48.5525841.6
11380228.0-48.7525841.5
11411226.9-48.9525841.3
11440225.9-49.1525841.1
11472224.8-49.1525840.8
11505223.7-49.1525840.5
11534222.7-49.0525840.2
11572221.4-49.1525839.8
11605220.3-49.1525839.6
11635219.3-49.2525839.4
11668218.2-49.3525839.2
11704217.0-49.4425739.1
11737215.9-49.6425739.0
11777214.6-49.8425638.9
11814213.4-49.8425639.1
11847212.3-49.9425639.1
11885211.1-50.1425539.2
11922209.9-49.9425539.5
11959208.7-49.9425439.5
11997207.5-50.0425439.6
12041206.1-50.2425439.7
12083204.8-50.3425339.8
12121203.6-50.6425339.8
12159202.4-50.9425340.0
12201201.1-51.2425340.0
12240199.9-51.6425340.1
12286198.5-51.8425340.2
12328197.2-52.2425240.3
12368196.0-52.6425240.7
12408194.8-52.5425240.7
12447193.6-52.5425240.6
12488192.4-52.7425240.6
12531191.1-52.8425240.7
12579189.7-53.4425240.7
12616188.6-53.5425240.9
12661187.3-53.7425241.0
12699186.2-54.0425241.0
12740185.0-54.4425241.0
12778183.9-54.7425240.9
12817182.8-54.8425341.0
12859181.6-55.0425341.2
12898180.5-55.2425341.1
12937179.4-55.5425341.3
12976178.3-55.8425441.4
13015177.2-56.0425441.8
13051176.2-56.5425441.9
13084175.3-56.4425441.9
13120174.3-56.5425442.0
13160173.2-56.7425442.1
13193172.3-56.8425442.0
13226171.4-57.0425542.4
13260170.5-57.3425542.5
13297169.5-57.5425542.2
13327168.7-58.0325642.6
13364167.7-58.4325642.6
13402166.7-58.6325642.7
13436165.8-58.6325642.8
13470164.9-58.9325742.8
13504164.0-59.0325742.5
13535163.2-59.3325742.3
13573162.2-59.4325741.9
13604161.4-59.4325741.5
13643160.4-59.5325641.6
13686159.3-59.7325640.3
13722158.4-59.7325942.4
13761157.4-59.9325942.1
13801156.4-59.9326041.8
13837155.5-60.3326142.5
13877154.5-60.6326241.6
13918153.5-61.2326241.2
13958152.5-61.4326241.0
14003151.4-61.8326340.8
14052150.2-62.1326340.6
14094149.2-62.5326440.4
14139148.1-62.5326540.1
14185147.0-62.8326639.4
14227146.0-63.0326639.2
14274144.9-63.1326638.1
14321143.8-63.5326737.4
14364142.8-63.5326736.6
14415141.6-63.4326735.5
14455140.7-63.7326635.1
14503139.6-63.5326634.5
14542138.7-63.9326534.3
14587137.7-64.2326433.7
14627136.8-64.4426332.6
14672135.8-64.3426232.6
14708135.0-64.5426132.2
14749134.1-63.9325932.1
14790133.2-64.5425729.7
14836132.2-64.7425630.2
14873131.4-65.0325530.6
14906130.7-65.2425432.0
14948129.8-65.2425432.1
14981129.1-65.3425432.8
15014128.4-65.5425333.2
15047127.7-65.7425333.4
15076127.1-65.9325333.3
15109126.4-65.9325333.6
15143125.7-66.3325334.0
15182124.9-65.9425334.4
15211124.3-65.7425434.7
15240123.7-66.0325435.0
15270123.1-65.9425535.2
15300122.5-65.5425535.4
15329121.9-65.5325635.5
15354121.4-65.6325735.4
15390120.7-65.9325835.3
15415120.2-65.9325935.2
15445119.6-65.5326034.9
15476119.0-65.6326134.9
15506118.4-65.9326135.1
15542117.7-66.2326234.8
15579117.0-66.4326235.0
15610116.4-66.6326335.1
15651115.6-66.7326334.4
15688114.9-66.9326433.8
15725114.2-67.0326433.1
15762113.5-67.2326532.4
15805112.7-67.3326532.0
15848111.9-67.7326530.9
15891111.1-67.7326530.5
15934110.3-67.8326528.9
15978109.5-68.0326527.7
16022108.7-68.4326527.0
16072107.8-69.0326522.4
16122106.9-69.2326322.1
16167106.1-69.1326223.1
16218105.2-69.5326123.6
16258104.5-69.5325923.5
16304103.7-69.6225824.2
16350102.9-69.8225724.6
16396102.1-70.1225724.8
16443101.3-70.3225625.0
16490100.5-70.3225625.3
1653299.8-70.4225625.0
1657999.0-70.8225625.0
1662198.3-71.0225524.9
1666497.6-71.3225525.0
1670696.9-71.5225525.0
1674996.2-71.7225525.1
1679295.5-71.9225425.0
1683594.8-72.0225425.2
1687994.1-72.0225425.3
1691793.5-71.9225425.3
1695592.9-71.9225425.9
1699392.3-71.8225526.5
1703891.6-71.5225626.8
1707791.0-71.6225726.8
1711690.4-71.6225726.9
1714989.9-72.1225827.1
1718189.4-72.5225927.1
1722188.8-72.0226026.9
1725488.3-72.0226126.9
1729487.7-72.1226126.8
1732887.2-71.9226226.7
1736286.7-72.1226326.6
1740386.1-72.0226426.7
1743785.6-72.0226426.4
1747985.0-72.1226626.1
1751384.5-71.8226626.0
1755683.9-71.2226726.0
1759883.3-70.9226825.6
1764182.7-71.0226925.0
1768482.1-71.2227024.7
1772081.6-70.6326923.9
1776481.0-70.5326923.5
1780180.5-69.6326922.1
1784679.9-68.7326821.2
1789179.3-68.2326720.6
1793678.7-67.8326620.1
1797578.2-67.6326419.7
1802177.6-67.5326319.4
1806877.0-67.4326318.8
1810776.5-66.9326117.9
1814776.0-66.4326017.8
1818775.5-66.5325917.3
1823574.9-66.6325416.4
1827674.4-66.8325516.1
1831673.9-67.3325416.0
1835773.4-66.5325415.9
1839972.9-66.2325315.8
1844972.3-65.7325315.9
1849171.8-65.4325215.7
1853471.3-65.1325215.7
1858570.7-65.0325215.8
1862070.3-64.2325115.7
1867269.7-64.0325115.6
1871769.2-64.2325115.6
1876168.7-64.1325115.7
1880668.2-64.3325015.6
1886067.6-63.8325015.4
1890567.1-63.4325015.5
1895166.6-63.1225015.4
1899866.1-62.8225015.5
1904565.6-62.6224915.5
1909265.1-62.2224915.5
1913964.6-61.8224915.3
1918864.1-61.5224915.1
1922663.7-61.3224915.0
1927563.2-61.2224914.9
1931562.8-61.3224815.6
1935462.4-61.5224815.7
1939462.0-61.6224815.7
1944461.5-61.6224915.5
1947561.2-61.5225015.2
1951660.8-60.8225115.2
1955760.4-60.2225314.8
1959860.0-59.9225314.6
1964059.6-59.9225514.3
1967159.3-60.1225614.3
1971458.9-60.1225714.2
1975658.5-59.8226013.6
1979958.1-59.7226113.5
1983257.8-59.4226113.5
1987557.4-59.2226313.3
1991957.0-59.2226513.0
1995256.7-59.2226612.6
1999656.3-59.3226711.8
2004155.9-59.3227210.8
2008655.5-59.1227210.4
2013155.1-59.1226910.1
2017754.7-58.822679.6
2023554.2-58.422659.3
2028153.8-58.222648.8
2032853.4-57.922608.5
2036453.1-57.922578.2
2042452.6-57.722547.4
2046052.3-57.822497.5
2050851.9-58.322467.1
2055751.5-58.722397.1
2060651.1-59.222407.0
2065550.7-59.322377.1
2070550.3-59.512367.1
2075449.9-60.012396.4
2079249.6-59.712386.5
2083049.3-59.412366.6
2086849.0-59.212356.8
2090748.7-59.312346.9
2095848.3-59.412347.0
2099748.0-59.412327.1
2103747.7-59.012307.4
2107647.4-58.712297.3
2111647.1-58.512287.5
2115646.8-58.712267.5
2119746.5-58.512227.7
2123846.2-58.712217.7
2127945.9-58.712187.8
2133345.5-58.912187.7
2137545.2-58.812177.6
2143144.8-59.012157.5
2147344.5-59.012147.2
2153044.1-59.012126.7
2157243.8-59.212146.7
2161543.5-59.612135.9
2165943.2-59.812185.7
2171742.8-59.712215.6
2176142.5-59.612255.1
2180542.2-59.812294.5
2186541.8-59.412353.9
2191041.5-59.212433.2
2197141.1-58.912533.0
2200140.9-58.812603.0
2204840.6-58.412742.8
2211040.2-58.612762.7
2214140.0-58.212762.7
2218939.7-58.612802.5
2223639.4-58.812762.5
2226839.2-58.812782.2
2231638.9-58.512761.9
2236538.6-58.112701.8
2239838.4-57.612561.5
2244738.1-57.612581.2
2248137.9-57.712520.8
2253137.6-57.712320.7
2258137.3-57.911790.7
2263237.0-57.911390.5
2268436.7-58.211270.6
2271836.5-58.01801.3
2277036.2-57.21721.7
2280536.0-56.61682.0
2285835.7-56.32682.4
2291235.4-56.22672.8
2294835.2-55.92663.3
2300334.9-55.12733.4
2305834.6-54.42773.6
2311434.3-54.32814.4
2315134.1-54.22865.0
2320833.8-54.52955.5
2324633.6-54.62996.0
2328433.4-54.821036.6
2332233.2-55.221087.4
2338032.9-55.321118.1
2341932.7-55.521158.7
2345832.5-55.421189.1
2351832.2-55.121209.5
2355732.0-55.6212210.0
2359731.8-55.5212210.3
2365831.5-56.1212310.2
2369831.3-56.2212510.0
2373931.1-56.4212510.1
2380030.8-56.4212510.0
2384230.6-56.321279.8
2388330.4-56.721269.5
2394630.1-56.321259.3
2398929.9-55.921259.0
2403129.7-55.321258.6
2407529.5-54.621248.3
2414029.2-53.921227.7
2418429.0-53.521217.3
2422928.8-53.521217.1
2427428.6-54.021206.6
2431928.4-53.921206.0
2436428.2-54.321185.6
2441028.0-54.421185.5
2445627.8-54.721155.5
2452527.5-54.921135.5
2454827.4-55.221145.5
2461927.1-55.221125.4
2464227.0-55.021115.4
2469026.8-54.721105.3
2473826.6-54.321085.4
2478626.4-54.321075.6
2483526.2-54.321055.6
2488426.0-53.921045.7
2490925.9-52.621026.0
2495925.7-51.321006.1
2501025.5-50.721006.3
2503625.4-50.62987.0
2508725.2-50.22987.1
2513925.0-49.81977.9
2519224.8-49.31978.2
2521824.7-48.81968.4
2527224.5-48.41997.4
2532624.3-47.81988.1
2538124.1-47.011007.6
2543623.9-46.61988.3
2546423.8-46.011017.6
2552023.6-45.611007.7
2554823.5-45.21968.8
2560523.3-44.61969.4
2566323.1-44.319210.1
2569223.0-44.11999.8
2575122.8-44.229210.0
2581022.6-44.119311.2
2584022.5-43.929510.9
2590022.3-44.019411.4
2593022.2-44.019411.5
2599122.0-44.219311.5
2605221.8-44.019311.5
2608321.7-44.219411.7
2614521.5-44.019411.5
2617621.4-43.719411.4
2623921.2-43.519611.7
2627121.1-43.129411.4
2633520.9-42.729711.6
2636820.8-42.229911.5
2643320.6-42.029911.5
2646620.5-42.029911.5
2653320.3-42.0210011.6
2656620.2-42.0210011.8
2660020.1-42.0210111.8
2666719.9-42.0210212.5
2673619.7-42.2210412.8
2677019.6-42.3210512.8
2680519.5-42.5210613.0
2687419.3-42.5210613.1
2691019.2-42.5210713.2
2698019.0-42.4210713.2
2701618.9-42.3210713.0
2705218.8-41.9210713.0
2712418.6-41.6210713.1
2716118.5-41.5210713.1
2719818.4-41.6210713.2
2727218.2-41.7210813.2
2730918.1-41.9210713.2
2734718.0-42.0210713.2
2742217.8-41.7210713.4
2746117.7-41.8210713.4
2749917.6-41.6210713.5
2753817.5-41.7210713.4
2761617.3-41.6210813.6
2769417.1-41.9210913.6
2773417.0-41.8210913.6
2777416.9-41.8211013.2
2781416.8-41.8210913.3
2789616.6-41.7210813.1
2793716.5-41.8210812.9
2797816.4-41.6210912.8
2801916.3-41.7210912.5