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Climate Change: Warming Impacts on Marine Biodiversity

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Handbook on Marine Environment Protection

Abstract

In this chapter, the effects of temperature change—as a main aspect of climate change—on marine biodiversity are assessed. Starting from a general discussion of species responses to temperature, the chapter presents how species respond to warming. These responses comprise adaptation and phenotypic plasticity as well as range shifts. The observed range shifts show more rapid shifts at the poleward range edge than at the equator-near edge, which probably reflects more rapid immigration than extinction in a warming world. A third avenue of changing biodiversity is change in species interactions, which can be altered by temporal and spatial shifts in interacting species. We then compare the potential changes in biodiversity to actual trends recently addressed in empirical synthesis work on local marine biodiversity, which lead to conceptual issues in quantifying the degree of biodiversity change. Finally we assess how climate change impacts the protection of marine environments.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The term “biodiversity” comprises different aspects of biological differentiation. We explicitly use this term sensu lato, crossing scales from “diversity within species” (e.g, genotypic differences in a population) over “diversity between species” (e.g., number of species in a food web) to diversity at higher organisational scales (e.g., functional groups). At all these levels, biodiversity can be characterized by richness (number of entities, such as genotypes or species or functional groups), evenness (dominance structure, high evenness reflecting equal contribution of all entities to the community), and identity (taxonomic or functional characteristics [traits] of the entities).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, Germany

    Helmut Hillebrand, Bettina Meyer & Aleksandra Lewandowska

  2. Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB), Oldenburg, Germany

    Helmut Hillebrand, Thomas Brey, Katja Metfies & Bettina Meyer

  3. Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Marine and Polar Research, Bremerhaven, Germany

    Thomas Brey, Julian Gutt, Katja Metfies & Bettina Meyer

  4. BreMarE Bremen Marine Ecology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

    Wilhelm Hagen

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  1. Helmut Hillebrand
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  1. German Advisory Council on the Environment, Berlin, Germany

    Markus Salomon

  2. University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

    Till Markus

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Hillebrand, H. et al. (2018). Climate Change: Warming Impacts on Marine Biodiversity. In: Salomon, M., Markus, T. (eds) Handbook on Marine Environment Protection . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60156-4_18

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