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Putative selected markers in the Chionodraco genus detected by interspecific outlier tests

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Abstract

The identification of loci under selection (outliers) is a major challenge in evolutionary biology, being critical to comprehend evolutionary processes leading to population differentiation and speciation, and for conservation purposes, also in light of recent climate change. However, detection of selected loci can be difficult when populations are weakly differentiated. This is the case of marine fish populations, often characterized by high levels of gene flow and connectivity, and particularly of fish living in the Antarctic marine environment, characterized by a complex and strong circulating system promoting individual dispersal all around the continent. With the final aim of identifying outlier loci putatively under selection in the Chionodraco genus, we used 21 microsatellites, including both genomic (Type II) and EST-linked loci (Type I), to investigate the genetic differentiation among the three recently derived Chionodraco species that are endemic to the freezing Antarctic waters. Neutrality tests were applied in interspecific comparisons in order to identify candidate loci showing high levels of genetic differentiation, which might reveal imprints of past selection. Three outlier loci were identified, detecting a higher differentiation between species than did neutral loci. Outliers showed sequence similarity to a calmodulin gene, to an antifreeze glycoprotein/trypsinogen-like protease gene and to nonannotated fish mRNAs. Selective pressures acting on outlier loci identified in this study might reflect past evolutionary processes, which led to species divergence and local adaptation in the Chionodraco genus. Used loci will provide a valuable tool for future population genetic studies in Antarctic notothenioids.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Vittorio Varotto, Dr. Erica Bortolotto, the Italian National Program for Antarctic Research (PNRA), and the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) for collecting samples during the Antarctic expeditions. This work has been funded by the Italian National Program for Antarctic Research (PNRA). CA is a PhD student in Evolutionary Biology at the University of Padova, with a program partially funded under National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant 0741348. CP has been funded by a un Senior Research Grant of University of Padova (GRIC110B82). IAMM has been funded by a University of Padova post doc Grant (CPDR084151/08).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy

    Cecilia Agostini, Chiara Papetti, Lorenzo Zane & Ilaria A. M. Marino

  2. Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Agripolis, Legnaro, Padua, Italy

    Tomaso Patarnello

  3. Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany

    Felix C. Mark

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  1. Cecilia Agostini
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  2. Chiara Papetti
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  5. Lorenzo Zane
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  6. Ilaria A. M. Marino
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Correspondence to Lorenzo Zane.

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Agostini, C., Papetti, C., Patarnello, T. et al. Putative selected markers in the Chionodraco genus detected by interspecific outlier tests. Polar Biol 36, 1509–1518 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-013-1370-0

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