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Major changes in the post-glacial evolution of magmatic compositions and pre-eruptive conditions of Llaima Volcano, Andean Southern Volcanic Zone, Chile

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Abstract

Llaima is one of the most active volcanoes of the Chilean volcanic front with recent explosive eruptions in 2008 and 2009. Understanding how the volcano evolved to its present state is essential for predictions of its future behavior. The post-glacial succession of explosive volcanic eruptions of Llaima stratovolcano started with two caldera-forming eruptions at ∼16 and ∼15 ka, that emplaced two large-volume basaltic-andesitic ignimbrites (unit I). These are overlain by a series of fall deposits (unit II) changing from basaltic-andesitic to dacitic compositions with time. The prominent compositionally zoned, dacitic to andesitic Llaima pumice (unit III) was formed by a large Plinian eruption at ∼10 ka that produced andesitic surge deposits (unit IV) in its terminal phase. The following unit V represents a time interval of ∼8,000 years during which at least 30 basaltic to andesitic ash and lapilli fall deposits with intercalated volcaniclastic sediments and paleosols were emplaced. Bulk rock, mineral, and glass chemical data constrain stratigraphic changes in magma compositions and pre-eruptive conditions that we interpret in terms of four distinct evolutionary phases. Phase 1 (=unit I) magmas have lower large ion lithophile (LIL)/high field strength (HFS) element ratios compared to younger magmas and thus originated from a mantle source less affected by slab-derived fluids. They differentiated in a reservoir at mid-crustal level. During the post-caldera phase 2 (=units II–IV), relatively long residence times between eruptions allowed for increasingly differentiated magmas to form in a reservoir in the middle crust. Fractional crystallization led to volatile enrichment and oversaturation and is the driving force for the large Plinian eruption of the most evolved (unit III) dacite at Llaima, although replenishment by hot andesite probably triggered the eruption. During the subsequent phase 3 (=unit V >3 ka), frequent mafic replenishments at mid-crustal storage levels favored shorter residence times limiting erupted magma compositions to water-undersaturated basaltic andesites and andesites. At around 3 ka, the magma storage level for phase 4 (=unit V <3 ka to present) shifted to the uppermost crust where the hot magmas partly assimilated the granitic country rock. Although water contents of these basaltic andesites were low, the low-pressure storage facilitated water saturation before eruption. The change in magma storage level at 3 ka was responsible for the dramatic increase in eruption frequency compared to the older Llaima history. We suggest that the change from middle to upper crust magma storage is caused by a change in the stress regime below Llaima from transpression to tension.

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Acknowledgments

We thank K. Strehlow and S. Eisele for assistance during field work. L. Lara at the Chilean Geological Survey (SERNAGEOMIN) provided valuable information. We thank S. Jung (Hamburg University), D. Garbe-Schönberg (Kiel University), and M. Thöner (GEOMAR) for providing XRF, ICPMS, and EMP geochemical analyses. Thorough reviews by O. Bachmann, D. Selles, and an anonymous reviewer as well as detailed comments by the editor D.W. Peate greatly helped to improve this paper. This publication is contribution no. 271 of the Sonderforschungsbereich 574 “Volatiles and Fluids in Subduction Zones” at Kiel University.

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  1. SFB 574, GEOMAR Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148, Kiel, Germany

    J. C. Schindlbeck, A. Freundt & S. Kutterolf

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  1. J. C. Schindlbeck
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Fig. S1

Lithologic profile of unit II. (GIF 150 kb)

High Resolution Image (TIFF 873 kb)

Fig. S2

Lithologic profile of units III and IV. (GIF 372 kb)

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Fig. S3a

Lithologic profile of (a) lower and (b) upper part of unit V. (GIF 521 kb)

(GIF 598 kb)

High Resolution Image (TIFF 2724 kb)

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Fig. S4

Comparisons of thermobarometric results from different approaches. Dashed lines allow for ±50°C deviations from the solid 1:1 line. Symbols as in Fig. 5. (GIF 23 kb)

High Resolution Image (EPS 1752 kb)

Fig. S5

Melt H2O contents derived from plag-liquid equilibria versus bulk-rock Zr contents of the respective samples. (a) Hygrometer of Putirka (2008), (b) hygrometer of Lange et al. (2009). (GIF 9 kb)

High Resolution Image (EPS 993 kb)

Fig. S6

(a) Fe-Ti-oxide classification diagram after Lindsley (1976). (b) Oxygen fugacity log f(O2) versus temperature diagram with HM, NNO and FMQ buffers from Eugster and Wones (1962) and Buddington and Lindsley (1964). Filled symbols are data from magnetite-ilmenite equilibria, unfilled symbols for unit III dacite from amphibole compositions. (GIF 21 kb)

High Resolution Image (EPS 1460 kb)

ESM_1

Outcrop locations and sample list (XLSX 17 kb)

ESM_2

XRF major and trace element bulk-rock data (XLSX 55 kb)

ESM_3

ICPMS trace element bulk-rock data (XLSX 99 kb)

ESM_4

XRF and ICPMS standard measurements (XLSX 171 kb)

ESM_5

EMP major element glass data (XLSX 9 kb)

ESM_6

EMP major element mineral data (XLSX 41 kb)

ESM_7

Age data 14C-dating (XLSX 13 kb)

ESM_8

Temperature, pressure, water content and oxygen fugacity (XLSX 25 kb)

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Schindlbeck, J.C., Freundt, A. & Kutterolf, S. Major changes in the post-glacial evolution of magmatic compositions and pre-eruptive conditions of Llaima Volcano, Andean Southern Volcanic Zone, Chile. Bull Volcanol 76, 830 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-014-0830-x

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