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Volatile (sulphur and chlorine), major, and trace element geochemistry of mafic to intermediate tephras from the Chilean Southern Volcanic Zone (33–43°S)

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Abstract

Here we present the first systematic investigation of volatile geochemistry along the Southern Volcanic Zone (SVZ) of Chile. Holocene olivine-hosted melt inclusions in the most mafic tephras sampled from 16 volcanoes along the volcanic front of the SVZ between 33°S and 43°S were analysed for pre-eruptive sulphur, chlorine, and major element contents. These results are combined with trace element compositions of the host whole rocks. The highest fractionation-corrected gas contents occur in the least-degassed melt inclusions from small monogenetic cones of Los Hornitos, Cabeza de Vaca, and Apagado from both the transitional and the southern-central SVZ, reaching ~3,000 μg/g S and 1,400 μg/g Cl, while the lowest abundances of ~1,100 μg/g S and ~600 μg/g Cl were found in the central SVZ at Volcán Lonquimay, Volcán Llaima, and Volcán Villarrica. Chlorine co-varies with trace element indicators for the degree of melting and/or source enrichment, such that the lowest Cl contents are found in high-degree melts from the most depleted mantle sources. The size of the volcanic edifices correlates inversely with Cl abundances in the melt. This could reflect more extensive degassing during ascent through the complex magma plumbing systems beneath the stratovolcanoes or greater dilution during larger degrees of melting of more depleted sources, or a combination of these factors. Compared to other subduction zones, the SVZ melt inclusions exhibit Cl and S abundances in the same range as most of those from the Central American and those from the Marianas arcs.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Paul van den Bogaard, Jorge Clavero, Katja Hockun, and Rayén Rivera-Vidal for their assistance in the field. Sampling campaigns were also supported by helicopter pilot Eduardo Boisset and by the Chilean arrieros Titin, Gerardo, Valdemar, Roberto, Nano, and their colleagues with horses and guidance. Credit is due to Philipp Rohde and Silvia Gütschow for their support with sample preparation. Mario Thöner and Ulrike Westernströer contributed valuable help with performing the electron microprobe and ICP-MS analyses. We wish to thank Patricia Sruoga and an anonymous reviewer for their helpful suggestions, and we are also grateful to an anonymous reviewer for comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. This paper is contribution No. 240 of Sonderforschungsbereich 574 “Volatiles and Fluids in Subduction Zones” funded by the German Research Foundation.

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  1. SFB 574, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148, Kiel, Germany

    Heidi Wehrmann, Kaj Hoernle, Guillaume Jacques, Kai Schumann & Julia Mahlke

  2. SFB 574, Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Ludewig-Meyn-Str. 10, 24118, Kiel, Germany

    Dieter Garbe-Schönberg

  3. Sernageomín (Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería), Av. Santa María 0104, Santiago, Chile

    Luis E. Lara

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  1. Heidi Wehrmann
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Correspondence to Heidi Wehrmann.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

531_2014_1006_MOESM1_ESM.pdf

Online Resource 1. Results of electron microprobe measurements of the reference materials ALV-981, VGA-99, VG-2, and CFA-47 (PDF 113 kb)

531_2014_1006_MOESM2_ESM.xls

Online Resource 2. Results of ICP-MS measurements of reference materials; repeat digestions and repeat measurements of the same digests to prove reproducibilty of the digests and instrumental precision of the analysis, and blanks for demonstrating low analytical backgrounds (XLS 10486 kb)

531_2014_1006_MOESM3_ESM.zip

Online Resource 3. Least-degassed melt inclusion major and volatile element compositions and major element compositions of their host olivines, for the SVZ volcanoes. All values are determined by electron microprobe, melt inclusion data are normalised to 100 % water-free, original totals are retained. Also provided are melt inclusion compositions recalculated to equilibrium with the host olivine to account for post-entrapment crystallisation, and to equilibrium with mantle olivine (Fo91) as an estimate of parental melt compositions, with the help of Petrolog 2.1 software (Danuyshevsky 2002) (ZIP 247 kb)

531_2014_1006_MOESM4_ESM.zip

Online Resource 4. Compositions of matrix glasses, relatively degassed melt inclusions, and host olivines of the latter of the SVZ tephras (ZIP 380 kb)

531_2014_1006_MOESM5_ESM.zip

Online Resource 5. Whole-rock major (wt.%) and trace (μg/g) element compositions, determined by XRF and solution ICP-MS (ZIP 62 kb)

531_2014_1006_MOESM6_ESM.pdf

Online Resource 6. Trace element ratios Nb/Y and La/Sm versus (a) Mg-number and (b) SiO2 to facilitate evaluation of the influence of magma-genetic processes versus effects of differentiation. Symbols as in Figure 3 a, b (PDF 25 kb)

531_2014_1006_MOESM7_ESM.pdf

Online Resource 7. S (μg/g) versus (a) SiO2 (wt.%) and (b) FeO (wt.%) for melt inclusions from two tephra layers at Planchón-Peteroa (PDF 12 kb)

531_2014_1006_MOESM8_ESM.pdf

Online Resource 8. Fractionation-corrected concentrations of (a) S and (b) Cl along the arc, including only mafic melt inclusions with SiO2 < 53 wt.% (PDF 20 kb)

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Wehrmann, H., Hoernle, K., Jacques, G. et al. Volatile (sulphur and chlorine), major, and trace element geochemistry of mafic to intermediate tephras from the Chilean Southern Volcanic Zone (33–43°S). Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 103, 1945–1962 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-014-1006-9

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