/* DATA DESCRIPTION: Citation: Shimmield, Graham; Derrick, S; Mackensen, Andreas; Grobe, Hannes; Pudsey, Carol J (2009): Figure 2. Barium excess of sediment core PS1506-1. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.730146, Supplement to: Shimmield, G et al. (1994): The history of barium, biogenic silica and organic carbon accumulation in the Weddell Sea and Antarctic Ocean over the last 150,000 years. In: Zahn, R; Kaminski, M A; Labeyrie, L & Pedersen, T F (eds.), Carbon Cycling in the Glacial Ocean: Constraints on the Ocean's Role in Global Change, NATO ASI Series, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 117, 555-574, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78737-9_24 Abstract: Over the last decade many regional palaeoceanographic studies have found evidence for enhanced primary productivity during glacial episodes, particularly in the equatorial Pacific and off northwest Africa. These studies have given rise to the "glacial productivity hypothesis" which has suggested that enhanced oceanic biomass during glacial times supported an efficient removal of organic carbon from the euphotic zone, contributing to lower atmospheric CO2 levels recorded in ice cores. Recently, studies from the Southern Ocean have shown that south of the Antarctic Polar Front glacial palaeoproductivity was lower than during interglacial times. Here we present further evidence for enhanced interglacial productivity in the Southern Ocean using a transect of cores collected from the Scotia Sea and Weddell Sea. Biogenic silica, organic carbon and barium are presented as proxy indicators of past productivity. In order to establish such palaeoproductivity records for this region, where an absence of foraminifera precludes the standard use of 6180 stratigraphy and carbonate 14C dating, we have developed a method based on the synchronous removal of barium to the sea floor by scavenging and the formation of barite within the frustules of marine diatoms. The barium record is calibrated to a d18O Specmap time scale from a single core (PS 1506) where planktonic and benthic foraminifera are found. One core from the Weddell Sea has been studied using the 230Thxs dating method to confirm the barium stratigraphy. Using the age models developed here, we identify important increases in palaeoproductivity during isotope stage 5e, and during the Holocene (Stage 1). Some evidence for a decrease in productivity during a cooling event between 11,000 and 12,000 years BP is observed. Highest palaeoproductivity, defined by biogenic opal accumulation, occurs in the vicinity of the Scotia Arc, just south of the present-day Antarctic Polar Front. Glacial productivity (18 to 72 ky BP) was weaker and displaced slightly to the north. The extent of glacial sea ice is considered to be of primary importance in governing the budget of biogenic detritus to these Southern Ocean sediments. Related to: Mackensen, Andreas; Grobe, Hannes; Hubberten, Hans-Wolfgang; Kuhn, Gerhard (1994): Benthic foraminiferal assemblages and the d13C-signal in the atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean: glacial-to-interglacial contrasts. In: Zahn, R; Pederson, T F; Kaminiski, M A & Labeyrie, L (eds.), Carbon cycling in the glacial ocean: constraints on the ocean's role in global change, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, NATO ASI Series I17, 105-144 Shimmield, Graham; Derrick, S; Pudsey, Carol J; Barker, Peter F; Mackensen, Andreas; Grobe, Hannes (1993): The use of inorganic chemistry in studying the paleoceanography of the Weddell Sea. Antarctic Special Topic, 99-108, hdl:10013/epic.13484.d001 Project(s): Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions from Marine Sediments @ AWI (AWI_Paleo) (URI: https://www.awi.de/en/science/geosciences/marine-geology.html) Coverage: LATITUDE: -68.732500 * LONGITUDE: -5.849660 DATE/TIME START: 1987-03-02T12:10:00 * DATE/TIME END: 1987-03-02T12:10:00 MINIMUM DEPTH, sediment/rock: 0.01 m * MAXIMUM DEPTH, sediment/rock: 4.41 m Event(s): PS1506-1 (PS10/816) (URI: https://store.pangaea.de/Images/Cores/PS-stationcard/PS1506-stationcard.pdf) * LATITUDE: -68.732500 * LONGITUDE: -5.849660 * DATE/TIME: 1987-03-02T12:10:00 * ELEVATION: -2426.0 m * Penetration: 15.3 m * Recovery: 11.48 m * LOCATION: Eastern Weddell Sea, Southern Ocean (URI: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weddell_Sea) * CAMPAIGN: ANT-V/4 (PS10) (URI: https://doi.org/10.2312/BzP_0057_1990) * BASIS: Polarstern (URI: https://doi.org/10.17815/jlsrf-3-163) * METHOD/DEVICE: Gravity corer (Kiel type) (SL) * COMMENT: 12 core sections: 0-0.48, 0.48-1.48, 1.48-2.48, 2.48-3.48, 3.48-4.48, 4.48-5.48, 5.48-6.48, 6.48-7.48, 7.48-8.48, 8.48-9.48, 9.48-10.48, 10.48-11.48 m; same site as PS1387 Comment: Data are retrodigitized from graf. Parameter(s): DEPTH, sediment/rock [m] (Depth sed) * GEOCODE Barium excess [mg/kg] (Ba xs) * PI: Shimmield, Graham (gbs@dml.ac.uk) * METHOD/DEVICE: X-ray fluorescence (XRF) * COMMENT: weight ratio License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0) (URI: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) Size: 89 data points */ Depth sed [m] Ba xs [mg/kg] 0.01 1258 0.05 795 0.11 670 0.13 523 0.21 381 0.25 277 0.31 217 0.35 199 0.40 221 0.49 200 0.53 178 0.60 304 0.64 178 0.67 235 0.72 312 0.79 287 0.83 256 0.87 282 0.95 287 0.98 313 1.05 287 1.07 356 1.14 330 1.18 361 1.24 352 1.27 426 1.35 409 1.39 469 1.44 426 1.50 530 1.52 439 1.60 444 1.62 586 1.69 837 1.73 893 1.80 958 1.84 1218 1.91 881 1.92 522 2.04 371 1.99 319 2.07 276 2.14 207 2.18 289 2.24 224 2.29 168 2.33 237 2.38 320 2.44 302 2.49 359 2.54 156 2.59 303 2.63 126 2.69 316 2.73 221 2.78 372 2.82 416 2.89 429 2.93 416 2.99 403 3.04 468 3.10 593 3.13 909 3.18 978 3.23 866 3.29 784 3.33 689 3.37 641 3.44 676 3.48 884 3.54 840 3.55 624 3.64 642 3.67 577 3.74 551 3.78 590 3.84 754 3.88 988 3.92 1355 3.98 1144 4.01 703 4.07 496 4.11 400 4.17 262 4.22 267 4.28 319 4.32 522 4.39 725 4.41 1097