Abstract
The Chromatiaceae is a family of the Chromatiales within the Gammaproteobacteria and closely related to the Ectothiorhodospiraceae. Representatives of both families are referred to as phototrophic purple sulfur bacteria and typically grow under anoxic conditions in the light using sulfide as photosynthetic electron donor, which is oxidized to sulfate via intermediate accumulation of globules of elemental sulfur. In Chromatiaceae species, the sulfur globules appear inside the cells; in Ectothiorhodospiraceae, they are formed outside the cells and appear in the medium. Characteristic properties of these bacteria are the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments, bacteriochlorophyll a or b, and various types of carotenoids and the formation of a photosynthetic apparatus with reaction center and antenna complexes localized within internal membrane systems. Phototrophic growth, photosynthetic pigment synthesis, and formation of the photosynthetic apparatus and internal membranes are strictly regulated by oxygen and light and become derepressed at low oxygen tensions. Typically, Chromatiaceae are enabled to the photolithoautotrophic mode of growth. A number of species also can grow photoheterotrophically using a limited number of simple organic molecules. Some species also can grow under chemotrophic conditions in the dark, either autotrophically or heterotrophically using oxygen as terminal electron acceptor in respiratory processes.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Anagnostides K, Overbeck J (1966) Methanoxydierer und hypolimnische Schwefelbakterien. Studien zur ökologischen Biocönotik der Gewässermikroorganismen. Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 79:163–174
Arunasri K, Sasikala C, Ramana CV, Süling J, Imhoff JF (2005) Marichromatium indicum sp. nov., a novel purple sulfur gammaproteobacterium from mangrove soil of Goa, India. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55:673–679
Asao M, Takaichi S, Madigan MT (2007) Thiocapsa imhoffii, sp. nov., an alkaliphilic purple sulfur bacterium of the family Chromatiaceae from Soap Lake, Washington (USA). Arch Microbiol 188:665–675
Bavendamm W (1924) Die farblosen und roten Schwefelbakterien des Süß- und Salzwassers. G.Fischer, Jena, Germany
Biebl H, Drews G (1969) Das in-vivo Spektrum als taxonomisches Merkmal bei Untersuchungen zur Verbreitung von Athiorhodaceae. Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkde Infektionskr Hyg Abt II Orig 123:425–452
Biebl H, Pfennig N (1978) Growth yields of green sulfur bacteria in mixed cultures with sulfur and sulfate reducing bacteria. Arch Microbiol 117:9–16
Biebl H, Pfennig N (1979) CO2-fixation by anaerobic phototrophic bacteria in lakes, a review. Arch Hydrobiol 12:18–58
Blankenship RE, Madigan MT, Bauer CE (eds) (1995) Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. Kluwer, Netherlands
Bolliger R, Zürrer H, Bachofen R (1985) Photoproduction of molecular hydrogen from waste of a sugar refinery by photosynthetic bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 23:147–151
Bosshard PP, Santini Y, Grüter D, Stettler R, Bachofen R (2000) Bacterial diversity and community composition in the chemocline of the meromictic alpine lake cadagno as revealed by 16S rDNA analysis. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 31:173–182
Breuker E (1964) Die Verwertung von intrazellulärem Schwefel durch Chromatium vinosum im aeroben und anaeroben Licht- und Dunkelstoffwechsel. Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Hyg Abt 118:561–568, 2
Brown CM, Herbert RA (1977) Ammonia assimilation in purple and green sulfur bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1:39–42
Brune DC (1989) Sulfur oxidation by phototrophic bacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta 975:189–221
Brune DC (1995a) Sulfur compounds as photosynthetic electron donors. In: Blankenship RE, Madigan MT, Bauer CE (eds) Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. Kluwer, Netherlands, pp 847–870
Brune DC (1995b) Isolation and characterization of sulfur globule proteins from Chromatium vinosum and Thiocapsa roseopersicina. Arch Microbiol 163:391–399
Bryantseva IA, Gorlenko VM, Kompantseva EI, Imhoff JF, Süling J, Mityushina L (1999) Thiorhodospira sibirica gen.nov., sp nov., a new alkaliphilic purple sulfur bacterium from a Siberian soda lake. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49:697–703
Bryantseva IA, Gorlenko VM, Kompantseva EI, Imhoff JF (2000) Thioalkalicoccus limnaeus gen nov., sp. nov., a new alkaliphilic purple sulfur bacterium with bacteriochlorophyll b. Int J Syst Bacteriol 50:2157–2163
Buder J (1915) Chloronium mirabile. Ber Dtsch Bot Ges 31:80–97
Caldwell DE, Tiedje JM (1975) A morphological study of anaerobic bacteria from the hypolimnia of two Michigan lakes. Can J Microbiol 21:362–376
Caumette P (1984) Distribution and characterization of phototrophic bacteria isolated from the water of Bietri Bay (Ebrie Lagoon Ivory coast). Can J Microbiol 30:273–284
Caumette P (1986) Phototrophic sulfur bacteria and sulfate reducing bacteria causing red waters in a shallow brackish coastal lagoon (Prévost Lagoon, France). FEMS Microbiol Ecol 38:113–124
Caumette P (1993) Ecology and physiology of phototrophic bacteria and sulfate-reducing bacteria in marine salterns. Experientia 49:473–481
Caumette P, Baulaigue R, Matheron R (1988) Characterization of Chromatium salexigens sp. nov., a halophilic Chromatiaceae isolated from Mediterranean Salinas. Syst Appl Microbiol 10:284–292
Caumette P, Baulaigue R, Matheron R (1991) Thiocapsa halophila sp. nov., a new halophilic phototrophic purple sulfur bacterium. Arch Microbiol 155:170–176
Caumette P, Matheron R, Raymond N, Relexans JC (1994) Microbial mats in the hypersaline ponds of Mediterranean salterns (salins-de-Giraud France). FEMS Microbiol Ecol 13:273–286
Caumette P, Imhoff JF, Süling J, Matheron R (1997) Chromatium glycolicum sp. nov., a moderately halophilic purple sulfur bacterium that uses glycolate as substrate. Arch Microbiol 167:11–18
Caumette P, Guyoneaud R, Imhoff JF, Süling J, Gorlenko VM (2004) Thiocapsa marina sp. nov., a novel, okenone-containing, purple sulfur bacterium isolated from brackish coastal and marine environments. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54:1031–1036
Cerruti A (1938) Le condizioni oceanografiche e biologiche del Mar Piccolo di Taranto durante l’agosto del 1938. Bollettino di Pesca Piscicoltura ed Idrobiologia 14:711–751
Clayton RK, Sistrom WR (eds) (1978) The photosynthetic bacteria. Plenum, New York
Cohen Y, Krumbein WE, Shilo M (1977) Solar lake (Sinai). 2. Distribution of photosynthetic microorganisms and primary production. Limnol Oceanogr 22:609–620
Cohn F (1875) Untersuchungen über Bakterien. II. Beitr Biol Pflanz 1:141–207
Cooper RC (1963) Photosynthetic bacteria in waste treatment. Dev Ind Microbiol 4:95–103
Cooper RC, Oswald WJ, Bronson JC (1965) Treatment of organic industrial wastes by lagooning. In: Proceedings of the 20th industrial waste conference, Engineering Bulletin Purdue University. Engineering Extension, Ser. No. 118, pp 351–363
Cooper DE, Rands MB, Woo C-P (1975) Sulfide reduction in fellmongery effluent by red sulfur bacteria. J Water Pollut C 47:2088–2100
Cviic V (1955) Red water in the lake “Malo Jezero” (island of mljet). Acta Adriatica 6:1–15
Cviic V (1960) Apparition d’eau rouge dans le Veliko Jezero (Ile de Mljet). Rapports et Procès-Verbeaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale de l’Exloration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranée 15:79–81
Czeczuga B (1968) Primary production of the purple sulfuric bacteria thiopedia rosea winogr. (Thiorhodaceae). Photosynthetica 2:161–166
Dahl C, Rákhely G, Pott-Sperling AS, Fodor B, Takáks M, Tóth AS, Kraeling M, Gyórfi K, Kovács A, Tusz J, Kovács KL (1999) Genes involved in hydrogen and sulfur metabolism in phototrophic sulfur bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 180:317–324
Davidson MW, Gray GO, Knaff DB (1985) Interaction of Chromatium vinosum flavocytochrome c −552 with cytochromes c studied by affinity chromatography. FEMS Microbiol Lett 187:155–159
Dawyndt et al (2006): http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TKDE.2005.131
De Wit R, Van Gemerden H (1990a) Growth and metabolism of the purple sulfur bacterium Thiocapsa roseopersicina under combined light/dark and oxic/anoxic regimens. Arch Microbiol 154:459–464
De Wit R, Van Gemerden H (1990b) Growth of the phototrophic sulfur bacterium Thiocapsa roseopersicina under oxic/anoxic regimens in the light. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 73:69–76
Dolata MM, van Beeumen JJ, Ambler RP, Meyer TE, Cusanovich MA (1993) Nucleotide sequence of the heme subunit of flavocytochrome c from the purple phototrophic bacterium, chromatium vinosum. A 2.6-kilobase pair DNA fragment contains two multiheme cytochromes, a flavoprotein and a homolog of human ankyrin. J Biol Chem 268:14426–14431
Drews G (1989) Energy transduction in phototrophic bacteria. In: Schlegel HG, Bowien B (eds) Autotrophic bacteria. Science Tech. Publ/Springer-Verlag, Madison, WI/New York, pp 461–480
Drews G, Imhoff JF (1991) Phototrophic purple bacteria. In: Shively JM, Barton LL (eds) Variations in autotrophic life. Academic, London, pp 51–97
Düggeli M (1924) Hydrobiologische Untersuchungen im Pioragebiet. Bakteriologische Untersuchungen am Ritomsee. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Hydrobiologie 2:65–205
Ehrenberg CG (1838) Die Infusionsthierchen als vollkommene Organismen: ein Blick in das tiefere organische Leben der Natur. L. Voss, Leipzig, pp 1–17; 1–547
Ehrenreich A, Widdel F (1994) Anaerobic oxidation of ferrous iron by purple bacteria, a new type of phototrophic metabolism. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:4517–4526
Eichler B, Pfennig N (1986) Characterization of a new platelet-forming purple sulfur bacterium, Amoebobacter pedioformis sp. nov. Arch Microbiol 146:295–300
Eichler B, Pfennig N (1988) A new green sulfur bacterium from a freshwater pond. In: Olson JM, Stackebrandt E, Trüper H (eds) Green photosynthetic bacteria. Plenum, New York, pp 233–235
Eimhjellen KE (1970) Thiocapsa pfennigii sp. nov. a new species of the phototrophic sulfur bacteria. Arch Microbiol 73:193–194
Eimhjellen KE, Steensland H, Traetteberg J (1967) A Thiococcus sp. nov. gen., its pigments and internal membrane system. Arch Microbiol 59:82–92
Filippi GM, Vennes JW (1971) Biotin production and utilization in a sewage treatment lagoon. Appl Microbiol 22:49–54
Folt CL, Wevers MJ, Yoder-Williams MP, Howmiller RP (1989) Field studies comparing growth and viability of a population of phototrophic bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 55:78–85
Fowler VJ, Pfennig N, Schubert W, Stackebrandt E (1984) Towards a phylogeny of phototrophic purple sulfur bacteria - 16S rRNA oligonucleotide cataloguing of 11 species of Chromatiaceae. Arch Microbiol 139:382–387
Frigaard N-U, Dahl C (2008) Sulfur metabolism in phototrophic sulfur bacteria. Adv Microb Physiol 54:103–200
Fuller RC, Smillie RM, Sisler EC, Kornberg HL (1961) Carbon metabolism in chromatium. J Biol Chem 236:2140–2149
Gaffron H (1935) Über die Kohlensäureassimilation der roten Schwefelbakterien II. Biochem Z 279:1–33
Gasol JM, Guerrero R, Pedros-Alio C (1991) Seasonal variations in size structure and prokaryotic dominance in sulfurous Lake Ciso. Limnol Oceanogr 36:860–872
Genovese S (1963) The distribution of the H2S in the lake of faro (Messina) with particular regard to the presence of “red water”. In: Oppenheimer CH (ed) Symposium on marine microorganisms. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, pp 194–204
Giesberger G (1947) Some observations on the culture, physiology and morphology of some brown-red Rhodospirillum-species. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek J Microbiol Serol 13:135–148
Glaeser J, Overmann J (1999) Selective enrichment and characterisation of Roseospirillum parvum, gen. nov. and sp. nov., a new purple nonsulfur bacterium with unusual light absorption properties. Arch Microbiol 171:405–416
Gloyna EF (1971) Waste stabilization ponds. World Health Organization monograph series No. 60. World Health Organization, Geneva
Gogotov IN (1978) Relationships in hydrogen metabolism between hydrogenase and nitrogenase in phototrophic bacteria. Biochimie 60:267–275
Gogotov IN (1984) Hydrogenase of purple bacteria: properties and regulation of synthesis. Arch Microbiol 140:86–90
Gogotov IN (1986) Hydrogenases of phototrophic microorganisms. Biochimie 68:181–187
Gorlenko VM (1974) Oxidation of thiosulfate by Amoebobacter roseus in the darkness under microaerobic conditions. Microbiologiya 43:729–731
Gorlenko VM, Vainstein MB, Kachalkin VI (1978) Microbiological characteristic of Lake Mogilnoye. Arch Hydrobiol 81:475
Gorlenko VM, Dubinina GA, Kusnetsov SI (1983) The ecology of aquatic microorganisms. In: Ohle W (ed) Binnengewässer. Schweizerbartsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, p 254, Monograph
Guerrero R, Pedros-Alío C, Esteve I, Mas J (1987) Communities of phototrophic sulfur bacteria in lakes of the Spanish Mediterranean region. Acta Academiae Abonensis 47:125–151
Guindon, Gascuel (2005): http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10635150390235520
Guyoneaud R, Süling J, Petri R, Matheron R, Caumette P, Pfennig N, Imhoff JF (1998) Taxonomic rearrangements of the genera Thiocapsa and Amoebobacter on the basis of 16S rDNA sequence analyses and description of Thiolamprovum gen. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 48:957–964
Hallenbeck PC (1987) Molecular aspects of nitrogen fixation by photosynthetic prokaryotes. Crit Rev Microbiol 14:1–48
Haselkorn R (1986) Organization of the genes for nitrogen fixation in photosynthetic bacteria and cyanobacteria. Ann Rev Microbiol 40:525–547
Hashwa FA, Trüper HG (1978) Viable phototrophic sulfur bacteria from the Black-Sea bottom. Helgol Dander Wiss Meeresunters 31:249–253
Hatzikakidis AD (1952) Periodike erythrotes ton ydaton tes limnothalasses tou Aitolikou. Anatypon praktikon Ellenikou Ydrobiolog Inst Akad Athen 6:21–52
Hatzikakidis AD (1953) Epochiakai ydrologikai ereynai eis tas limnothalassas Mesologgiou kai Aitolikou. Anatypon praktikon Ellenikou Ydrobiol Inst Akad Athen 6:85–143
Hauser B, Michaelis H (1975) Die Makrofauna der Watten. Strände, Riffe und Wracks um den Hohen Knechtsand in der Wesermündung, Jahresbericht Forschungsstelle für Insel- und Küstenschutz 1974. Norderney 26:85–119
Heldt HJ (1952) Eaux rouges. Bull Soc Sci Nat Tunisie 5:103–106
Hendley DD (1955) Endogenous fermentation in Thiorhodaceae. J Bacteriol 70:625–634
Hiraishi A, Hoshino Y, Kitamura H (1984) Isoprenoid quinone composition in the classification of Rhodospirillaceae. J Gen Appl Microbiol 30:197–210
Hoffmann C (1942) Beiträge zur Vegetation des Farbstreifen-Sandwattes. Kieler Meeresforschungen 4:85–108
Hoffmann C (1949) Über die Durchlässigkeit dünner Sandschichten für Licht. Planta 37:48–56
Holm HW, Vennes JW (1970) Occurrence of purple sulfur bacteria in a sewage treatment lagoon. Appl Microbiol 19:988–996
Holm HW, Vennes JW (1971) Occurrence of purple sulfur bacteria in a sewage treatment lagoon. Appl Microbiol 19:988–996
Imhoff JF (1983) Rhodopseudomonas marina sp. nov., a new marine phototrophic purple bacterium. Syst Appl Microbiol 4:512–521
Imhoff JF (1984a) Reassignment of the genus Ectothiorhodospira pelsh 1936 to a new family, Ectothiorhodospiraceae fem. nov., and emended description of the Chromatiaceae Bavendamm 1924. Int J Syst Bacteriol 134:338–339
Imhoff JF (1984b) Quinones of phototrophic purple bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 25:85–89
Imhoff JF (1988a) Halophilic phototrophic bacteria. In: Rodriguez-Valera F (ed) Halophilic bacteria. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 85–108
Imhoff JF (1988b) Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria. In: Austin B (ed) Methods in aquatic bacteriology. Wiley, Chichester, UK, pp 207–240
Imhoff JF (1992) Taxonomy, phylogeny and general ecology of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria. In: Carr NG, Mann NH (eds) Biotechnology handbook photosynthetic prokaryotes. Plenum, London/New York, pp 53–92
Imhoff JF (2001) True marine and halophilic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria. Arch Microbiol 176:243–254
Imhoff JF (2005) Family Chromatiaceae. In: Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JR (eds) Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology, vol 2 Part B, 2nd edn. Springer, New York, pp 3–9 and following chapters
Imhoff JF (2011) Functional gene studies of pure cultures are the basis of systematic studies of environmental communities of phototrophic bacteria and their species specific analyses. BISMiS Bulletin 2:107–115
Imhoff JF, Bias-Imhoff U (1995) Lipids, Quinones and fatty acids of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria. In: Blankenship RE, Madigan MT, Bauer CE (eds) Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. Kluwer, Netherlands, pp 179–205
Imhoff JF, Pfennig N (2001) Thioflavicoccus mobilis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel purple sulfur bacterium with bacteriochlorophyll b. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51:105–110
Imhoff JF, Süling J (1996) The phylogenetic relationship among ectothiorhodospiraceae. A reevaluation of their taxonomy on the basis of rDNA analyses. Arch Microbiol 165:106–113
Imhoff JF, Trüper HG (1976) Marine sponges as habitats of anaerobic phototrophic bacteria. Microbial Ecol 3:1–9
Imhoff JF, Trüper HG (1977) Ectothiorhodospira halochloris sp. nov., a new extremely halophilic phototrophic bacterium containing bacteriochlorophyll b. Arch Microbiol 114:115–121
Imhoff JF, Trüper HG (1980) Chromatium purpuratum sp. nov., a new species of the Chromatiaceae. Zbl Bakt I Abt Orig 1:61–69
Imhoff JF, Trüper HG (1981) Ectothiorhodospira abdelmalekii sp. nov., a new halophilic and alkaliphilic phototrophic bacterium. Zbl Bakt I Abt Orig C 2:228–234
Imhoff JF, Sahl HG, Soliman GSH, Trüper HG (1979) The wadi natrun: chemical composition and microbial mass developments in alkaline brines of eutrophic desert lakes. Geomicrobiol J1:219–234
Imhoff JF, Kushner DJ, Kushawa SC, Kates M (1982) Polar lipids in phototrophic bacteria of the Rhodospirillaceae and Chromatiaceae families. J Bacteriol 150:1192–1201
Imhoff JF, Süling J, Petri R (1998) Phylogenetic relationships among the chromatiaceae, their taxonomic reclassification and description of the new genera Allochromatium, Halochromatium, Isochromatium, Marichromatium, Thiococcus, Thiohalocapsa, and Thermochromatium. Int J Syst Bacteriol 48:1129–1143
Irgens RL (1983) Thioacetamide as a source of hydrogen sulfide for colony growth of purple sulfur bacteria. Curr Microbiol 8:183–186
Isachenko BL (1914). Studies of bacteria of the Arctic Ocean. Cited in: Gorlenko, Vainstein and Kachalkin, 1978
Jannasch HW (1957) Die bakterielle Rotfärbung der Salzseen des Wadi Natrun. Arch Hydrobiol 53:425–433
Jørgensen BB, Fossing H, Wirsen CO, Jannasch HW (1991) Sulfide oxidation in the anoxic Black Sea chemocline. Deep-Sea Res 38(suppl 2):1083–1103
Kämpf C, Pfennig N (1980) Capacity of Chromatiaceae for chemotrophic growth. Specific respiration rates of Thiocystis violacea and Chromatium vinosum. Arch Microbiol 127:125–135
Kämpf C, Pfennig N (1986) Isolation and characterization of some chemoautotrophic Chromatiaceae. J Basic Microbiol 9:507–515
Kobayashi M (1977) Utilization and disposal of wastes by photosynthetic bacteria. In: Schlegel HG, Barnea J (eds) Microbial energy conversion. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 443–453
Kobayashi M, Kobayashi M (1995) Waste remediation and treatment using anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria. In: Blankenship RE, Madigan MT, Bauer CE (eds) Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. Kluwer, Netherlands, pp 1269–1282
Kobayashi M, Tchan YT (1973) Treatment of industrial waste solutions and production of useful byproducts using photosynthetic bacterial method. Water Res 7:1219–1224
Kobayashi M, Tchan YT (1978) Formation of dimethylnitrosamine in polluted environment and the role of photosynthetic bacteria. Water Res 12:199–201
Kobayashi M, Kobayashi M, Nakanishi H (1971) Construction of a purification plant for polluted water using photosynthetic bacteria. J Ferment Technol 49:817–825
Kondratieva EN (1965) Photosynthetic bacteria. Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem
Kondratieva EN (1979) Interrelation between modes of carbon assimilation and energy production in phototrophic purple and green bacteria. In: Quale JR (ed) Microbial biochemistry. International review of biochemistry, vol 21. University Park Press, Baltimore, pp 117–175
Kondratieva EN, Gogotov IN (1983) Production of molecular hydrogen in microorganism. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 28:139–191
Kondratieva EN, Petushkova YUP, Zhukov VG (1975) Growth and oxidation of sulfur compounds by Thiocapsa roseopersicina in the darkness. Mikrobiologiya 44:389–394 (In Russian, with English summary)
Kondratieva EN, Zhukov VG, Ivanowsky RN, Petruskova YP, Monosov EZ (1976) The capacity of the phototrophic sulfur bacterium Thiocapsa roseopersicina for chemosynthesis. Arch Microbiol 108:287–292
Koppenhagen V (1981) Metal-free corrinoids and metal-insertion. In: Dolphin D (ed) Vitamin B12, vol 2. Wiley, New York, pp 105–149
Koppenhagen V, Schlingmann G, Scher W, Dresow B (1981) Extracellular metabolites from phototrophic bacteria as possible intermediates in the biosynthesis of vitamin B12. In: Moo-Young M (ed) Advances in biotechnology. Pergamon, New York, pp 247–252
Krasilnikova EN (1976) Anaerobic metabolism of Thiocapsa roseopersicina. Mikrobiologiya 45:372–376 (In Russian, with English summary)
Krasilnikova EN, Petushkova YP, Kondratieva EN (1975) Growth of purple sulfur bacterium Thiocapsa roseopersicina under anaerobic conditions in the darkness. Mikrobiologiya 44:700–703 (In Russian, with English summary)
Krasilnikova EN, Ivanovskii RN, Kondratieva EN (1983) Growth of purple bacteria utilizing acetate under anaerobic conditions in darkness. Mikrobiologiya 52:189–194 (English translation edition)
Kriss AE, Rukina EA (1953) Purple sulfur bacteria in deep sulfurous water of the Black Sea. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR 93:1107–1110 (In Russian)
Kumar PA, Srinivas TNR, Sasikala C, Ramana CV (2007a) Halochromatium roseum sp. nov., a non-motile phototrophic gammaproteobacterium with gas vesicles, and emended description of the genus Halochromatium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 57:2110–2113
Kumar PA, Sasi Jyothsna TS, Srinivas TNR, Sasikala C, Ramana CV, Imhoff JF (2007b) Marichromatium bheemlicum sp. nov., a non-diazotrophic photosynthetic gammaproteobacterium from a marine aquaculture pond. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 57:1261–1265
Kumar PA, Sasi Jyothsna TS, Srinivas TNR, Sasikala C, Ramana CV, Imhoff JF (2007c) Two novel species of marine phototrophic gammaproteobacteria: Thiorhodococcus Bheemlicus sp. nov. and Thiorhodococcus kakinadensis sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 57:2458–2461
Kumar PA, Srinivas TNR, Sasikala C, Ramana CV (2008a) Allochromatium renukae sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58:404–407
Kumar PA, Srinivas TNR, Sasikala C, Ramana CV, Imhoff JF (2008b) Thiophaeococcus mangrovi gen. nov., sp. nov., a photosynthetic marine gammaproteobacterium isolated from Bhitarkanika mangrove forest India. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58:2660–2664
Kumar PA, Srinivas TNR, Thiel V, Tank M, Sasikala C, Ramana CV, Imhoff JF (2009) A new species of Thiohalocapsa, Thiohalocapsa marina sp. nov., from an Indian marine aquaculture pond. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 59:2333–2338
Kumazawa S, Mitsui A (1982) Hydrogen metabolism of photosynthetic bacteria and algae. In: Mitsui A, Black CC (eds) Handbook of biosolar resources, vol 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 299–316
Kusnetzov SI (1970) The microflora of lakes and its geochemical activity. University of Texas Press, Austin/London
Kützing FT (1883) Beiträge zur Kenntnis über die Entstehung und Metamorphose er niederen vegetabilischen Organismen, nebst einer systematische Zusammenstellung der hierher gehörigen niederen Algenformen. Linnaea 8:335–384
Lankester R (1873) On a peach-colored bacterium – bacterium Rubescens n.s. Q J Micros Sci 13:408–425
Lapage SP, Sneath PHA, Lessel EF, Skerman VBD, Seeliger HPR, Clark WA (eds) (1992) International code of nomenclature of bacteria (1990 revision). bacteriological code. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
Larsen H (1952) On the culture and general physiology of the green sulfur bacteria. J Bacteriol 64:187–196
Liebergesell M, Hustede E, Timm A, Steinbüchel A, Fuller RC, Lenz RW, Schlegel HG (1991) Formation of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) by phototrophic and chemolithotrophic bacteria. Arch Microbiol 155:415–421
Liebergesell M, Schmidt B, Steinbüchel A (1992) Isolation and identification of granule-associated proteins relevant for poly(3-hydroxyalkanoic acid) biosynthesis in Chromatium vinosum D. FEMS Microbiol Lett 99:227–232
Lindholm T (1987) Ecology of photosynthetic prokaryotes with special reference to meromictic lakes and coastal lagoons. ABO Academy Press, Abo
Ludden PW, Roberts GP (1995) The biochemistry and genetics of nitrogen fixation by photosynthetic bacteria. In: Blankenship RE, Madigan MT, Bauer CE (eds) Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. Kluwer, Netherlands, pp 929–947
Madigan MT (1986) Chromatium tepidum sp. nov., a thermophilic photosynthetic bacterium of the family Chromatiaceae. Int J Syst Bacteriol 36:222–227
Madigan MT (1988) Microbiology, physiology, and ecology of phototrophic bacteria. In: Zehnder AJB (ed) Biology of anaerobic microorganisms. Wiley, New York, pp 39–111
Madigan MT (1995) Microbiology of nitrogen fixation by anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. In: Blankenship RE, Madigan MT, Bauer CE (eds) Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. Kluwer, Netherlands, pp 915–928
May DS, Stahl JB (1967) The ecology of chromatium in sewage ponds. Bulletin No. 303, Sanitary Engineering Section Report No. 36, Coll. Engin. Res. Div., Washington State University, Pullman
Mitsui A (1975) The utilization of solar energy for hydrogen production by cell free system of photosynthetic organisms. In: Veziroglu TN (ed) Hydrogen energy. Plenum, New York, pp 309–316
Mitsui A (1979) Biosaline research. In: Hollaender A, Aller JC, Epstein E, San Pietro A, Zaborsky O (eds) The use of photosynthetic marine organisms in food and feed production. Plenum, New York, pp 177–215
Miyoshi M (1897) Studien über die Schwefelrasenbildung und die Schwefelbakterien der Thermen von Yumoto bei Nikko. Zentral Bakteriol Parasitenkund Infekt 3:526–527, Abt. 2
Molisch H (1907) Die Purpurbakterien nach neueren Untersuchungen. G. Fischer, Jena, pp 1–95
Nicholson JAM, Stolz JF, Pierson BK (1987) Structure of a microbial mat at great Sippewissett Marsh, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 45:343–364
Overmann J, Cypionka H, Pfennig N (1992) An extremely low-light-adapted phototrophic sulfur bacterium from the Black Sea. Limnol Oceanogr 37:150–155
Pattaragulwanit K, Brune DC, Trüper HG, Dahl C (1998) Molecular evidence for extracytoplasmic localization of sulfur globules in Chromatium vinosum. Arch Microbiol 169:434–444
Pedros-Alio C, Guerrero R (1993) Microbial ecology in Lake Ciso. Adv Microbiol Ecol 13:155–209
Peduzzi S, Welsh A, Demarta A, Decristophoris P, Peduzzi R, Hahn D, Tonolla M (2011) Thiocystis chemoclinalis sp. nov. and Thiocystis cadagnonensis sp. nov., motile purple sulfur bacteria isolated from the chemocline of a meromictic lake. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 61:1682–1687
Petri R, Imhoff JF (2001) Genetic analysis of sea-ice bacterial communities of the western Baltic Sea using an improved double gradient method. Polar Biol 24:252–257
Pfennig N (1962) Beobachtungen über das Schwärmen von Chromatium okenii. Arch Microbiol 42:90–95
Pfennig N (1965) Anreicherungskulturen für rote und grüne Schwefelbakterien. Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskrankh. Hyg. Abt. 1, Orig. Suppl. (1):179–189, pp 503–505
Pfennig N (1967) Photosynthetic bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 21:285–324
Pfennig N (1989a) Genus Chromatium. In: Staley JT, Bryant MP, Pfennig BN, Holt JC (eds) Bergeys manual of systematic bacteriology, vol 3, 1st edn. The Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 1639–1643
Pfennig N (1989b) Ecology of phototrophic purple and green sulfur bacteria. In: Schlegel HG, Bowien B (eds) Autotrophic bacteria. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp 97–116
Pfennig N, Lippert KD (1966) Über das Vitamin B12-Bedürfnis phototropher Schwefelbakterien. Arch Mikrobiol 55:245–256
Pfennig N, Trüper HG (1971) Higher taxa of the phototrophic bacteria. Int J Syst Bacteriol 21:17–18
Pfennig N, Trüper HG (1974) The phototrophic bacteria. In: Buchanan RE, Gibbons NE (eds) Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology, 8th edn. The Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 24–75
Pfennig N, Trüper HG (1981) Isolation of members of the families Chromatiaceae and Chlorobiaceae In: Starr MP, Stolp H, Trüper HG, Balows A, Schlegel HG (eds) The prokaryotes a handbook on habitats, isolation and identification of bacteria. Springer, Berlin, pp 279–289
Pfennig N, Trüper HG (1992) The family Chromatiaceae. In: Balows A, Trüper HG, Dworkin M, Harder W, Schleifer KH (eds) The prokaryotes. A handbook on the biology of bacteria. Ecophysiology, isolation, identification, applications, 2nd edn. Springer, New York, pp 3200–3221
Pfennig N, Lünsdorf H, Süling J, Imhoff JF (1997) Rhodospira trueperi, gen. nov. and spec. nov., a new phototrophic proteobacterium of the alpha-group. Arch Microbiol 168:39–45
Podgorsek L, Imhoff JF (1999) Tetrathionate production by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and the role of tetrathionate in the sulfur cycle in sediments of the Baltic Sea. Aquat Microbial Ecol 17:255–265
Proctor LM (1997) Nitrogen-fixing, photosynthetic, anaerobic bacteria associated with pelagic copepods. Aquat Microb Ecol 12:105–113
Puchkova NN, Imhoff JF, Gorlenko VM (2000) Thiocapsa litoralis sp. nov., a new purple sulfur bacterium from microbial mats from the White Sea. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50:1441–1447
Rabold S, Gorlenko VM, Imhoff JF (2006) Thiorhodococcus mannitoliphagus sp. nov., a new purple sulfur bacterium from the White Sea. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56:1945–1951
Rees GN, Harfoot CG, Janssen PH, Schoenborn L, Kuever J, Lünsdorf H (2002) Thiobaca trueperi gen. nov., sp. nov., a phototrophic bacterium isolated from freshwater lake sediment. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52:671–678
Repeta DJ, Simpson DJ, Jørgensen BB, Jannasch HW (1989) Evidence for anoxygenic photosynthesis from the distribution of bacteriochlorophylls in the black Sea. Nature 342:69–72
Roelofson PA (1935) On the metabolism of the purple sulfur bacteria. Proc K Ned Akad Wet 37:660–669
Ruttner F (1962) Grundriss der limnologie, 3rd edn. De Gruyter, Berlin, pp 171–172
Sahl HG, Trüper HG (1977) Enzymes of CO2 fixation in Chromatiaceae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2:129–132
Sasikala K, Ramana CV, Rao PR, Kovacs KL (1993) Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria: physiology and advances in hydrogen production technology. Adv Appl Microbiol 38:211–295
Schaub BEM, Van Gemerden H (1994) Simultaneous phototrophic and chemotrophic growth in the purple sulfur bacterium Thiocapsa roseopersicina M1. FEMS Microbial Ecol 13:185–196
Schedel M, Vanselow M, Trüper HG (1979) Siroheme sulfite reductase isolated from Chromatiuni vinosum. Arch Microbiol 121:29–36
Schegg E (1971) Produktion und Destruktion in der trophogenen Schicht. Schweiz Z Hydrol 33:427–532
Schlegel HG, Pfennig N (1961) Die Anreicherungskultur einiger Schwefelpurpurbakterien. Arch Mikrobiol 38:1–39
Schrammeck J (1934) Untersuchungen über die Phototaxis der Purpurbacterien. Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen 22:315–380
Schulz E (1937) Das Farbstreifensandwatt und seine Fauna, eine ökologisch biozönotische Untersuchung an der Nordsee. Kieler Meeresforschungen 1:359–378
Schulz E, Meyer H (1939) Weitere Untersuchungen über das Farbstreifensandwatt. Kieler Meeresforschungen 3:321–336
Shivali K, Ramana VV, Ramaprasad EVV, Sasikala C, Ramana CV (2011) Marichromatium litoris sp. nov. and marichromatium chrysaorae sp. nov. Isolated from beach sand and from a jelly fish (Chrysaora colorata). Syst Appl Microbiol 34:600–605
Siefert E, Pfennig N (1984) Convenient method to prepare neutral sulfide solution for cultivation of phototrophic sulfur bacteria. Arch Microbiol 139:100–101
Siefert E, Irgens RL, Pfennig N (1978) Phototrophic purple and green bacteria in a sewage treatment plant. Appl Environ Microbiol 35:38–44
Sletten O, Singer RH (1971) Sulfur bacteria in red lagoons. J Water Pollut C 43:2118–2122
Smith AJ (1965) The discriminative oxidation of the sulfur atoms of thiosulphate by a photosynthetic sulfur bacterium – chromatium strain D. Biochem J 94:27
Smith AJ (1966) The role of tetrathionate in the oxidation of thiosulfate by Chromatium sp. Strain D. J Gen Microbiol 42:371–380
Sorokin YI (1970) Interrelations between sulfur and carbon turnover in a meromictic lake. Arch Hydrobiol 66:391–446
Srinivas TNR, Kumar PA, Sucharita K, Sasikala C, Ramana CV (2009) Allochromatium phaeobacterium sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 59:750–753
Steenbergen CLM, Korthals HJ (1982) Distribution of phototrophic microorganisms in the anaerobic and microaerophilic strata of Lake Vechten (The Netherlands): pigment analysis and role in primary production. Limnol Oceanogr 27:883–895
Steudel R (1989) On the nature of the “elemental sulfur”(S°) produced by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria – a model for S° globules. In: Schlegel HG, Bowien B (eds) Autotrophic bacteria. Science Tech. Publ/Springer, Madison/New York, pp 289–304
Steudel R, Holdt G, Visscher PT, van Gemerden H (1990) Search for polythionates in cultures of Chromatium vinosum after sulfide incubation. Arch Microbiol 153:432–437
Stirn J (1971) Ecological consequences of marine pollution. Rev Internat Oceanogr Med 24:13–46
Strzeszewski B (1913) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Schwefelflora in der Umgebung von Krakau. Bull Int Acad Sci Cracovie Ser B Sci Nat I:309–334
Sucharita K, Sasikala C, Ramana CV (2010a) Thiorhodococcus modestalkaliphilus sp. nov. a phototrophic gammaproteobacterium from chilika salt water lagoon India. J Gen Appl Microbiol 56:93–99
Sucharita K, Kumar ES, Sasikala CH, Panda BB, Takaichi S, Ramana CV (2010b) Marichromatium fluminis sp. nov., a slightly alkaliphilic, phototrophic gammaproteobacterium isolated from river sediment. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 60:1103–1107
Suckow R (1966) Schwefelmikrobengesellschaften der See- und Boddengewässer von Hiddensee. Z Allgem Mikrobiol 6:309–315
Szafer W (1910) Zur Kenntnis der Schwefelflora in der Umgebung von Lemberg. Bull Int Acad Sci Ser V. Cracovie, pp 160–167
Tabita FR (1995) The biochemistry and metabolic regulation of carbon metabolism and CO2 fixation in purple bacteria. In: Blankenship RE, Madigan MT, Bauer CE (eds) Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. Kluwer, Netherlands, pp 885–914
Taga N (1967) Microbial coloring of sea water in tidal pool, with special reference of massive development of phototrophic bacteria. Information Bulletin on Planktology in Japan. Commemorative number of Y. Matsue’s sixtieth birthday, pp 219–229
Takahashi M, Ichimura S (1968) Vertical distribution and organic matter production of photosynthetic sulfur bacteria in Japanese lakes. Limnol Oceanogr 13:644–655
Tank M, Thiel V, Imhoff JF (2009) Phylogenetic relationship of phototrophic purple sulfur bacteria according to pufL and pufM genes. Int Microbiol 12:175–185
Tank M, Blümel M, Imhoff JF (2011) Communities of purple sulfur bacteria in a Baltic Sea coastal lagoon analyzed by pufLM gene libraries and the impact of temperature and NaCl concentration in experimental enrichment cultures. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 78:428–438
Taylor WR (1964) Light and photosynthesis in intertidal benthic diatoms. Helgol Wiss Meeresunters 10:29–37
Thiel V, Tank M, Neulinger SC, Gehrmann L, Dorador C, Imhoff JF (2010) Unique communities of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria in saline lakes of salar de Atacama (Chile). Evidence for a new phylogenetic lineage of phototrophic gammaproteobacteria from pufLM gene analyses. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 74:510–522
Toohey JI (1971) Purification of descobalt corrins from photosynthetic bacteria. In: McCormick DB, Wright LD (eds) Methods in enzymology, vol 18. Academic, New York, pp 71–75
Tourova TP, Keppen OI, Kovaleva OL, Slobodova NV, Berg IA, Ivanovsky RN (2009) Phylogenetic characterization of the purple sulfur bacterium thiocapsa sp. BBS by analysis of the 16S rRNA, cbbL, and nifH genes and its description as Thiocapsa bogorovii sp. nov., a new species. Microbiology 78:339–349
Trüper HG (1964) CO2-Fixierung und intermediärstoffwechsel bei Chromatium okenii perty. Arch Mikrobiol 49:23–50
Trüper HG (1970) Culture and isolation of phototrophic sulfur bacteria from the marine environment. Helgol Wiss Meeresunters 20:6–16
Trüper HG (1980) Distribution and activity of phiototrophic bacteria at the marine water-sediment interface. Coloques Int CNRS Biogéochem matière organ interface eau-sédiment marin 293:275–285
Trüper HG (1981a) Photolithotrophic sulfur oxidation. In: Bothe H, Trebst A (eds) Biology of inorganic nitrogen and sulfur. Springer, Berlin, pp 199–211
Trüper HG (1981b) Versatility of carbon metabolism in the phototrophic bacteria. In: Dalton H (ed) Microbial growth on C1 compounds. Heyden, London, pp 116–121
Trüper HG (1984) Phototrophic bacteria and their sulfur metabolism. In: Müller A, Krebs B (eds) Sulfur, its significance for chemistry, for the geo-, bio- and cosmophere and technology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 367–382
Trüper HG (1989) Physiology and biochemistry of phototrophic bacteria. In: Schlegel HG, Bowien B (eds) Autotrophic bacteria. Science Tech Publ/Springer, Madison/New York, pp 267–282
Trüper HG, Fischer U (1982) Anaerobic oxidation of sulfur compounds as electron donors for bacterial photosynthesis. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B B 298:529–542
Trüper HG, Genovese S (1968) Characterization of photosynthetic sulfur bacteria causing red water in Lake Faro (Messina Sicily). Limnol Oceanogr 13:225–232
Trüper HG, Imhoff JF (1981) The genus Ectothiorhodospira. In: Starr MP, Stolp H, Trüper HG, Balows A, Schlegel HG (eds) The prokaryotes. A handbook on habitats, isolation and identification of bacteria. Springer, New York, pp 274–278
Trüper HG, Pfennig N (1966) sulfur metabolism in Thiorhodaceae. III. Storage and turnover of thiosulphate sulfur in Thiocapsa floridana and Chromatium species. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. J Microbiol Serol 32:261–276
Utermöhl H (1925) Limnologische phytoplanktonstudien. Arch Hydrobiol Supp 5:251–277
Van Gemerden H (1968a) Utilization of reducing power in growing cultures of Chromatium. Arch Microbiol 65:111–117
Van Gemerden H (1968b) On the ATP generation by Chromatium in darkness. Arch Mikrobiol 64:118–124
Van Gemerden H (1974) Coexistence of organisms competing for the same substrate: an example among the purple sulfur bacteria. Microb Ecol 1:19–23
Van Gemerden H, Beeftink HH (1983) Ecology of phototrophic bacteria. In: Ormerod JG (ed) The phototrophic bacteria: anaerobic life in the light. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 146–185
Van Gemerden H, Mas J (1995) Ecology of phototrophic sulfur bacteria. In: Blankenship RE, Madigan MT, Bauer CE (eds) Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. Kluwer, Netherlands, pp 49–85
Van Gemerden H, Montesinos E, Mas J, Guerrero R (1985) Diel cycle of metabolism of phototrophic purple sulfur bacteria in Lake Cisó (Spain). Limnol Oceanogr 30:932–943
Van Niel CB (1931) On the morphology and physiology of the purple and green sulfur bacteria. Arch Microbiol 3:1–112
Van Niel CB (1971) Techniques for the enrichment, isolation, and maintenance of photosynthetic bacteria. In: Collowick SP, Kaplan NV (eds) Methods in enzymology, vol 23, part A. Academic, New York, pp 3–28
Vignais PM, Colbeau A, Willison JC, Jouanneau Y (1985) Hydrogenase, nitrogenase, and hydrogen metabolism in photosynthetic bacteria. Adv Microb Physiol 26:155–234
Vignais PM, Toussaint B, Colbeau A (1995) Regulation of hydrogenase gene expression. In: Blankenship RE, Madigan MT, Bauer CE (eds) Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 1175–1190
Vrati S (1984) Single cell protein production by photosynthetic bacteria grown on the clarified effluents of a biogas plant. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 19:199–202
Warming E (1875) Om nogle ved Danmarks Kyster levende Bakterier. Videnskabelige Meddelelser Dansk naturhistorisk Foreninge 20:307–420
Weckesser J, Drews G, Mayer H (1979) Lipopolysaccharides of photosynthetic prokaryotes. Annu Rev Microbiol 33:215–239
Weckesser J, Mayer H, Schulz G (1995) Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria: model organisms for studies on cell wall macromolecules. In: Blankenship RE, Madigan MT, Bauer CE (eds) Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. Kluwer, Netherlands, pp 207–230
Wenke TL, Vogt JC (1981) Temporal changes in a pink feedlot lagoon. Appl Environ Microbiol 41:381–385
Widdel F, Schnell S, Heising S, Ehrenreich A, Assmus B, Schink B (1993) Ferrous iron oxidation by anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria. Nature 362:834–836
Winogradsky S (1888) Beiträge zur Morphologie und Physiologie der Bakterien. Heft 1. Zur Morphol Physiol Schwefelbakterien. Arthur Felix, Leipzig, pp 1–120
Yarapolov AI, Malovik V, Isumrudov VA, Zorin NA, Bachurin SO, Gogotov IN, Varfolomeev SD (1982) Immobilization of hydrogenase in semiconductor gels and its use in the electrooxidation of hydrogen at the anode of a biofuel cell. Appl Biochem Microbiol 18:401–406. (English translation from Russian)
Yarza et al (2010): http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2010.08.001
Zaar A, Fuchs G, Golecki JR, Overmann J (2003) A new purple sulfur bacterium isolated from a littoral microbial mat, Thiorhodococcus drewsii sp. nov. Arch Microbiol 179:174–183
Zahr M, Fobel B, Mayer H, Imhoff JF, Campos V, Weckesser J (1992) Chemical composition of the lipopolysaccharides of Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii, Ectothiorhodospira mobilis, and Ectothiorhodospira halophila. Arch Microbiol 157:499–504
Zeng YH, Jiao NZ (2007) Source environment feature related phylogenetic distribution pattern of anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria as revealed by pufM analysis. J Microbiol 45:205–212
Zhukov VG (1976) Formation of ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase by Thiocapsa roseopersicina in different growth conditions. Mikrobiologiya 45:915–917
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this entry
Cite this entry
Imhoff, J.F. (2014). The Family Chromatiaceae . In: Rosenberg, E., DeLong, E.F., Lory, S., Stackebrandt, E., Thompson, F. (eds) The Prokaryotes. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38922-1_295
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38922-1_295
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-38921-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-38922-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences