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38 Cold-Water Coral in Aquaria: Advances and Challenges. A Focus on the Mediterranean

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Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals: Past, Present and Future

Part of the book series: Coral Reefs of the World ((CORW,volume 9))

Abstract

Knowledge on basic biological functions of organisms is essential to understand not only the role they play in the ecosystems but also to manage and protect their populations. The study of biological processes, such as growth, reproduction and physiology, which can be approached in situ or by collecting specimens and rearing them in aquaria, is particularly challenging for deep-sea organisms like cold-water corals. Field experimental work and monitoring of deep-sea populations is still a chimera. Only a handful of research institutes or companies has been able to install in situ marine observatories in the Mediterranean Sea or elsewhere, which facilitate a continuous monitoring of deep-sea ecosystems. Hence, today’s best way to obtain basic biological information on these organisms is (1) working with collected samples and analysing them post-mortem and / or (2) cultivating corals in aquaria in order to monitor biological processes and investigate coral behaviour and physiological responses under different experimental treatments. The first challenging aspect is the collection process, which implies the use of oceanographic research vessels in most occasions since these organisms inhabit areas between ca. 150 m to more than 1000 m depth, and specific sampling gears. The next challenge is the maintenance of the animals on board (in situations where cruises may take weeks) and their transport to home laboratories. Maintenance in the home laboratories is also extremely challenging since special conditions and set-ups are needed to conduct experimental studies to obtain information on the biological processes of these animals. The complexity of the natural environment from which the corals were collected cannot be exactly replicated within the laboratory setting; a fact which has led some researchers to question the validity of work and conclusions drawn from such undertakings. It is evident that aquaria experiments cannot perfectly reflect the real environmental and trophic conditions where these organisms occur, but: (1) in most cases we do not have the possibility to obtain equivalent in situ information and (2) even with limitations, they produce relevant information about the biological limits of the species, which is especially valuable when considering potential future climate change scenarios. This chapter includes many contributions from different authors and is envisioned as both to be a practical “handbook” for conducting cold-water coral aquaria work, whilst at the same time offering an overview on the cold-water coral research conducted in Mediterranean laboratories equipped with aquaria infrastructure. Experiences from Atlantic and Pacific laboratories with extensive experience with cold-water coral work have also contributed to this chapter, as their procedures are valuable to any researcher interested in conducting experimental work with cold-water corals in aquaria. It was impossible to include contributions from all laboratories in the world currently working experimentally with cold-water corals in the laboratory, but at the conclusion of the chapter we attempt, to our best of our knowledge, to supply a list of several laboratories with operational cold-water coral aquaria facilities.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the following projects for their support to these studies: FP6 HERMES (EC contract no. GOCE-CT-2005-511234), FP7 HERMIONE (Grant agreement No. 226354), CoCoNet (Contract no.287844) programmes, as well as ASSEMBLE TA project (grant agreement no. 227799), Statoil funded CORAMM project, EVER-EST Horizon 2020 project (contract no. 674907), DG Environment programme IDEM (grant agreement No 11.0661 /2017/750680/SUB/EN V.C2), Chaire ‘Extreme environment, biodiversity and global change’ (Foundation TOTAL and UPMC), CoralChange project (contract no. 231109) and the Flag Project Ritmare Ricerca Italiana per il Mare. Further projects are CYCLAMEN funded by the TOTAL foundation (BIO_2014_091_Juin_CS-8), the European Project LIFE Indemares ‘Inventario y designación de la red natura 2000 en áreas marinas del estado español’ (LIFE07/NAT/ E/000732), the Spanish Project DEEP CORAL (CTM2005-07756-C02-02/MAR) and the Acciones Complementarias (CTM2005-24174-E, CTM2006-27063-E/MAR, CTM2007-28758-E/MAR). These works has also received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreements No 678760 (ATLAS) and No. 689518 (MERCES). This output reflects only the author’s view and the European Union cannot be held responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. The funds provided by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal) through the strategic project (FCT/UID/MAR/04292/2013) granted to MARE are also acknowledged. This is ISMAR-Bologna scientific contribution n. 1940. We are very grateful to Dr. Ronald Osinga and Dr. Simonepietro Canese who thoughtfully and enthusiastically reviewed this chapter providing such insightful suggestions that would have been rightfull to make co-authors of the chapter.

Some European Research Institutes and Public Aquaria with Aquaria Facilities for Maintenance and/or Experimental Work with CWCs

  • Cyprus

  • Ocean Aquarium. P.O. Box 33845, 5318 Paralimni, Cyprus

  • France

  • Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Ecogéochimie des Environnements Benthiques (LECOB), Observatoire Océanologique, 66650 Banyuls-sur-mer, France

  • Germany

  • Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven

  • GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany

  • Italy

  • Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy

  • Acquario di Genova, Ponte Spinola, 16128 Genova GE

  • DISVA, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy

  • Monaco

  • Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Equipe ecophysiologie corallienne, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, MC-98000 Principality of Monaco

  • Norway

  • Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, 5392 Storebø, Norway

  • Portugal

  • IMAR – Institute of Marine Research, University of the Azores, Horta, Portugal & OKEANOS – Center of the University of the Azores Horta, Portugal

  • Spain

  • Acuario do Grove, Punta Moreiras, s/n, 36988 O Grove, Pontevedra

  • Aquarium Finisterrae, Paseo Marítimo Alcalde Francisco Vázquez, 34, 15002 A Coruña, Spain

  • Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Pg Maritim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain

  • Estación de Investigación Jaume Ferrer, La Mola, 07700 Mahón, Menorca, Illes Balears, Spain

  • Sweden

  • Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. Field station on Tjärnö, at the west coast of Sweden and at Kristineberg. Both facilities are run by the Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Infrastructure

  • The Netherlands

  • Aquaria facilities in the Wageningen University, Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Pots code 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands

  • United Kingdom

  • School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Spain

    Covadonga Orejas

  2. Institute of Marine Sciences (ISMAR-CNR), Bologna, Italy

    Marco Taviani

  3. Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA

    Marco Taviani

  4. Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy

    Marco Taviani

  5. Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain

    Stefano Ambroso, Carlos Dominguez-Carrió, Andrea Gori & Jordi Grinyó

  6. Enalia Physis Environmental Research Centre (ENALIA), Nicosia, Cyprus

    Vasilis Andreou

  7. IMAR – Institute of Marine Research, University of the Azores, Horta, Azores, Portugal

    Meri Bilan, Antonio Godinho, Maria Rakka & Marina Carreiro-Silva

  8. MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Horta, Azores, Portugal

    Meri Bilan, Antonio Godinho, Maria Rakka & Marina Carreiro-Silva

  9. OKEANOS – Center of the University of the Azores, Horta, Azores, Portugal

    Meri Bilan, Antonio Godinho, Maria Rakka & Marina Carreiro-Silva

  10. Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy

    Marzia Bo

  11. Florida State University Coastal and Marine Laboratory, St. Teresa, FL, USA

    Sandra Brooke

  12. Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway

    Paal Buhl-Mortensen

  13. Biology Life Sciences Building, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Erik Cordes & Jay Lunden

  14. Département de Biologie Marine, Equipe d’Ecophysiologie, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco

    Christine Ferrier-Pagès & Stéphanie Reynaud

  15. Aquarium Finisterrae, A Coruña, Spain

    Cristina Gutiérrez-Zárate & Alfredo Veiga

  16. University of Edinburgh, School of Geosciences, Edinburgh, UK

    Sebastian Hennige, Fiona Murray & J. Murray Roberts

  17. Enalia Physis Environmental Research Centre (ENALIA), Nicosia, Cyprus

    Carlos Jiménez

  18. Energy, Environment and Water Research Centre (EEWRC) of The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus

    Carlos Jiménez

  19. Department of Marine Sciences – Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, Strömstad, Sweden

    Ann I. Larsson & Susanna M. Strömberg

  20. Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Ecogéochimie des Environnements Benthiques, LECOB, Observatoire Océanologique, F-66650, Banyuls-sur-mer, France

    Franck Lartaud & Erwan Peru

  21. Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV),, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France

    Cornelia Maier

  22. Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Yerseke, The Netherlands

    Sandra R. Maier & Dick van Oevelen

  23. Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Estación de Investigación Jaume Ferrer, Menorca, Spain

    Juancho Movilla

  24. Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain

    Juancho Movilla

  25. Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholts zentrum für Polar und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany

    Autun Purser

  26. C/ Alcalde de Mostoles 5, entlo, Barcelona, Spain

    Pedro Siles

  27. Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany

    Laurenz Thomsen

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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Covadonga Orejas .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Spain

    Covadonga Orejas

  2. Enalia Physis Environmental Research Centre (ENALIA), Nicosia, Cyprus

    Carlos Jiménez

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Orejas, C. et al. (2019). 38 Cold-Water Coral in Aquaria: Advances and Challenges. A Focus on the Mediterranean. In: Orejas, C., Jiménez, C. (eds) Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals: Past, Present and Future. Coral Reefs of the World, vol 9. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91608-8_38

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