Citation:

2002PA000793

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Abstract:

Since Dymond et al. (1992, doi:10.1029/92PA00181) proposed the paleoproductivity algorithm based on “Bio-Ba”, which relies on a strong correlation between Ba and organic carbon fluxes in sediment traps, this proxy has been applied in many paleoproductivity studies. Barite, the main carrier of particulate barium in the water column and the phase associated with carbon export, has also been suggested as a reliable paleoproductivity proxy in some locations. We demonstrate that Ba(excess) (total barium minus the fraction associated with terrigenous material) frequently overestimates Ba(barite) (barium associated with the mineral barite), most likely due to the inclusion of barium from phases other than barite and terrigenous silicates (e.g., carbonate, organic matter, opal, Fe-Mn oxides, and hydroxides). A comparison between overlying oceanic carbon export and carbon export derived from Ba(excess) shows that the Dymond et al. (1992) algorithm frequently underestimates carbon export but is still a useful carbon export indicator if all caveats are considered before the algorithm is applied. Ba(barite) accumulation rates from a wide range of core top sediments from different oceanic settings are highly correlated to surface ocean 14C and Chlorophyll a measurements of primary production. This relationship varies by ocean basin, but with the application of the appropriate f ratio to 14C and Chlorophyll a primary production estimates, the plot of Ba(barite) accumulation and carbon export for the equatorial Pacific, Atlantic, and Southern Ocean converges to a global relationship that can be used to reconstruct paleo carbon export.

Related to:

Eagle, Meagan; Paytan, Adina; Arrigo, Kevin R; van Dijken, Gert L; Murray, Richard W (2003): Correction to “A comparison between excess barium and barite as indicators of carbon export”. Paleoceanography, 18(3), 1060, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003PA000922

Murray, Richard W; Knowlton, Christopher; Leinen, Margaret W; Mix, Alan C; Polsky, CH (2000): Export production and carbonate dissolution in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean over the past 1 Myr. Paleoceanography, 15(6), 570-592, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999PA000457

Nürnberg, Christine Caroline; Bohrmann, Gerhard; Frank, Martin; Schlüter, Michael (1997): Barium accumulation in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean - Results from 190,000 year records. Paleoceanography, 12(4), 594-603, https://doi.org/10.1029/97PA01130

Schroeder, J O; Murray, Richard W; Leinen, Margaret W; Pflaum, Ronald C; Janecek, Thomas R (1997): Barium in equatorial Pacific carbonate sediment: Terrigenous, oxide, and biogenic associations. Paleoceanography, 12(1), 125-146, https://doi.org/10.1029/96PA02736

Coverage:

Median Latitude: -21.829528 * Median Longitude: -86.931187 * South-bound Latitude: -66.128000 * West-bound Longitude: -170.171000 * North-bound Latitude: 8.925000 * East-bound Longitude: 160.998000

Date/Time Start: 1973-02-15T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 1996-02-21T00:00:00

Minimum DEPTH, sediment/rock: 0.025 m * Maximum DEPTH, sediment/rock: 0.175 m

Event(s):

ERDC-088BX * Latitude: -0.048000 * Longitude: 155.868000 * Date/Time: 1975-04-18T00:00:00 * Elevation: -1924.0 m * Campaign: * Basis: Thomas Washington * Method/Device: Box corer (BC)

ERDC-125BX * Latitude: -0.003000 * Longitude: 160.998000 * Date/Time: 1975-04-27T00:00:00 * Elevation: -3368.0 m * Campaign: * Basis: Thomas Washington * Method/Device: Box corer (BC)

INMD-106BX * Latitude: 2.732000 * Longitude: -20.938000 * Date/Time: 1978-10-13T00:00:00 * Elevation: -4702.0 m * Campaign: * Basis: Melville * Method/Device: Box corer (BC)

Comment:

This data set gives table 3 as reported in the Erratum. Ba total and Al total analyses of TT013 samples from Schroeder et al. (1997) and Murray et al. (2000), PS samples from Nürnberg et al. (1995).

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Event label	Event
2	Sample code/label	Sample label		Eagle, Meagan
3	DEPTH, sediment/rock	Depth sed	m			Geocode
4	Depth, top/min	Depth top	m	Eagle, Meagan
5	Depth, bottom/max	Depth bot	m	Eagle, Meagan
6	Barium in barite	Ba brt	mg/kg	Eagle, Meagan		sequential leaching barite separation, min detection of 20 µg barit
7	Barium	Ba	mg/kg	Eagle, Meagan		total, bulk dissolution
8	Aluminium	Al	mg/kg	Eagle, Meagan		total, bulk dissolution
9	Barium excess	Ba xs	mg/kg	Eagle, Meagan		Ba/Al=0.0075
10	Barium excess	Ba xs	mg/kg	Eagle, Meagan		Ba/Al=0.0045
11	Barium barite/barium excess ratio	Ba brt/Ba xs		Eagle, Meagan		Ba/Al=0.0075
12	Barium barite/barium excess ratio	Ba brt/Ba xs		Eagle, Meagan		Ba/Al=0.0045
13	Accumulation rate per year	Acc rate	g/cm²/a	Eagle, Meagan
14	Barium, flux	Flux Ba	µg/cm²/a	Eagle, Meagan		Ba in barite
15	Barium excess, flux	Ba xs flux	µg/cm²/a	Eagle, Meagan		Ba/Al=0.0075
16	Barium excess, flux	Ba xs flux	µg/cm²/a	Eagle, Meagan		Ba/Al=0.0045
17	Primary production of carbon per area, yearly	PP C area	g/m²/a	Eagle, Meagan	Barium/PP (Dymond et al 1992)	Ba/Al=0.0075
18	Primary production of carbon per area, yearly	PP C area	g/m²/a	Eagle, Meagan	Barium/PP (Dymond et al 1992)	Ba/Al=0.0045
19	Export production	PP exp	g/m²/a	Eagle, Meagan
20	f-Ratio	f-ratio		Eagle, Meagan

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)

Size:

700 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Event	2 Sample label	3 Depth sed [m]	4 Depth top [m]	5 Depth bot [m]	6 Ba brt [mg/kg] (sequential leaching barite se...)	7 Ba [mg/kg] (total, bulk dissolution)	8 Al [mg/kg] (total, bulk dissolution)	9 Ba xs [mg/kg] (Ba/Al=0.0075)	10 Ba xs [mg/kg] (Ba/Al=0.0045)	11 Ba brt/Ba xs (Ba/Al=0.0075)	12 Ba brt/Ba xs (Ba/Al=0.0045)	13 Acc rate [g/cm²/a]	14 Flux Ba [µg/cm²/a] (Ba in barite)	15 Ba xs flux [µg/cm²/a] (Ba/Al=0.0075)	16 Ba xs flux [µg/cm²/a] (Ba/Al=0.0045)	17 PP C area [g/m²/a] (Ba/Al=0.0075)	18 PP C area [g/m²/a] (Ba/Al=0.0045)	19 PP exp [g/m²/a]	20 f-ratio
NBP9802-03	NBP 9802 St. 3 0-5cm	0.025	0.00	0.05	3953	6097	38359	5809	5924	68	67	0.00031	0.00122	1.79	1.83	51.0	52.0	32	0.64
NBP9802-03	NBP 9802 St. 3 0-5cm (duplicate)	0.025	0.00	0.05	4272	5747	39133	5453	5571	78	77	0.00031	0.00132	1.69	1.72	46.0	48.0	32	0.64
NBP9802-04	NBP 9802 St. 4 0-5 cm	0.025	0.00	0.05	<20	1597	3108	1574	1583	0	0	0.00074	0.00000	1.16	1.17	19.0	19.0	15	0.50
NBP9802-05	NBP 9802 St. 5 0-5 cm	0.025	0.00	0.05	<20	1526	2150	1510	1516	1	1	0.00106	0.00002	1.61	1.61	27.0	27.0	15	0.50
NBP9802-06	NBP 9802 St. 6 0-5 cm	0.025	0.00	0.05	85	832	691	827	829	10	10	0.00201	0.00017	1.66	1.66	23.0	23.0	13	0.50
NBP9802-07	NBP 9802 St. 7 0-5 cm	0.025	0.00	0.05	1070	1540	5663	1498	1515	71	71	0.00056	0.00060	0.84	0.85	13.0	13.0	13	0.50
NBP9802-08	NBP 9802 St. 8 0-5 cm	0.025	0.00	0.05	1452	2351	22023	2185	2251	66	64	0.00035	0.00051	0.77	0.80	20.0	20.0	16	0.50
NBP9802-09	NBP 9802 St. 9 0-5 cm	0.025	0.00	0.05	535	1604	55542	1188	1354	45	39	0.00024	0.00013	0.28	0.32	5.0	6.0	14	0.50
PLUTO-2-25	Pluto III 25BC 5-7 cm	0.060	0.05	0.07	<20	4031	40273	3729	3850	0	0	0.00072	0.00000	2.68	2.77	41.0	43.0	19	0.15
PLDS-081BX	PLDS 81 0-5 cm	0.025	0.00	0.05	812	4172	8126	4111	4135	20	20	0.00052	0.00042	2.14	2.15	31.0	31.0	25	0.15
PLDS-107BX	PLDS 107 0-5 cm	0.025	0.00	0.05	1000	3049	29935	2825	2915	35	34	0.00034	0.00034	0.96	0.99	11.0	12.0	25	0.15
PLDS-107BX	PLDS 107 15-20 cm	0.175	0.15	0.20	1294	2001	17342	1871	1923	69	67	0.00034	0.00044	0.64	0.65	6.0	6.0	25	0.15
TT013_143	JGOFS TT013-143MC 0-5 cm	0.025	0.00	0.05	2120	4339	61844	3875	4061	55	49	0.00017	0.00036	0.66	0.69	9.0	9.0	23	0.15
TT013_104	JGOFS TT013-104MC 0-5 cm	0.025	0.00	0.05	1000	1382	6451	1334	1353	75	72	0.00128	0.00128	1.71	1.73	16.0	17.0	29	0.15
TT013_113	JGOFS TT013-113MC 0-5 cm	0.025	0.00	0.05	1060	1929	5236	1890	1906	56	55	0.00123	0.00130	2.32	2.34	26.0	27.0	31	0.15
TT013_82	JGOFS TT013-82MC 0-5 cm	0.025	0.00	0.05	1420	1807	4066	1776	1788	80	79	0.00095	0.00135	1.69	1.70	18.0	18.0	34	0.15
TT013_88	JGOFS TT013-88MC 0-5 cm	0.025	0.00	0.05	1590	2108	4592	2073	2087	77	75	0.00147	0.00234	3.05	3.07	38.0	38.0	44	0.15
TT013_69	JGOFS TT013-69MC 0-5cm	0.025	0.00	0.05	1530	1702	3633	1674	1685	91	90	0.00152	0.00233	2.55	2.56	28.0	29.0	50	0.15
TT013_20	JGOFS TT013-20MC 0-5 cm	0.025	0.00	0.05	767	1361	2720	1341	1349	57	56	0.00186	0.00143	2.49	2.51	26.0	26.0	39	0.15
TT013_35	JGOFS TT013-35MC 0-5 cm	0.025	0.00	0.05	295	967	2449	949	956	31	30	0.00135	0.00040	1.28	1.29	10.0	11.0	23	0.15
TT013_6	JGOFS TT013-06MC 0-5 cm	0.025	0.00	0.05	59	1988	20232	1836	1897	3	3	0.00017	0.00001	0.31	0.32	3.0	3.0	14	0.15
K7905-21BC	Manop K7905-21BC 0-5 cm	0.025	0.00	0.05	1166	2204	4164	2173	2185	54	53	0.00147	0.00171	3.19	3.21	40.0	41.0	44	0.15
TNO57-10	TNO57-10 0-5 cm	0.025	0.00	0.05	1411	2856	35485	2590	2696	54	52	0.00100	0.00141	2.59	2.70	65.0	69.0	30	0.50
TNO57-13	TNO57-13 0-5 cm	0.025	0.00	0.05	35	1247	8197	1186	1211	3	3	0.00300	0.00011	3.56	3.63	74.0	77.0	9	0.50
PS2489-4	PS 2489-4 0-5 cm	0.025	0.00	0.05	<20	205	2000	190	196	3	3	0.00927	0.00006	1.76	1.82	20.0	21.0	7	0.50
PS2493-3	PS 2493-3 0-5 cm	0.025	0.00	0.05	41	994	12400	901	938	5	4	0.00242	0.00010	2.20	2.27	39.0	41.0	12	0.50
PS2498-2	PS 2498-2 0-5 cm	0.025	0.00	0.05	201	217	2000	202	208	100	97	0.00600	0.00121	1.22	1.25	13.0	13.0	25	0.50
PS2499-1	PS 2499-1 0-5 cm	0.025	0.00	0.05	649	574	6200	528	546	123	119	0.00230	0.00149	1.22	1.25	16.0	17.0	30	0.50
ERDC-088BX	ERDC 88 0-9 cm	0.045	0.00	0.09	270	361	3367	335	346	81	78	0.00080	0.00022	0.27	0.28	1.0	1.0	16	0.15
ERDC-125BX	ERDC 125 5-10 cm	0.075	0.05	0.10	51	665	6295	617	636	8	8	0.00145	0.00007	0.90	0.92	5.0	5.0	16	0.15
ERDC-125BX	ERDC 125 5-10 cm (Duplicate)	0.075	0.05	0.10	51	662	6085	616	634	8	8	0.00145	0.00007	0.89	0.92	5.0	5.0	16	0.15
RC24-8GC	RC-24-08GC 11-13 cm	0.120	0.11	0.13	<20	112	1454	101	106	0	0	0.00548	0.00000	0.56	0.58	2.0	2.0	10	0.05
V30-41	VM-30-41IL 11-13 cm	0.120	0.11	0.13	100	119	5085	81	96	124	104	0.00173	0.00017	0.14	0.17	0.3	0.4	9	0.05
W7706-44	W7706-44K 10-15 cm	0.125	0.10	0.15	73	263	24663	78	152	94	48	0.00901	0.00066	0.70	1.37	3.0	9.0	90	0.15
W7706-44	W7706-44K 15-20 cm	0.175	0.15	0.20	75	250	29208	31	119	241	63	0.00895	0.00067	0.28	1.06	1.0	6.0	90	0.15
INMD-106BX	INMD 106 10-15 cm	0.125	0.10	0.15	<20	133	17911	-2	52	0	0	0.00150	0.00000	0.00	0.08	0.0	0.1	4	0.05
INMD-106BX	INMD 106 10-15 cm (Duplicate)	0.125	0.10	0.15	<20	136	20264	-16	45	0	0	0.00150	0.00000	-0.02	0.07	0.0	0.1	4	0.05
INMD-106BX	INMD 106 15-20 cm	0.175	0.15	0.20	<20	152	19745	4	64	0	0	0.00150	0.00000	0.01	0.10	0.0	0.2	4	0.05
INMD-106BX	INMD 106 15-20 cm (Duplicate)	0.175	0.15	0.20	<20	192	22620	22	90	0	0	0.00150	0.00000	0.03	0.13	0.0	0.3