Citation:

meps274161

Name: Seawater carbonate chemistry and processes during experiments with seaurchins Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus and Echinometra mathaei, 2004
Published: 2004
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Keywords: Animalia; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (<20 L); Coast and continental shelf; Development; Echinodermata; Echinometra mathaei; Growth/Morphology; Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus; Laboratory experiment; North Pacific; Reproduction; Single species; Temperate

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Abstract:

Increased carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the atmosphere will change the balance of the components of carbonate chemistry and reduce the pH at the ocean surface. Here, we report the effects of increased CO2 concentration on the early development of the sea urchins Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus and Echinometra mathaei. We examined the fertilization, early cleavage, and pluteus larval stage to evaluate the impact of elevated CO2 concentration on fertilization rate, cleavage rate, developmental speed, and pluteus larval morphology. Furthermore, we compared the effects of CO2 and HCl at the same pH in an attempt to elucidate any differences between the two. We found that fertilization rate, cleavage rate, developmental speed, and pluteus larval size all tended to decrease with increasing CO2 concentration. Furthermore, CO2-seawater had a more severe effect than HCl-seawater on the fertilization rate. By contrast, the effects on cleavage rate, developmental speed, and pluteus larval morphology were similar for CO2- and HCl-seawater. Our results suggest that both decreased pH and altered carbonate chemistry affect the early development and life history of marine animals, implying that increased seawater CO2 concentration will seriously alter marine ecosystems. The effects of CO2 itself on marine organisms therefore requires further clarification.

Keyword(s):

Animalia; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (<20 L); Coast and continental shelf; Development; Echinodermata; Echinometra mathaei; Growth/Morphology; Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus; Laboratory experiment; North Pacific; Reproduction; Single species; Temperate

Project(s):

European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis (EUR-OCEANS)

European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA)

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)

Funding:

Seventh Framework Programme (FP7), grant/award no. 211384 : European Project on Ocean Acidification

Sixth Framework Programme (FP6), grant/award no. 511106 : European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis

Event(s):

KS_04 * Method/Device: Experiment (EXP)

Comment:

In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Lavigne and Gattuso, 2011) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI).

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Species	Species		Kurihara, Haruko
2	Carbonate system computation flag	CSC flag		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
3	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Kurihara, Haruko
4	Salinity	Sal		Kurihara, Haruko
5	pH	pH		Kurihara, Haruko	pH meter (Mettler Toledo InLab 413 SG)	NBS scale
6	pH	pH		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	Total scale
7	Alkalinity, total	AT	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
8	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
9	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
10	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
11	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
12	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Kurihara, Haruko	Measured
13	Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	fCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
14	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
15	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
16	Fertilized eggs	Fert eggs	%	Kurihara, Haruko	Counting
17	Seaurchin cell stage	Cell stage		Kurihara, Haruko	Counting
18	Seaurchin embryos per fertilized eggs	nr. Embryos per fert. eggs	%	Kurihara, Haruko	Counting
19	Seaurchin overall length	OL	µm	Kurihara, Haruko	Measured under a microscope using an ocular micrometer
20	Seaurchin postoral arm length	PL	µm	Kurihara, Haruko	Measured under a microscope using an ocular micrometer
21	Seaurchin body length	BL	µm	Kurihara, Haruko	Measured under a microscope using an ocular micrometer

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)

Status:

Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)

Size:

1023 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Species	2 CSC flag (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	3 Temp [°C]	4 Sal	5 pH (NBS scale, pH meter (Mettler ...)	6 pH (Total scale, Calculated using...)	7 AT [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	8 DIC [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	9 CO2 [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	10 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	11 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	12 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Measured)	13 fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	14 Omega Arg (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	15 Omega Cal (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	16 Fert eggs [%] (Counting)	17 Cell stage (Counting)	18 nr. Embryos per fert. eggs [%] (Counting)	19 OL [µm] (Measured under a microscope u...)	20 PL [µm] (Measured under a microscope u...)	21 BL [µm] (Measured under a microscope u...)
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	8.01	7.90	1433.9	1324.6	14.07	1241.24	69.28	364.67	363.35	1.06	1.66	100.00			318.37	136.04	260.39
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.77	7.66	1834.2	1780.4	33.37	1692.69	54.34	864.64	861.52	0.83	1.30	98.83			283.45	114.14	236.51
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.61	7.50	1953.3	1941.6	52.62	1847.91	41.07	1363.50	1358.58	0.63	0.98	95.50			264.51	107.22	218.56
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.38	7.27	1948.5	2001.1	91.21	1885.23	24.66	2363.62	2355.09	0.38	0.59	87.17			249.36	94.04	208.35
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.03	6.92	1938.9	2128.4	206.91	1910.33	11.16	5361.71	5342.36	0.17	0.27	69.50			179.52	55.50	171.62
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	6.83	6.72	2349.6	2737.1	399.92	2328.60	8.58	10363.36	10325.95	0.13	0.21	43.67
Echinometra mathaei	29	24	34.0	8.11	7.97	1736.3	1533.0	10.64	1388.86	133.49	364.73	363.57	2.12	3.23	98.00
Echinometra mathaei	29	24	34.0	7.82	7.68	1899.5	1796.4	25.22	1687.96	83.22	864.23	861.48	1.32	2.02	97.70
Echinometra mathaei	29	24	34.0	7.71	7.57	2261.7	2186.6	39.81	2067.68	79.12	1364.01	1359.66	1.26	1.92	94.30
Echinometra mathaei	29	24	34.0	7.33	7.19	1556.6	1586.2	68.99	1493.39	23.81	2364.08	2356.54	0.38	0.58	73.70
Echinometra mathaei	29	24	34.0	7.12	6.98	2139.6	2265.9	156.51	2088.85	20.54	5362.74	5345.65	0.33	0.50	41.30
Echinometra mathaei	29	24	34.0	6.79	6.65	1909.3	2198.7	302.47	1887.55	8.68	10364.18	10331.15	0.14	0.21	7.70
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	8.01	7.90	1433.9	1324.6	14.07	1241.24	69.28	364.67	363.35	1.06	1.66		1cell	9.2
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.77	7.66	1834.2	1780.4	33.37	1692.69	54.34	864.64	861.52	0.83	1.30		1cell	24.5
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.61	7.50	1953.3	1941.6	52.62	1847.91	41.07	1363.50	1358.58	0.63	0.98		1cell	30.9
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.38	7.27	1948.5	2001.1	91.21	1885.23	24.66	2363.62	2355.09	0.38	0.59		1cell	43.2
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.03	6.92	1938.9	2128.4	206.91	1910.33	11.16	5361.71	5342.36	0.17	0.27		1cell	58.2
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	6.83	6.72	2349.6	2737.1	399.92	2328.60	8.58	10363.36	10325.95	0.13	0.21		1cell	96.2
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	8.01	7.90	1433.9	1324.6	14.07	1241.24	69.28	364.67	363.35	1.06	1.66		2cell	90.5
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.77	7.66	1834.2	1780.4	33.37	1692.69	54.34	864.64	861.52	0.83	1.30		2cell	75.2
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.61	7.50	1953.3	1941.6	52.62	1847.91	41.07	1363.50	1358.58	0.63	0.98		2cell	68.4
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.38	7.27	1948.5	2001.1	91.21	1885.23	24.66	2363.62	2355.09	0.38	0.59		2cell	56.1
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.03	6.92	1938.9	2128.4	206.91	1910.33	11.16	5361.71	5342.36	0.17	0.27		2cell	41.4
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	6.83	6.72	2349.6	2737.1	399.92	2328.60	8.58	10363.36	10325.95	0.13	0.21		2cell	3.8
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	8.01	7.90	1433.9	1324.6	14.07	1241.24	69.28	364.67	363.35	1.06	1.66		4cell	0.3
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.77	7.66	1834.2	1780.4	33.37	1692.69	54.34	864.64	861.52	0.83	1.30		4cell	0.3
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.61	7.50	1953.3	1941.6	52.62	1847.91	41.07	1363.50	1358.58	0.63	0.98		4cell	0.7
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.38	7.27	1948.5	2001.1	91.21	1885.23	24.66	2363.62	2355.09	0.38	0.59		4cell	0.7
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.03	6.92	1938.9	2128.4	206.91	1910.33	11.16	5361.71	5342.36	0.17	0.27		4cell	0.3
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	6.83	6.72	2349.6	2737.1	399.92	2328.60	8.58	10363.36	10325.95	0.13	0.21		4cell	0.0
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	8.01	7.90	1433.9	1324.6	14.07	1241.24	69.28	364.67	363.35	1.06	1.66		1cell	0.2
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.77	7.66	1834.2	1780.4	33.37	1692.69	54.34	864.64	861.52	0.83	1.30		1cell	0.7
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.61	7.50	1953.3	1941.6	52.62	1847.91	41.07	1363.50	1358.58	0.63	0.98		1cell	1.4
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.38	7.27	1948.5	2001.1	91.21	1885.23	24.66	2363.62	2355.09	0.38	0.59		1cell	2.7
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.03	6.92	1938.9	2128.4	206.91	1910.33	11.16	5361.71	5342.36	0.17	0.27		1cell	16.0
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	6.83	6.72	2349.6	2737.1	399.92	2328.60	8.58	10363.36	10325.95	0.13	0.21		1cell	34.0
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	8.01	7.90	1433.9	1324.6	14.07	1241.24	69.28	364.67	363.35	1.06	1.66		2cell	0.5
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.77	7.66	1834.2	1780.4	33.37	1692.69	54.34	864.64	861.52	0.83	1.30		2cell	1.2
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.61	7.50	1953.3	1941.6	52.62	1847.91	41.07	1363.50	1358.58	0.63	0.98		2cell	0.0
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.38	7.27	1948.5	2001.1	91.21	1885.23	24.66	2363.62	2355.09	0.38	0.59		2cell	0.6
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.03	6.92	1938.9	2128.4	206.91	1910.33	11.16	5361.71	5342.36	0.17	0.27		2cell	8.8
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	6.83	6.72	2349.6	2737.1	399.92	2328.60	8.58	10363.36	10325.95	0.13	0.21		2cell	41.0
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	8.01	7.90	1433.9	1324.6	14.07	1241.24	69.28	364.67	363.35	1.06	1.66		4cell	59.0
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.77	7.66	1834.2	1780.4	33.37	1692.69	54.34	864.64	861.52	0.83	1.30		4cell	69.0
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.61	7.50	1953.3	1941.6	52.62	1847.91	41.07	1363.50	1358.58	0.63	0.98		4cell	72.0
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.38	7.27	1948.5	2001.1	91.21	1885.23	24.66	2363.62	2355.09	0.38	0.59		4cell	72.0
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.03	6.92	1938.9	2128.4	206.91	1910.33	11.16	5361.71	5342.36	0.17	0.27		4cell	69.0
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	6.83	6.72	2349.6	2737.1	399.92	2328.60	8.58	10363.36	10325.95	0.13	0.21		4cell	22.0
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	8.01	7.90	1433.9	1324.6	14.07	1241.24	69.28	364.67	363.35	1.06	1.66		8cell	40.0
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.77	7.66	1834.2	1780.4	33.37	1692.69	54.34	864.64	861.52	0.83	1.30		8cell	29.0
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.61	7.50	1953.3	1941.6	52.62	1847.91	41.07	1363.50	1358.58	0.63	0.98		8cell	27.0
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.38	7.27	1948.5	2001.1	91.21	1885.23	24.66	2363.62	2355.09	0.38	0.59		8cell	23.0
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.03	6.92	1938.9	2128.4	206.91	1910.33	11.16	5361.71	5342.36	0.17	0.27		8cell	4.6
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	6.83	6.72	2349.6	2737.1	399.92	2328.60	8.58	10363.36	10325.95	0.13	0.21		8cell	0.0
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	8.01	7.90	1433.9	1324.6	14.07	1241.24	69.28	364.67	363.35	1.06	1.66		abnormal	0.2
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.77	7.66	1834.2	1780.4	33.37	1692.69	54.34	864.64	861.52	0.83	1.30		abnormal	0.0
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.61	7.50	1953.3	1941.6	52.62	1847.91	41.07	1363.50	1358.58	0.63	0.98		abnormal	0.0
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.38	7.27	1948.5	2001.1	91.21	1885.23	24.66	2363.62	2355.09	0.38	0.59		abnormal	1.5
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	7.03	6.92	1938.9	2128.4	206.91	1910.33	11.16	5361.71	5342.36	0.17	0.27		abnormal	2.1
Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus	29	14	34.5	6.83	6.72	2349.6	2737.1	399.92	2328.60	8.58	10363.36	10325.95	0.13	0.21		abnormal	2.5