Abstract
Dissolved and particulate metals (Ag, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, and Zn) and nutrients (PO4, NO3, and H4SiO4) were measured in Todos Santos Bay (TSB) in August 2005. Two sources producing local gradients were identified: one from a dredge discharge area (DDA) and another south of the port and a creek. The average concentrations of dissolved Cd and Zn (1.3 and 15.6 nM, respectively) were higher by one order of magnitude than the surrounding Pacific waters, even during upwelling, and it is attributed to the presence of a widespread and long-lasting red tide coupled with some degree of local pollution. A clear spatial gradient (10 to 6 pM), from coast to offshore, of dissolved Ag was evident, indicating the influence of anthropogenic inputs. The particulate fraction of all metals, except Cu, showed a factor of ~3 decrease in concentrations from the DDA to the interior of the bay. The metal distributions were related to the bay’s circulation by means of a numerical model that shows a basically surface-wind-driven offshore current with subsurface compensation currents toward the coast. Additionally, the model shows strong vertical currents over the DDA. Principal component analysis revealed three possible processes that could be influencing the metal concentrations within TSB: anthropogenic inputs (Cd, Ag, and Co), biological proceses (NO3, Zn, and Cu), and upwelling and mixing (PO4, H4SiO4, Cd, and Ni). The most striking finding of this study was the extremely high Cd concentrations, which have been only reported in highly contaminated areas. As there was a strong red tide, it is hypothesized that the dinoflagellates are assimilating the Cd, which is rapidly remineralized and being concentrated on the stratified surface layers.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abe K, Matsanagu K (1988) Mechanism controlling Cd and PO4 concentrations in Funka Bay, Japan. Marine Chem 23:145–152. doi:10.1016/0304-4203(88)90028-X
Álvarez-Sánchez LG, Hernández-Walls R, Durazo-Arvizu R (1988) Drift patterns of lagrangian tracers in Todos Santos Bay. Cienc Marinas 14:135–162
Argote ML, Gavidia FJ, Amador A (1991) Wind-induced circulation in Todos Santos Bay, B.C., México. Atmósfera 4:101–115
Baetje M, Michaelis H (1986) Phaeocystis pouchetti blooms in the East Frisian coastal waters (German Bight, North Sea). Marine Biol 93:21–28. doi:10.1007/BF00428651
Bakun A, Nelson CS (1977) Climatology of upwelling related processes off Baja California. CALCOFI Rep XIX:107–127
Barton EP, Argote ML (1980) Hidrographic variability in an upwelling area off northern Baja California in June 1976. J Marine Res 38:631–649
Boyle EA, Sclater F, Edmond JM (1976) On the marine geochemistry of cadmium. Nature 263:42–44. doi:10.1038/263042a0
Breuer E, Sañudo-Wilhelmy SA, Aller RC (1999) Trace metals and dissolved organic carbon in an estuary with restricted river flow and a brown tide bloom. Estuaries 22:603–615. doi:10.2307/1353048
Brodeur RD, Ralson S, Emmet RL, Trudel M, Auth TD, Phillips AJ (2006) Anomalous pelagic nekton abundance, distribution, apparent recruitment in the northern California Current in 2004 and 2005. Geophys Res Lett 33:L22S08. doi:10.1029/2006GL026614
Bruland KW (1980) Oceanographic distribution of cadmium, nickel, and copper in the north Pacific. Earth Planet Sci Lett 47:176–198. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(80)90035-7
Bruland KW, Franks RP, Knauer GA, Martin JH (1979) Sampling and analytical methods for the determination of copper, cadmium, zinc and nickel at the nanogram per liter level in sea water. Anal Chim Acta 105:203–245. doi:10.1016/S0003-2670(01)83754-5
Bruland KW, Knauer GA, Martin JH (1978) Cadmium in the northeast Pacific waters. Limnol Oceanogr 23:618–625
Coale KH, Bruland KW (1990) Spatial and tempral variability in copper complexation in the North Pacific. Deep Sea Res 37:317–336. doi:10.1016/0198-0149(90)90130-N
Cullen JT, Field MP, Sherrell RM (2001) Determination of trace elements in filtered suspended marine particulate material by sector field HR-ICP-MS. J Anal Atomic Spectrom 16:1307–1312. doi:10.1039/b104398f
de Baar HJW, Saager PM, Nolting RF, van der Meer J (1994) Cadmium versus phosphate in the world ocean. Marine Chem 46:261–281. doi:10.1016/0304-4203(94)90082-5
Eaton AD, Clesceri L, Rice E, Greenberg A, Franson M (eds) (2005) Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater, 21th edn. American Public Health Association, the American Water Works Association, the Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, 1325 pp
Eggimann DW, Betzer PR (1976) Decomposition and analysis of refractory oceanic suspended materials. Anal Chem 48:886–890. doi:10.1021/ac60370a005
Espinosa-Carreón TL, Gaxiola-Castro G, Robles-Pacheco JM, Nájera-Martínez S (2001) Temperature, salinity, nutrients and chlorophyll a in coastal waters of the southern California Bight. Cienc Marinas 27:397–422
Fitzwater SE, Johnson KS, Elrod VA et al (2003) Iron, nutrient and phytoplankton biomass relationships in upwelled waters of the California coastal system. Cont Shelf Res 23:1523–1544. doi:10.1016/j.csr.2003.08.004
Flegal AR, Gill GA, Smith GJ, Sañudo-Wilhelmy SA, Scelfo G, Anderson LD (1991) Trace elements cycles in the San Francisco Bay estuary: results from a preliminary study in 1989–1990. Final Report to the State Water Resource Control Board, Sacramento
Gaxiola-Castro G, Álvarez-Borrego S (1984) Relación fotosíntesis-irradiancia en el fitoplancton de aguas costeras del noroeste de Baja California. Cienc Marinas 10:53–66
Johnson KS, Stout PM, Berelson WM, Sakamoto-Arnold CM (1988) Cobalt and copper distributions in the waters of Santa Monica Basin, California. Nature 332:527–530. doi:10.1038/332527a0
Johnson KS, Chavez FP, Friederich GE (1999) Continental-shelf sediment as a primary source of iron for coastal phytoplankton. Nature 398:697–700. doi:10.1038/19511
Lares ML, Flores-Muñoz G, Lara-Lara R (2002) Temporal variability of bioavailability Cd, Hg, Zn, Mn, and Al in an upwelling regime. Environ Pollut 120:595–608
Luoma SN, Ho YB, Bryan GW (1995) Fate, bioavailability and toxicity of silver in estuarine environments. Marine Pollut Bull 31:44–54. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(95)00081-W
Marinone SG (2003) A three dimensional model of the mean and seasonal circulation of the Gulf of California. J Geophys Res 108:3325. doi:10.1029/2002JC001720
Marinone SG, Pond S (1996) A three-dimensional model of deep water renewal and its influence on residual currents in the central Strait of Georgia, B. C. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 43:183–204. doi:10.1006/ecss.1996.0064
Martin JH, Gordon RM (1988) Northeast Pacific iron distribution in relation to phytoplankton productivity. Deep Sea Res 35:177–196. doi:10.1016/0198-0149(88)90035-0
Martin JH, Knauer GA, Gordon RM (1983) Silver distributions and fluxes in north-east Pacific waters. Nature 305:306–309. doi:10.1038/305306a0
Mateos E, Marinone SG, Parés-Sierra A (2008) Towards the numerical simulation of the circulation in Todos Santos Bay, Ensenada, B.C. Mexico. Ocean Model (submitted)
Morel FMM, Price NM (2003) The biogeochemical cycles of trace metals in the oceans. Science 300:944–947. doi:10.1126/science.1083545
Peña-Manjarrez JL, Gaxiola-Castro G, Helenes-Escamilla J (2008) Environmental factors influencing the variability of Lingulodinium polyedrum and Scrippsiella trochoidea (Dinophyceae) cyst production. Cienc Marinas (in press)
Pierce SD, Barth JA, Thomas RE, Fleischer GW (2006) Anomalously warm July 2005 in the northern California Current: historical context and the significance of cumulative wind stress. Geophys Res Lett 33:L22S04. doi:10.1029/2006GL027149
Romero-Vargas-Márquez IP (1995) Metales pesados y su fraccionación química en sedimentos de la Bahía de Todos Santos, Baja California, México. MSc thesis, UABC, México
Sakaguchi T, Tsuji T, Nakajima A, Horikoshi T (1979) Accumulation of cadmium by green microalgae. Eur J Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 8:207–215. doi:10.1007/BF00506184
Sandoval-Salazar G (1999) Metales pesados en sedimentos superficiales de la cuenca de las Californias: Frontera México-E.U.A. a Bahía de Todos Santos, Ensenada, Baja California, México. MSc thesis, UABC, México
Sañudo-Wilhelmy SA, Flegal AR (1991) Trace element distributions in coastal waters along the US–Mexican boundary: relative contributions of natural processes vs. anthropogenic inputs. Marine Chem 33:372–392. doi:10.1016/0304-4203(91)90078-B
Sañudo-Wilhelmy SA, Flegal AR (1992) Anthropogenic silver in the Southern California Bight: a new tracer of sewage in coastal waters. Environ Sci Technol 26:2147–2151. doi:10.1021/es00035a012
Sañudo-Wilhelmy SA, Flegal AR (1996) Trace metal concentrations in the surf zone and in coastal waters off Baja California, Mexico. Environ Sci Technol 30:1575–1580. doi:10.1021/es9505560
Segovia-Zavala JA, Delgadillo-Hinojosa F, Álvarez-Borrego S (1998) Cadmium in the coastal upwelling area adjacent to the California-Mexico border. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 46:475–481. doi:10.1006/ecss.1997.0296
Segovia-Zavala JA, Delgadillo-Hinojosa F, Muñoz-Barbosa A, Gutiérrez-Galindo EA, Vidal-Talamantes R (2004) Cadmium and silver in Mytilus californianus transplanted to an anthropogenic influenced and coastal upwelling areas in the Mexican Northeastern Pacific. Marine Pollut Bull 48:458–464. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2003.08.022
Stronach JA, Webb A, Murty TS (1993) A three-dimensional numerical model of suspended sediment transport in Howe Sound, British Columbia. Atmos Ocean 31:73–97
Takesue RK, van Geen A, Carriquiri JD et al (2004) Influence of coastal upwelling and El Niño-Southern Oscillation on nearshore water along Baja California and Chile: shore-based monitoring during 1997–2000. J Geophys Res 109:C03009. doi:10.1029/2003JC001856
Torres-Moye G, Acosta-Ruiz MJ (1986) Algunas propiedades químicas indicadoras de eventos de surgencias costeras y de la corriente subsuperficial en el área cercana a Punta Colonet, Baja California. Cienc Marinas 12:10–25
van Geen A, Luoma SN (1993) Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn) and nutrients in coastal waters adjacent to San Francisco Bay. Estuaries 16:559–566. doi:10.2307/1352603
van Geen A, Husby DM (1996) Cadmium in the California current system: tracer of past and present upwelling. J Geophys Res 101:3489–3507. doi:10.1029/95JC03302
Acknowledgments
This research was financed by CONACYT, through grant 44055 of SGM and by CICESE’s regular budget. We also thank Marcos David Martínez Gaxiola for the nutrient analyses.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lares, M.L., Marinone, S.G., Rivera-Duarte, I. et al. Spatial Variability of Trace Metals and Inorganic Nutrients in Surface Waters of Todos Santos Bay, México in the Summer of 2005 During a Red Tide Algal Bloom. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 56, 707–716 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-008-9210-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-008-9210-x