Abstract
The paper gives a brief historical outline of JEBAR and its role in the ocean modeling, the cases of plagiarism by W. Holland and other scholars, and the main scientific results obtained with the help of JEBAR, JEBAR-2, and BARBE (baroclinic β-effect). The paper consists of the following main sections: the use of JEBAR as a correction of an error made by the authors of the method of mass flux; G. Neumann, P. Welander, bottom pressure torque, and JEBAR; opposition in the Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences; W. Holland and his disciples as would-be hijackers of JEBAR; wide recognition and mass plagiarism of JEBAR in the English-language literature; JEBAR-2; the main results of the use of water baroclinicity, BARBE, JEBARs, and other factors of ocean modeling; adaptation of thermohydrodynamic parameters and diagnosis of long-term variations in the oceanic climate; and JEBAR and modern prognostic calculations.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
V. B. Shtokman, “Equation of Integral Mass Fluxes Excited by the Wind in the Inhomogeneous Sea,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 54, 407–410 (1946).
H. U. Sverdrup, “Wind-Driven Currents in a Baroclinic Ocean with Application to the Equatorial Currents of the Eastern Pacific,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 33, 318–326 (1947).
W. H. Munk, “On the Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation,” J. Meteorol. 7(2), 79–93 (1950).
V. W. Ekman, “On the Influence of the Earth Rotation on Ocean Currents,” Arkiv Mat., Astron., Fysik 2(11), 1–52 (1905).
V. W. Ekman, “Ber Horizontalzirkulation Bei Winderzeugten Meeresstrmungen,” Arkiv Mat., Astron. Fysik 17 (1923).
V. B. Shtokman, “Use of an Analogy between the Integral Mass Flux in the Sea and the Bending of a Fixed Plate to Characterize Flows in Some Specific Cases,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Novaya Ser. 54, 689–692 (1946).
Lord Rayleigh, “On the Flow of Viscous Liquids, Especially in Two Dimensions,” Philos. Mag. J. Sci. XXXVIII, 354–372 (1893).
H. Stommel, “The Westward Intensification of the Wind-Driven Ocean Currents,” Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 29, 202–206 (1948).
A. S. Sarkisyan, “On the Problem of Determining Steady Wind Currents in the Baroclinic Ocean Layer,” Tr. Geofiz. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR 164(37), 50–61 (1956).
P. S. Lineikin, “Dynamics of Steady-State Currents in an Inhomogeneous Sea,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 105, 1215–1217 (1955).
A. S. Sarkisyan, “On the Role of Pure Drift Advection of Density in the Dynamics of Wind Currents of a Baroclinic Ocean,” Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geofiz., No. 9, 1396–1407 (1961).
A. S. Sarkisyan, “Dynamics of the Onset of Wind Currents in a Baroclinic Ocean,” Okeanologiya 2, 393–409 (1962).
A. S. Sarkisyan, Principles of Theory and Computation of Ocean Currents (Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1966) [in Russian].
A. S. Sarkisyan, Theory and Computation of Ocean Currents (Gidrometeoizdat, Moscow, 1966; IPST, Jerusalem, 1969).
A. G. Kolesnikov, et al., Discovery, Experimental Study, and Development of the Theory of the Lomonosov Current (MGI AN USSR, Sevastopol, 1968) [in Russian].
A. S. Sarkisyan, “Deficiencies of Barotropic Models of Ocean Currents,” Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Fiz. Atmos. Okeana 5, 818–836 (1969).
A. S. Sarkisyan, “Limitations Models for Calculation of Currents in the Ocean Basin Including the Equator,” Morsk. Geofiz. Issled., No. 2148, 64–75 (1970).
A. S. Sarkisyan and V. V. Knysh, “Experience in Computation of the Level Surface and Velocity of Currents in the Caribbean Sea,” Meteorol. Gidrol., No. 3, 87–93 (1969).
A. S. Sarkisyan and A. A. Serebryakov, “Nonstationary Model for Equatorial Currents 46(1), 87–91 (1969).
A. S. Sarkisyan and A. A. Serebryakov, “Examples of Computation of Equatorial Currents,” Morsk. Geofiz. Issled. 47(1), 60–69 (1970).
A. S. Sarkisyan, Baroclinicity of the Fluid and the Bottom Relief As the Main Factors in the Theory of Integral Mass Fluxes (MGI AN USSR, Sevastopol, 1969) [in Russian].
A. S. Sarkisyan and A. F. Pastukhov, “Density Field As the Main Indicator of Steady Sea Currents,” Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Fiz. Atmos. Okeana 6, 64–75 (1970).
A. S. Sarkisyan and V. F. Ivanov, “Joint Effect of Baroclinicity and Bottom Relief As an Important Factor in the Dynamics of Sea Currents,” Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Fiz. Atmos. Okeana 7, 173–188 (1971).
V. V. Knysh and A. S. Sarkisyan, “Numerical Methods of Study of Dynamic Processes in the Ocean,” Morsk. Geofiz. Issled. 52, No. 2, 145–172 (1971).
V. V. Knysh, A. F. Pastukhov, and A. S. Sarkisyan, Study of the Effect of Density and Wind Fields on Steady Sea Currents (MGI AN USSR, Sevastopol, 1971) [in Russian].
A. S. Sarkisyan, Numerical Methods of Studies of Ocean Circulation, Itogi Nauki i Tekhniki, Ser. Okeanologiya (Moscow, 1973) [in Russian].
A. S. Sarkisyan, Numerical Analysis and Prediction of Sea Currents (Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1977) [in Russian].
A. S. Sarkisyan, The Diagnostic Calculation of a Large Scale Oceanic Circulation. The Sea, Marine Modelling (New York, 1977), Vol. 6, pp. 363–458.
A. S. Sarkisyan, V. P. Kochergin, and V. I. Klimok, “Theoretical Model and Calculations of the Density Field for an Ocean with an Arbitrary Bottom Relief,” Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR., Fiz. Atmos. Okeana 8, 740–751 (1972).
A. S. Sarkisyan, “Analisys of Model Calibration Results: Atlantic Ocean Climatic Calculation,” J. Marine Syst., No. 6, 47–66 (1995).
A. S. Sarkisyan, “On a Mechanism of the World Ocean General Circulation,” Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Fiz. Atmos. Okeana 10, 1293–1308 (1974).
V. P. Kochergin, A. S. Sarkisyan, and V. I. Klimok, “Numerical Experiments on Computation of the North Atlantic,” Meteorol. Gidrol., No. 8, 54–61 (1972).
G. I. Marchuk, A. S. Sarkisyan, and V. P. Kochergin, “Calculations of Flows in a Baroclinic Ocean: Numerical Methods and Results,” Geophys. Fluid Dyn. 5, 89–100 (1973).
G. I. Marchuk and A. S. Sarkisyan, Mathematical Modelling of Ocean Circulation (Springer, Berlin, 1988).
G. Neumann, “On the Mass Transport of Wind-Driven Currents in a Baroclinic Ocean with Application to the North Atlantic,” Z. Meteorol., No. 12, 138–147 (1958).
P. Welander, “On the Vertically Integrated Mass Transport in the Oceans,” in The Atmosphere and the Sea in Motion, Ed. by B. Bolin (New York, 1959), pp. 95–101.
A. S. Sarkisyan and A. I. Perederei, “Dynamic Method as a First Approximation in Calculation of the Sea-Surface Height of a Baroclinic Ocean,” Meteorol. Gidrol., No. 4, 45–54 (1972).
A. I. Perederei and A. S. Sarkisyan, “Exact Solutions to Some Transformed Equations of Dynamics of Sea Currents,” Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Fiz. Atmos. Okeana 8, 1073–1079 (1972).
Collected Works of Henry M. Stommel (American Meteorological Society, Boston, 1995), Vol. 1, p. 98.
“Discussion on the Theory of Sea Currents,” Okeanologiya 11, 334–338 (1971).
G. L. Mellor, “Comments on ‘On the Utility and Disutility of JEBAR’,” J. Phys. Oceanogr. 29, 2117–2118 (1999).
W. R. Holland and A. D. Hirschman, “A Numerical Calculations of the Circulation in the North Atlantic Ocean,” J. Phys. Occanogr. 22, 336–354 (1972).
W. R. Holland, “Baroclinic and Topographic Influences on the Transport in Western Boundary Currents,” Geophys. Fluid Dyn., No. 4, 187–210 (1973).
T. Sakomoto and T. Yamagata, “Evolution of the Baroclinic Planetary Eddies over Localized Bottom Topography in Terms of JEBAR,” J. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn. Phys. Oceanogr. 1, 1–27 (1996).
W. R. Holland, “Oceanic General Circulation Models,” in The Sea, Marine Modelling, Ed. by E. D. Goldberg, I. N. McCane, J.J. O’Brien, and J. H. Steele (Wiley, New York, 1977), Vol. 6, pp. 3–45.
A. S. Sarkisyan and V. F. Ivanov, “Comparison of Different Methods of Calculating the Currents of a Baroclinic Ocean,” Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Fiz. Atmos. Okeana 8, 403–418 (1972).
A. S. Sarkisyan and V. P. Keondzhyan, “Calculation of the Sea-Surface Height and of the Function of Integral Mass Fluxes for the North Atlantic,” Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Fiz. Atmos. Okeana 8, 1202–1215 (1972).
C. W. Bönig and P. Herrmann, “The Annual Cycle of Poleward Heat Transport in the Ocean: Results from High Resolution Modelling of the North and Equatorial Atlantic,” J. Phys. Oceanogr. 24, 91–107 (1994).
F. O. Bryan, C. W. Bning, and W. R. Holland, “On the Midlatitude Circulation in a High-Resolution Model of the North Atlantic,” J. Phys. Oceanogr. 25, 289–305 (1995).
R. C. Dösher, W. Bning, and P. Herrmann, “Response of Circulation and Heat Transport in the North Atlantic to Changes in Thermohaline Forcing in Northern Latitudes: A Model Study,” J. Phys. Oceanogr. 24, 2306–2318 (1994).
P. T. Shaw, G. T. Csanady, “Self-Advection of Density Perturbation on a Sloping Continental Shelf,” J. Phys. Oceanogr. 13, 769–782 (1983).
A. E. Gill and K. Bryan, “Effects of Geometry on the Circulation of a Three Dimensional Southern-Hemisphere Ocean Model,” Deep-Sea Res. 18, 685–721 (1971).
C. W. Newton, “Mountain Torques in the Global Angular Momentum Balance,” J. Atmos. Sci. 28, 623–628 (1971).
W. Cai and R. O. Greatbatch, “Compensation for the NADW Outflow in Global Ocean General Circulation Model,” J. Phys. Oceanogr. 25, 226–241 (1995).
T. J. Simons, “On the Joint Effect of Baroclinicity and Topography,” J. Phys. Oceanogr. 9, 1283–1287 (1979).
R.-H. Zhang and M. Engoh, “A Free Surface General Circulation Model for the Tropical Pacific Ocean,” J. Geophys. Res. C 97, 11 237–11 255 (1992).
C. C. L. Tong, et al., “Modelling the Mean Circulation of the Labrador Sea and the Adjacent Shelves,” J. Phys. Oceanogr. 26, 1989–2010 (1996).
Lixing. Wu and Liu. Zhengyu, The Effect of Continental Slope on Buoyancy-Driven Circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 29, 1881–1891 (1999).
J. M. Huthnance, “Slope Currents and ‘JEBAR’,” J. Phys. Oceanogr. 14, 795–810 (1984).
G. Mertz and D. G. Wright, “Interpretations of the JEBAR Term,” J. Phys. Oceanogr. 22, 301–305 (1992).
H. Friedrich and U. Sündermann, “On the Problem of the Joint Effect of Baroclinicity and Bottom Relief (JEBAR),” Izv. Akad. Nauk, Fiz. Atmos. Okeana 34, 733–736 (1998) [Izv., Atmos. Ocean. Phys. 34, 661–664 (1998)].
G. Mellor, Introduction to Physical Oceanography (AIP, Woodbury, New York, 1996).
D. B. Haidvogel and A. Beckmann, Numerical Ocean Circulation Modeling (Imperial College Press, London, 1999).
P. G. Myers, A. F. Fanning, and A. J. Weaver, “JEBAR, Bottom Pressure Torque, and Gulf Stream Separation,” J. Phys. Oceanogr. 26, 671–683 (1996).
Xueen Chen, “Analysis of the Circulation on the East-Chinese Shelf and the Adjacent Pacific Ocean,” PhD Thesis (2004).
T. Pohlmann, “Discussion of the JEBAR Term—Derivation, Interpretation and Application to the Northeastern Atlantic Shelf,” Report of European Communities (1999).
R. Salmon and R. Ford, “A Simple Model of the Joint Effect of Baroclinicity and Relief on Ocean Circulation,” J. Mar. Res. 53, 211–230 (1995).
L. H. Slordal and J. E. Weber, “Adjustment to JEBAR Forcing in a Rotating Ocean,” J. Phys. Oceanogr. 26, 657–670.
G. T. Csandy, “’Pycnobathic’ Currents over the Upper Continental Slope,” J. Phys. Occanogr. 15, 306–315 (1985).
W. Hansen, “Wind und Massenverteilung als Ursache der Meeresstrmungen,” in The Atmosphere and the Sea in Motion, Ed. by B. Bolin (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1959), pp. 102–106.
J. R. Lazier and D. G. Wright, “Annual Velocity Variations in the Labrador Current,” J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 659–678 (1993).
T. Kono, et al., “Coastal Oyashio South of Hokkaido, Japan,” J. Phys. Oceanogr. 34, 1477–1494 (2004).
A. S. Sarkisyan, “Advecion of Density and Intensification of Wind Currents toward the Western Coast of the Ocean,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 134, 1339–1342 (1961).
K. Bryan, “A Numerical Method for the Study of the Circulation of the World Ocean,” J. Comput. Phys. 4, 347–376 (1969).
J. A. Semtner and R. M. Chervin, “Ocean General Circulation from a Global Eddy-Resolving Model,” J. Geophys. Res. C 97, 5493–5550 (1992).
J. L. Sarmiento and K. Bryan, “An Ocean Transport Model for the North Atlantic,” J. Geophys. Res. C 87, 394–408 (1982).
A. S. Sarkisyan and Yu. L. Demin, “A Semidiagnostic Method of Sea Currents Calculation,” in Large-Scale Oceanographic Experiments in the WCRP, (WCRP Publ. Series, Tokyo, 1983), Vol. 2, pp. 201–214.
A. S. Sarkisyan and U. Sundermann, “On One Direction Initiated by G. I. Marchuk in Mathematical Modeling of the Ocean,” Izv. Akad. Nauk, Fiz. Atmos. Okeana 31, 427–454 (1995).
T. Ezer and G. L. Mellor, “Diagnostic and Prognostic Calculations of the North Atlantic and Sea Level Using a Sigma Coordinate Ocean Model,” J. Geophys. Res., 99, 14 159–14 171 (1994).
Yu. L. Demin and R. A. Ibraev, “On a Boundary Problem for the Level of a Basin in Models of Sea Currents,” Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Fiz. Atmos. Okeana 21, 757–764 (1986).
A. S. Sarkisyan, “On Some Milestones in Ocean Modeling History,” Russ. J. Numer. Anal. Math. Model. 16, 497–518 (2001).
T. Ezer, “Decadal Variabilities of the Upper Layers of the Subtropical North Atlantic: An Ocean Model Study,” J. Phys. Oceanogr. 29, 3111–3124 (1999).
V. V. Knysh, S. G. Demyshev, G. K. Korotayev, and A. S. Sarkisyan, “Four-Dimensional Climate of Seasonal Black Sea Circulation,” Russ. J. Numer. Anal. Math. Model. 16(5), 409–426 (2001).
G. L. Mellor and T. A. Ezer, “Gulf Stream Model and an Altimetry Assimilation Scheme,” J. Geophys. Res. 96, 8779–8795 (1996).
S. Levitus, “Interpentadal Variability of Steric Sea Level and Geopotential Thickness of the North Atlantic Ocean, 1970–1974 versus 1955–1959,” J. Geophys. Res. 94, 16 125–16 131 (1989).
R. J. Greatbatch, A. F. Fanning, A. D. Goulding, and S. Levitus, “A Diagnosis of Interpentadal Circulation Changes in the North Atlantic,” J. Geophys. Res. C 96, 22 009–22 023 (1991).
T. Ezer, G. L. Mellor, and R. J. Graetbatch, “On the Interpentadal Variability of the North Atlantic Ocean: Model Simulated Changes in Transport, Meridional Heat Flux and Coastal Sea Level between 1955–1959 and 1970–1974,” J. Geophys. Res. 100, 10 559–10 566 (1995).
H. J. Friedrich, “Preliminary Results from a Numerical Multilayer Model Far the Circulation in the North Atlantic,” Dtsch. Hydrogr. Zeitschr. 23(4), 145–164 (1970).
A. Leetmaa, P. Niller, and H. Stommel, “Does the Sverdrup Relations Account for the Mid-Atlantic Circulation?,” J. Mar. Res. 35, 1–10 (1977).
C. Wunsch and D. Roemich, “Is the North Atlantic in Sverdrup Balance?,” J. Phys. Oceanogr., No. 12, 1876–1880 (1985).
K. L. Oshima, et al., “Sverdrup Balance and the Cyclonic Gyre in the Sea of Okhotsk,” J. Phys. Oceanogr. 24, 513–525 (2004).
R. Bleck, S. Dean, M. O’Keefe, and A. Sawday, “A Comparison of Data-Parallel and Message-Passing Versions of the Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Ocean Model (MICOM),” Parallel Comput., No. 21, 1695–1720 (1995).
A. M. Paiva, J. T. Hargrove, E. P. Chassignet, and R. Bleck, “Turbulent Behavior of a Fine Mesh (1/12 Degree) Numerical Simulation of the North Atlantic,” J. Mar. Sys., No. 21, 307–320 (1999).
R. D. Smith, M. E. Maltrud, F. O. Bryan, and M. W. Hecht, “Numerical Simulations of the North Atlantic Ocean at 1/10°,” J. Phys. Oceanogr., No. 30, 1532–1561 (2000).
N. A. Diansky, A. V. Bagno, and V. B. Zalesny, “Sigma Model of Global Ocean Circulation and Its Sensitivity to Variations in Wind Stress,” Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Fiz. Atmos. Okeana 38, 537–556 (2002) [Izv., Atmos. Ocean. Phys. 38, 477–494 (2002)].
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Original Russian Text © A.S. Sarkisyan, 2006, published in Izvestiya AN. Fizika Atmosfery i Okeana, 2006, Vol. 42, No. 5, pp. 582–603.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sarkisyan, A.S. Forty years of JEBAR—the finding of the joint effect of baroclinicity and bottom relief for the modeling of ocean climatic characteristics. Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys. 42, 534–554 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433806050021
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433806050021