Citation:

nature04668

Name: (Table S1) Palynology of IODP Hole 302-M0004A
Published: 2006
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

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Abstract:

The Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum, 55 million years ago, was a brief period of widespread, extreme climatic warming (Zachos et al., 2003; Kennett and Stott, 1991, doi:10.1038/353225a0; Tripati and Elderfield, 2005, doi:10.1126/science.1109202), that was associated with massive atmospheric greenhouse gas input (Dickens et al., 1995, doi:10.1029/95PA02087). Although aspects of the resulting environmental changes are well documented at low latitudes, no data were available to quantify simultaneous changes in the Arctic region. Here we identify the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum in a marine sedimentary sequence obtained during the Arctic Coring Expedition (Backman et al., 2006, doi:10.2204/iodp.proc.302.2006). We show that sea surface temperatures near the North Pole increased from 18 °C to over 23 °C during this event. Such warm values imply the absence of ice and thus exclude the influence of ice-albedo feedbacks on this Arctic warming. At the same time, sea level rose while anoxic and euxinic conditions developed in the ocean's bottom waters and photic zone, respectively. Increasing temperature and sea level match expectations based on palaeoclimate model simulations (Shellito et al., 2003, doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00718-6), but the absolute polar temperatures that we derive before, during and after the event are more than 10 °C warmer than those model-predicted. This suggests that higher-than-modern greenhouse gas concentrations must have operated in conjunction with other feedback mechanisms -perhaps polar stratospheric clouds (Sloan and Pollard, 1998, doi:10.1029/98GL02492) or hurricane-induced ocean mixing (Emanuel et al., 2004, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0843:ECOTCI>2.0.CO;2)- to amplify early Palaeogene polar temperatures.

Project(s):

Integrated Ocean Drilling Program / International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP)

Coverage:

Latitude: 87.866580 * Longitude: 136.177350

Date/Time Start: 2004-08-27T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2004-08-27T00:00:00

Minimum DEPTH, sediment/rock: 378.21 m * Maximum DEPTH, sediment/rock: 390.71 m

Event(s):

302-M0004A (ACEX-M4A) * Latitude: 87.866580 * Longitude: 136.177350 * Date/Time: 2004-08-27T00:00:00 * Elevation: -1287.9 m * IGSN: IBCR0302RHVS001 * Penetration: 427.9 m * Recovery: 85.91 m * Location: Arctic Ocean * Campaign: (Arctic Coring Expedition, ACEX) * Basis: CCGS Captain Molly Kool (Vidar Viking)

Comment:

Sediment depth is given in mcd.

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Sample code/label	Sample label		Sluijs, Appy	DSDP/ODP/IODP sample designation
2	DEPTH, sediment/rock	Depth sed	m			Geocode
3	Apectodinium spp.	Apectodinium spp.	#	Sluijs, Appy
4	Areoligera complex	Areoligera compl	#	Sluijs, Appy		Areoligera/Glaphyrocysta cpx
5	Caligodinium aceras	C. aceras	#	Sluijs, Appy
6	Cerodinium complex	Cerodinium compl	#	Sluijs, Appy		Cerodinium/Deflandrea cpx
7	Cordosphaeridium complex	Cordosphaeridium compl	#	Sluijs, Appy
8	Senegalinium spp.	Senegalinium spp.	#	Sluijs, Appy
9	Spiniferites complex	Spiniferites compl	#	Sluijs, Appy
10	Membranosphaera complex	Membranosphaera compl	#	Sluijs, Appy
11	Polysphaeridium complex	Polysphaeridium compl	#	Sluijs, Appy
12	Dinoflagellate cyst indeterminata	Dinofl indet	#	Sluijs, Appy
13	Dinoflagellate cyst	Dinofl cyst	#	Sluijs, Appy
14	Apectodinium spp.	Apectodinium spp.	%	Sluijs, Appy
15	Areoligera complex	Areoligera compl	%	Sluijs, Appy		Areoligera/Glaphyrocysta cpx
16	Caligodinium aceras	C. aceras	%	Sluijs, Appy
17	Cerodinium complex	Cerodinium compl	%	Sluijs, Appy		Cerodinium/Deflandrea cpx
18	Cordosphaeridium complex	Cordosphaeridium compl	%	Sluijs, Appy
19	Senegalinium spp.	Senegalinium spp.	%	Sluijs, Appy
20	Spiniferites complex	Spiniferites compl	%	Sluijs, Appy
21	Membranosphaera complex	Membranosphaera compl	%	Sluijs, Appy
22	Polysphaeridium complex	Polysphaeridium compl	%	Sluijs, Appy
23	Dinoflagellate cyst indeterminata	Dinofl cyst indet	%	Sluijs, Appy
24	Dinoflagellate cyst, low salinity tolerant	Dinofl low salinity	%	Sluijs, Appy
25	Foraminifera, linings per unit mass	Foram lin	#/g	Sluijs, Appy
26	Angiosperms	Angiosperms	#	Sluijs, Appy
27	Spores	Spo	#	Sluijs, Appy
28	Pollen, gymnosperms	Gymnosperms	#	Sluijs, Appy
29	Palynomorpha, terrestrial	Palyn ter	#	Sluijs, Appy
30	Pollen, angiosperms	Angiosperms	%	Sluijs, Appy
31	Spores	Spores	%	Sluijs, Appy
32	Pollen, gymnosperms	Gymnosperms	%	Sluijs, Appy
33	Palynomorpha, marine	Palyn mar	#	Sluijs, Appy
34	Palynomorpha, marine	Palyn mar	%	Sluijs, Appy
35	Palynomorpha, terrestrial	Palyn ter	%	Sluijs, Appy

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)

Size:

1185 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Sample label	2 Depth sed [m]	3 Apectodinium spp. [#]	4 Areoligera compl [#]	5 C. aceras [#]	6 Cerodinium compl [#]	7 Cordosphaeridium compl [#]	8 Senegalinium spp. [#]	9 Spiniferites compl [#]	10 Membranosphaera compl [#]	11 Polysphaeridium compl [#]	12 Dinofl indet [#]	13 Dinofl cyst [#]	14 Apectodinium spp. [%]	15 Areoligera compl [%]	16 C. aceras [%]	17 Cerodinium compl [%]	18 Cordosphaeridium compl [%]	19 Senegalinium spp. [%]	20 Spiniferites compl [%]	21 Membranosphaera compl [%]	22 Polysphaeridium compl [%]	23 Dinofl cyst indet [%]	24 Dinofl low salinity [%]	25 Foram lin [#/g]	26 Angiosperms [#]	27 Spo [#]	28 Gymnosperms [#]	29 Palyn ter [#]	30 Angiosperms [%]	31 Spores [%]	32 Gymnosperms [%]	33 Palyn mar [#]	34 Palyn mar [%]	35 Palyn ter [%]
302-M0004A-29X-1,41-43	378.21	0	50	0	4	0	63	31	44	0	17	209	0	24	0	2	0	30	15	21	0	8	36	0	141	175	327	643	22	27	51	274	30	70
302-M0004A-29X-1,61-63	378.41																								129	52	94	275	47	19	34	12	4	96
302-M0004A-29X-1,81-83	378.61	1	56	0	25	0	58	10	37	1	19	207	0	27	0	12	0	28	5	18	0	9	45	0	137	176	165	478	29	37	35	244	34	66
302-M0004A-29X-1,101-103	378.81	0	1	0	17	0	94	57	33	1	15	218	0	0	0	8	0	43	26	15	0	7	55	6000	282	206	215	703	40	29	31	316	31	69
302-M0004A-29X-CC,1-3	379.01	0	2	4	35	0	92	23	36	1	8	201	0	1	2	17	0	46	11	18	0	4	66	20000	503	300	1527	2330	22	13	66	263	10	90
302-M0004A-30X-1,1-3	380.31																								77	101	94	272	28	37	35	67	20	80
302-M0004A-30X-1,21-23	380.51																								89	127	57	273	33	47	21	32	10	90
302-M0004A-30X-1,41-43	380.71																								91	124	114	329	28	38	35	27	7	93
302-M0004A-30X-1,61-63	380.91																								100	113	98	311	32	36	32	11	3	97
302-M0004A-30X-1,81-83	381.11																								102	78	106	286	36	27	37	7	2	98
302-M0004A-30X-1,101-103	381.31	0	0	2	10	0	71	57	49	0	10	200	0	0	1	5	0	36	29	24	0	5	43	1000	159	176	100	435	37	40	23	219	12	88
302-M0004A-30X-1,121-123	381.51	16	2	1	10	2	29	20	35	1	5	122	13	2	1	8	2	23	16	29	1	4	40	50000	411	326	576	1313	31	25	44	201	13	87
302-M0004A-30X-1,141-143	381.71	13	0	1	29	0	27	47	80	0	18	215	6	0	0	13	0	13	22	37	0	8	30	30000	267	362	491	1120	24	32	44	253	18	82
302-M0004A-30X-2,1-3	381.82	7	0	2	18	0	13	29	124	1	8	201	3	0	1	9	0	7	14	62	1	4	17	8000	300	344	421	1065	28	32	40	230	18	82
302-M0004A-30X-2,21-23	382.02	5	1	0	25	0	40	41	93	0	5	210	2	0	0	12	0	19	20	44	0	2	33	20000	345	796	296	1437	24	55	21	261	15	85
302-M0004A-30X-2,41-43	382.22	5	3	16	45	0	15	50	59	14	11	218	2	1	7	21	0	7	23	27	6	5	37	20000	116	67	106	289	40	23	37	255	47	53
302-M0004A-30X-2,61-63	382.42	4	1	8	15	1	27	58	82	7	12	215	2	0	4	7	0	13	27	38	3	6	25	10000	101	70	131	302	33	23	43	291	49	51
302-M0004A-30X-2,81-83	382.62	2	3	10	72	0	35	50	21	0	14	207	1	2	5	35	0	17	24	10	0	7	58	20000	244	60	83	387	63	16	21	216	32	68
302-M0004A-30X-2,101-103	382.82	6	4	1	121	5	50	27	3	0	5	222	3	2	0	55	2	23	12	1	0	2	81	0	70	20	47	137	51	15	34	256	65	35
302-M0004A-30X-2,121-123	383.02	15	6	0	97	1	44	26	5	1	8	203	7	3	0	48	0	22	13	2	0	4	79	0	122	25	56	203	60	12	28	238	54	46
302-M0004A-30X-2,141-143	383.22	17	0	0	73	0	35	3	81	0	2	211	8	0	0	35	0	17	1	38	0	1	56	0	129	22	17	168	77	13	10	231	58	42
302-M0004A-30X-3,1-3	383.34	18	1	1	138	2	37	9	31	6	4	247	7	0	0	56	1	15	4	13	2	2	80	0	68	14	25	107	64	13	23	264	71	29
302-M0004A-30X-3,21-23	383.54	30	0	0	132	1	19	4	49	2	2	239	13	0	0	55	0	8	2	21	1	1	74	0	74	8	13	95	78	8	14	269	74	26
302-M0004A-30X-3,41-43	383.74	20	1	1	151	1	22	3	17	1	6	223	9	0	0	68	0	10	1	8	0	3	88	0	13	3	6	22	59	14	27	232	91	9
302-M0004A-30X-3,61-63	383.94	52	0	0	51	0	54	3	55	0	10	225	23	0	0	23	0	24	1	24	0	4	64	0	92	12	3	107	86	11	3	251	70	30
302-M0004A-30X-3,81-83	384.14	48	2	0	104	1	52	1	15	0	5	228	21	1	0	46	0	23	0	7	0	2	89	0	72	19	21	112	64	17	19	250	69	31
302-M0004A-30X-3,101-103	384.34	26	2	0	83	0	98	6	10	0	5	230	11	1	0	36	0	43	3	4	0	2	91	0	51	9	8	68	75	13	12	244	78	22
302-M0004A-31X-CC,10-12	385.80	49	3	0	143	1	30	13	16	0	2	257	19	1	0	56	0	12	5	6	0	1	84	0	71	15	97	183	39	8	53	290	61	39
302-M0004A-31X-CC,23-25	385.93	29	0	0	140	0	43	1	61	4	5	283	10	0	0	49	0	15	0	22	1	2	75	0	81	4	9	94	86	4	10	297	76	24
302-M0004A-31X-CC,40-42	386.10	47	1	0	156	0	29	2	11	0	1	247	19	0	0	63	0	12	1	4	0	0	93	0	40	0	4	44	91	0	9	256	85	15
302-M0004A-32X-1,1-3	388.01	24	5	2	92	0	7	10	0	0	5	145	17	3	2	63	0	5	7	0	0	3	85	0	40	34	150	224	18	15	67	175	44	56
302-M0004A-32X-1,21-23	388.21	6	0	0	93	0	11	19	0	2	0	130	4	0	0	71	0	9	14	0	1	0	85	0	54	66	165	285	19	23	58	142	33	67
302-M0004A-32X-1,41-43	388.41	82	0	0	43	0	4	7	0	2	0	137	60	0	0	31	0	3	5	0	1	0	87	0	3	9	4	16	20	60	20	144	89	11
302-M0004A-32X-1,61-63	388.61																								181	45	95	321	56	14	30	19	6	94
302-M0004A-32X-1,81-83	388.81	0	0	1	84	0	71	19	30	0	10	215	0	0	0	39	0	33	9	14	0	5	76	10000	96	87	78	261	37	33	30	348	57	43
302-M0004A-32X-1,101-103	389.01																								34	23	20	77	44	30	26	7	8	92
302-M0004A-32X-1,121-123	389.21																								43	29	19	91	47	32	21	2	2	98
302-M0004A-32X-1,141-143	389.41																								42	22	20	84	50	26	24	8	9	91
302-M0004A-32X-2,1-3	389.51																								49	27	32	108	45	25	30	20	16	84
302-M0004A-32X-2,21-23	389.71																								55	33	24	112	49	29	21	17	13	87
302-M0004A-32X-2,41-43	389.91	0	0	0	55	0	105	27	13	1	5	206	0	0	0	27	0	51	13	6	0	2	80	7000	260	154	228	642	40	24	36	295	31	69
302-M0004A-32X-2,61-63	390.11																								66	21	23	110	60	19	21	3	3	97
302-M0004A-32X-2,81-83	390.31	0	0	0	71	0	65	44	20	0	4	204	0	0	0	35	0	32	22	10	0	2	68	20000	323	233	324	880	37	26	37	340	28	72
302-M0004A-32X-2,101-103	390.51	56	35	23	114	49	31	20	9	7	93														22	25	50	97	23	26	52	22	18	82
302-M0004A-32X-2,121-123	390.71