Olbers, Dirk; Gouretski, Viktor V; Seiß, Guntram; Schröter, Jens (1992): Primary data sets of the hydrographic atlas of the Southern Ocean [dataset publication series]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.715004, Supplement to: Olbers, D et al. (1992): The Hydrographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean. Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany, 17 pages, 82 plates, hdl:10013/epic.12913
Always quote citation above when using data! You can download the citation in several formats below.
Abstract:
The general knowledge of the hydrographic structure of the Southern Ocean is still rather incomplete since observations particularly in the ice covered regions are cumbersome to be carried out. But we know from the available information that thermohaline processes have large amplitudes and cover a wide range of scales in this part of the world ocean. The modification of water masses around Antarctica have indeed a worldwide impact, these processes ultimately determine the cold state of the present climate in the world ocean.
We have converted efforts of the German and Russian polar research institutions to collect and validate the presently available temperature, salinity and oxygen data of the ocean south of 30°S latitude. We have carried out this work in spite of the fact that the hydrographic programme of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) will provide more new information in due time, but its contribution to the high latitudes of the Southern Ocean is quite sparse. The modified picture of the hydrographic structure of the Southern Ocean presented in this atlas may serve the oceanographic community in many ways and help to unravel the role of this ocean in the global climate system.
This atlas could only be prepared with the altruistic assistance of many colleagues from various institutions worldwide who have provided us with their data and their advice. Their generous help is gratefully acknowledged. During two years scientists from the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute in St. Petersburg and the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in Bremerhaven have cooperated in a fruitful way to establish the atlas and the archive of about 38749 validated hydrographic stations. We hope that both sources of information will be widely applied for future ocean studies and will serve as a reference state for global change considerations.
Coverage:
Median Latitude: -44.500463 * Median Longitude: -4.231021 * South-bound Latitude: -78.550000 * West-bound Longitude: -179.983300 * North-bound Latitude: -15.050000 * East-bound Longitude: 179.851700
Date/Time Start: 1901-12-30T12:00:00 * Date/Time End: 1990-03-25T00:00:00
Event(s):
ABERG_1970-1979_USSR * Latitude Start: -43.670000 * Longitude Start: -25.350000 * Latitude End: -32.050000 * Longitude End: 95.770000 * Date/Time Start: 1970-04-10T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 1979-01-27T23:59:00 * Location: South Atlantic Ocean * Campaign: ABERG_1970-1979_USSR * Basis: Akademik Berg * Method/Device: Bottle, Niskin (NIS) * Comment: all stations of the Southern Ocean Database
ABR_1963-1966_USA * Latitude Start: -30.566700 * Longitude Start: 69.915000 * Latitude End: -46.070000 * Longitude End: 75.000000 * Date/Time Start: 1963-06-29T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 1966-12-31T23:59:00 * Location: Indian Ocean * Campaign: ABR_1963-1966_USA * Basis: Anton Bruun * Method/Device: Bottle, Niskin (NIS) * Comment: all stations of the Southern Ocean Database
AEL_1982_USSR * Latitude Start: -39.000000 * Longitude Start: 19.880000 * Latitude End: -35.000000 * Longitude End: -25.000000 * Date/Time Start: 1982-05-27T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 1983-07-20T23:59:00 * Location: South Atlantic Ocean * Campaign: AEL_1982_USSR * Basis: Aelita * Method/Device: Bottle, Niskin (NIS) * Comment: all stations of the Southern Ocean Database
License:
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)
Size:
334 datasets
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Datasets listed in this publication series
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- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Gemma in 1974. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748099
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Geroyevka from 1979 to 1980. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748100
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Gidrolog in 1980. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748101
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Gizhiga from 1966 to 1979. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748102
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Glacier from 1956 to 1976. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748323
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Glennon in 1967. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748103
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Goyena in 1970. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748104
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Goyena in 1972. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748105
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Goyena in 1973. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748106
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Goyena in 1974. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748107
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV General San-Martin from 1954 to 1988. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748324
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV General Zapiola from 1962 to 1963. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748108
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV General Zapiola in 1963. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748109
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV General Zapiola in 1964. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748110
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV General Zapiola in 1966. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748111
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Hackel in 1966. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748112
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Hakuho-Maru from 1968 to 1976. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748325
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean in original file formats (24 MB, zipped). https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.750658
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Helland Hansen from 1927 to 1928. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748113
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Hewaibarragi-Maru in 1973. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748114
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Hudson from 1969 to 1970. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748326
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Hudson in 1970. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748327
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Investigator in 1962. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748115
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Investigator from 1963 to 1964. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748116
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Investigator from 1964 to 1965. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748117
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Islas Orcadas in 1975. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748118
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Islas Orcadas from 1976 to 1977. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748328
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Islas Orcadas in 1977. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748119
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Islas Orcadas in 1978. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748329
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Islas Orcadas in 1979. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748120
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Idaho Standard in 1975. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748121
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Iskatel from 1967 to 1968. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748122
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV J.D. Gilchrist from 1959 to 1960. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748123
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV J.D. Gilchrist in 1960. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748124
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Juliy Shokalskiy from 1961 to 1979. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748125
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Jubileyniy from 1967 to 1968. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748126
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Jan Wellem in 1937. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748330
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Jan Wellem in 1938. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748127
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Kara-Dag from 1971 to 1981. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748128
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Kiara in 1956. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748129
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Knorr from 1972 to 1984. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748331
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Korifey in 1968. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748130
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Koyo-Maru in 1969. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748131
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Koyo-Maru in 1972. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748132
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Koyo-Maru in 1979. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748133
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Krusenstern in 1988. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748134
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Kaiyo-Maru from 1976 to 1977. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748135
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Langust from 1966 to 1967. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748136
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Langust from 1967 to 1968. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748137
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Langust from 1968 to 1969. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748138
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Langust from 1969 to 1970. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748139
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Langust in 1972. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748140
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Laperouse from 1949 to 1950. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748141
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Laperouse in 1956. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748142
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Lena from 1957 to 1958. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748143
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Lesnoi from 1963 to 1976. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748144
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV La Rochelle in 1959. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748145
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Lyra in 1967. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748146
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of METEOR during cruise M11/5. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748163
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Madryn from 1957 to 1986. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748164
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Malta in 1982. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748165
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Marelda in 1963. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748166
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Marion in 1979. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748167
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Marlin from 1957 to 1977. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748168
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Marion Dufresne from 1976 to 1977. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748335
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Marion Dufresne in 1981. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748169
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Marion Dufresne in 1985. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748170
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Marion Dufresne in 1986. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748171
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Marion Dufresne in 1987. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748172
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Melville from 1972 to 1986. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748336
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of METEOR in 1924. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748332
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of METEOR in 1925. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748333
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of METEOR in 1926. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748334
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Monokristall in 1989. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748173
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Mihail Kalinin in 1972. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748174
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Mihail Krupskiy in 1980. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748175
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Mikhail Lomonosov from 1961 to 1976. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748337
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Meiring Naude in 1900. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748176
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV MOE_1912_Germany in 1912. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748177
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV MOE_1912_Germany in 1913. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748178
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Mys Ostrovskogo from 1974 to 1980. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748179
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Mihail Somov in 1975. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748180
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Mihail Somov in 1978. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748181
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Mihail Somov in 1981. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748182
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Mavel Taylor from 1972 to 1977. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748183
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Maltsevo from 1988 to 1989. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748184
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Muksun in 1960. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748185
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Muksun in 1964. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748338
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Mariya Ulyanova from 1971 to 1972. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748186
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV M. Uritskiy from 1969 to 1970. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748187
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Musson in 1975. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748188
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Myslitel from 1978 to 1979. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748189
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Natal from 1958 to 1963. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748339
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Nauka from 1966 to 1968. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748190
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Nella Dan in 1981. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748191
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Nella Dan in 1982. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748192
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Nella Dan in 1985. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748193
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Nella Dan in 1987. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748194
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV Nekton in 1974. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748195
- Olbers, D; Gouretski, VV; Seiß, G et al. (2010): Hydrography on standard level calculated from water bottle samples of RV N. Kuropatkin from 1987 to 1988. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.748196